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STI/PUB/1153 Vol. 2 STANDARDS AND CODES OF PRACTICE IN MEDICAL RADIATION DOSIMETRY VOLUME 2 ALL BLANK PAGES HAVE BEEN RETAINED INTENTIONALLY IN THIS WEB VERSION. BLANK PROCEEDINGS SERIES STANDARDS AND CODES OF PRACTICE IN MEDICAL RADIATION DOSIMETRY PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM HELD IN VIENNA, AUSTRIA, 25–28 NOVEMBER 2002, ORGANIZED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, CO-SPONSORED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION (DIRECTORATE-GENERAL ENVIRONMENT), THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR THERAPEUTIC RADIOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY, THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MEDICAL PHYSICS AND THE PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION, AND IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICISTS IN MEDICINE, THE EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF ORGANISATIONS FOR MEDICAL PHYSICS, THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIATION UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS, THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR RADIATION ONCOLOGY AND THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION In two volumes VOLUME 2 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2003 Permission to reproduce or translate the information contained in this publication may be obtained by writing to the International Atomic Energy Agency,Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100,A-1400 Vienna,Austria. © IAEA, 2003 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data International Symposium on Standards and Codes of Practice in Medical Radiation Dosimetry (2002 : Vienna, Austria) Standards and codes of practice in medical radiation dosimetry : proceedings of an international symposium held in Vienna, Austria, 25–28 November 2002 / organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency ; co-sponsored by the European Commission, Directorate- General Environment...[et al.]. In 2 vols. — Vienna: The Agency, 2003. 2 v. ; 24 cm. — (Proceedings series, ISSN 0074–1884) Contents : v. 2. STI/PUB/1153 ISBN 92–0–111403–6 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Radiology, Medical — Congresses. 2. Radiation dosimetry — Standards — Congresses. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series: Proceedings series (International Atomic Energy Agency). IAEAL 03–00338 Printed by the IAEA in Austria December 2003 STI/PUB/1153 FOREWORD In technologically advanced societies, there are many applications and processes that employ ionizing radiation. In order to use radiation safely and effectively, it is necessary to be able to measure radiation properly. Dosimetry is the science of radiation measurement. Knowledge of dosimetry enables nuclear technology to be applied to meet the needs of society. Medical radiation dosimetry deals with those applications in which patients are irradiated for either diagnosis or therapy. These Proceedings present a refereed selection of papers that were presented at the International Symposium on Standards and Codes of Practice in Medical Radiation Dosimetry, held in Vienna from 25 to 28 November 2002. Over 250 scientists from 62 countries attended the meeting, at which 140 presen- tations were delivered covering a broad range of topics in medical radiation dosimetry. Since the last IAEA meeting on dosimetry (Measurement Assurance in Dosimetry, held in Vienna from 24 to 27 May 1993), three major activities have affected progress in medical radiation dosimetry. Firstly, in terms of measurement technology, much work has gone into perfecting calorimetric methods for the determination of absorbed dose to water, and so one entire session of the symposium was devoted to that topic. Secondly, since several primary standards dosimetry laboratories have developed the capability to provide instrument calibrations based on their newly refined standards of absorbed dose to water, the IAEA and other organizations developed new dosimetry codes of practice using these standards. In the opening session, one talk focused on the development of dosimetry codes of practice, in particular the international code of practice published by the IAEA in Technical Reports Series No. 398, Absorbed Dose Determination in External Beam Radiotherapy. The third major activity in dosimetry relates to the mutual recognition arrangement (MRA) of the Comité international des poids et mesures, which was signed by the laboratories, including the IAEA’s, responsible for metrology in the field of ionizing radiation standards. One of the talks in the opening session dealt with the MRA explicitly, but several of the sessions on comparisons were motivated by the need to establish degrees of equivalence between the dosimetry standards of different laboratories. The new standards, the dosimetry protocols that use them and the MRA, which encourages comparisons, have together raised dosimetry to a new level. Of course, the requirement for accuracy in dosimetry is driven primarily by the demands for cancer therapy — too low a dose leaves the patient to die from cancer and too high a dose may result in a dramatic increase in compli- cation rates.An overt attempt was made during the symposium to highlight the link between accuracy in dosimetry and cancer therapy. For example, a plenary session focused on the impending crisis in cancer management, and regular scientific sessions dealt with clinical radiotherapy dosimetry and with radiotherapy dosimetry auditing. In addition, scientific sessions were dedicated to dosimetry issues in brachytherapy, proton and hadron therapy and diagnostic radiology. One session was devoted to nuclear medicine, in an attempt to bridge the gap between the experts who measure radioactivity and those who deal with quality assurance in nuclear medicine. The symposium programme comprised 14 scientific sessions, and at the end of each session there was a brief discussion arising from the material that had been presented. During these discussions, participants were encouraged to suggest recommendations that would provide guidance to everyone concerned with the field of dosimetry. Session 15 contains the list of the participants’ recommendations as summarized by the Chair of the session, P.J. Allisy- Roberts of the Bureau international des poids et mesures. Many institutions and organizations have since incorporated elements of these recommendations into their own work plans. In addition, a meeting of symposium participants was held at the IAEA in July 2003 in order to draw up a plan of action in response to the recommendations. This action plan is available from the IAEA in a separate document entitled International Action Plan on Medical Radiation Dosimetry. The IAEA would like to thank the Programme Committee and the co- sponsoring and collaborating organizations. Special thanks are due to the session Chairs and Co-chairs who, in advance of the symposium, acted as referees and editors of the material for their sessions in addition to preparing their own presentations. Their exceptional contribution increased the level of scientific interaction, thereby enhancing the success of the symposium. Owing to the important changes taking place in the field of dosimetry, participants would like to see the medical physics community hold the next meeting on medical radiation dosimetry in six years’ time (2008). BLANK EDITORIAL NOTE The Proceedings have been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA to the extent considered necessary for the reader’s assistance. The views expressed remain, however, the responsibility of the named authors or participants. In addition, the views are not neces- sarily those of the governments of the nominating Member States or of the nominating organizations. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information con- tained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsi- bility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territo- ries, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copy- rights. Material prepared by authors who are in contractual relation with governments is copyrighted by the IAEA, as publisher, only to the extent permitted by the appropriate national regulations. CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 NUCLEAR MEDICINE DOSIMETRY (Session 9) Radiation dose assessment in nuclear medicine (IAEA-CN-96/63) . 3 M.G. Stabin Quality assurance programmes for radioactivity measurements in nuclear medicine (IAEA-CN-96/64) . 17 B.E. Zimmerman Monte Carlo techniques in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine (IAEA-CN-96/65) . 29 H. Zaidi Performance and quality control of radionuclide calibrators in nuclear medicine (IAEA-CN-96/66) . 45 M.J. Woods, M. Baker Poster presentations Relationship of bone uptake to radiation doses in bone pain treatment with 188Re HEDP (IAEA-CN-96/67P) . 59 J. Gaudiano, E. Savio, A. Paolino Comparisons of activity measurements in nuclear medicine with radionuclide calibrators in the Czech Republic (IAEA-CN-96/68P) . 67 V. Olšovcová, P. Dryák BRACHYTHERAPY (Session 10) Source specification and codes of practice for brachytherapy dosimetry (IAEA-CN-96/70) . 79 C.G. Soares, H. Tölli Development of a Dutch primary standard for beta emitting brachytherapy sources (IAEA-CN-96/71) . 93 J. van der Marel, E. van Dijk New developments
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