THE AFRICAN AFFAIRS READER The African Affairs Reader Key Texts in Politics, Development, and International Relations Edited by NIC CHEESEMAN, LINDSAY WHITFIELD, AND CARL DEATH 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Nic Cheeseman, Lindsay Whitfield, and Carl Death 2017 Any copyright line exceptions for title verso: Chapter 3 © Royal African Society 2004 Chapter 4 © The Author 2007 Chapter 5 © The Author 2015 Chapter 7 © Royal African Society 2004 Chapter 8 © Royal African Society 2003 Chapter 9 © The Author 2012 Chapter 11 © The Author 2010 Chapter 12 © The Author 2015 Chapter 13 © The Author 2014 Chapter 15 © Royal African Society 2001 Chapter 16 © The Author 2013 Chapter 17 © The Author 2012 Chapter 18 © The Author 2012 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2017 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2017931832 ISBN 978–0–19–879428–8 (hbk.) ISBN 978–0–19–879429–5 (pbk.) Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. This book is dedicated to the memory of Stephen Ellis, a great editor of African Affairs The papers included in this volume were published by two or more of the following African Affairs editors: Lindsay Whitfield Carl Death Nic Cheeseman Rita Abrahamsen Sara Rich Dorman Tim Kelsall Stephen Ellis David Killingray Contents Notes on Contributors xi 1. An Introduction to African Affairs and African Studies 1 Nic Cheeseman, Carl Death, and Lindsay Whitfield Part I. The African State 2. An Introduction to the African State 15 Nic Cheeseman, Carl Death, and Lindsay Whitfield 3. The End of the Post-Colonial State in Africa? Reflections on Changing African Political Dynamics 30 Crawford Young 4. Property and Constitutional Order: Land Tenure Reform and the Future of the African State 57 Catherine Boone 5. Does Organized Crime Exist in Africa? 88 Stephen Ellis and Mark Shaw Part II. The Political Economy of Development 6. An Introduction to the Political Economy of Development 115 Lindsay Whitfield 7. The Politics of Ownership: Tanzanian Coffee Policy in the Age of Liberal Reformism 129 Stefano Ponte 8. Close Encounters: Chinese Business Networks as Industrial Catalysts in Sub-Saharan Africa 148 Deborah Bräutigam 9. Developmental Patrimonialism? The Case of Rwanda 169 David Booth and Frederick Golooba-Mutebi Part III. Elections, Democracy, and Representation 10. An Introduction to Elections, Democracy, and Representation 195 Nic Cheeseman x Contents 11. Elections and Democratic Transition in Nigeria under the Fourth Republic 208 J. Shola Omotola 12. Elites and Democracy in Ghana: A Social Network Approach 227 Anja Osei 13. Neo-Patrimonial Politics in the ANC 253 Tom Lodge Part IV. Africa and the World 14. An Introduction to Africa and the World 279 Carl Death 15. What Is the Concept of Globalization Good For? An African Historian’s Perspective 290 Frederick Cooper 16. Fighting Gender-Based Violence: The Women’s Movement and the Enforcement of Rape Law in Liberia 315 Peace Medie 17. Negotiating China: Reinserting African Agency into China–Africa Relations 336 Giles Mohan and Ben Lampert 18. Briefing: The African Union at Ten: An Appraisal 354 Tim Murithi Index 363 Notes on Contributors Deborah Bräutigam is the Bernard L. Schwartz Professor of International Political Economy at Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced Inter- national Studies, where she also directs the SAIS China Africa Research Initiative. An authority on Chinese engagement in Africa, she has also pub- lished on development strategies, governance, and foreign aid. Catherine Boone is Professor of Comparative Politics at the London School of Economics and Political Science. She is author of Property and Political Order in Africa: Land Rights and the Structure of Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2014), Political Topographies of the African State (Cambridge University Press, 2003), and Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal (Cambridge University Press, 1993 [2006]). She is now working on questions of territory, spatial inequalities, and land rights formalization in Africa. David Booth is a Senior Research Fellow at the Overseas Development Institute in London. He is the author, with Diana Cammack, of Governance for Development in Africa: Solving Collective Action Problems (Zed Books, 2013). He is currently working on institutional challenges in African export manufacturing and politically smart approaches to aid programme design. Nic Cheeseman is Professor of Democracy at Birmingham University. He is the founding editor of the Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics and the author of Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures and the Struggle for Political Reform (Cambridge University Press, 2015). In addition, he is a columnist for Kenya’s Sunday Nation newspaper, a former editor of African Affairs, and a writer for and advisor to Kofi Annan’s Africa Progress Panel. Frederick Cooper is Professor of History at New York University. He is the author most recently of Citizenship Between Empire and Nation: Remaking France and French Africa, 1945–1960 (Princeton University Press, 2014), and Africa in the World: Capitalism, Empire, Nation-State (Harvard University Press, 2014). Carl Death is Senior Lecturer in International Political Economy at the University of Manchester. His research focuses on environmental politics in Africa, including the international politics of sustainable development and climate change. His most recent book is The Green State in Africa (Yale University Press, 2016). xii Notes on Contributors Stephen Ellis was a respected scholar of Africa whose research broke new ground and set new research agendas. In addition to being a widely respected editor of African Affairs for many years, he edited Africa Confidential, was the General Secretary and later Director of the African Studies Centre in Leiden, and published a number of important books. He passed away in 2015. Frederick Golooba-Mutebi is Professor Extraordinarius at the Archie Mafeje Research Institute, University of South Africa, and Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester, UK. He has published on politics and the politics of development in leading journals. He is a columnist for the regional newspaper, The East African, and writes articles and features for other local, regional, and international current affairs publications. Ben Lampert is a Lecturer in International Development, based in the Development Policy and Practice Group at the Open University, UK. He is a human geographer and his research is primarily concerned with the role of migrants and diaspora communities in development. Tom Lodge is Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies and Dean of Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Limerick. In 2011, he published Sharpeville: An Apartheid Massacre and its Aftermath (Oxford University Press, 2011). At present his research is focused on a history of the South African Communist Party. Peace Medie is a Research Fellow in the Legon Centre for International Affairs and Diplomacy at the University of Ghana and an Oxford-Princeton Global Leaders Fellow. She is studying states’ implementation of gender-based violence norms in Africa and civilian self-protection. Her work has appeared in International Studies Review and Politics & Gender and she was awarded the 2012–13 African Affairs African Author Prize. Giles Mohan is Professor of International Development at the Open University, UK. His recent research has examined the political economy of China as an international development actor. He has published in geography, development studies, and Africanist journals. He has also acted as consultant to Open University/BBC productions including African School, Indian School, Reith Lectures, and Why Poverty? Tim Murithi is Extraordinary Professor of African Studies, Centre for African Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. His research interests include the African Union peace and security architecture, peace- building, transitional justice, governance, gender, and development in Africa. He is the editor of the Routledge Handbook for International Relations (2014). Notes on Contributors xiii J. Shola Omotola is Head of the Socio-Political