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State Political Parties in American Politics: Innovation and Integration in the Party System by Rebecca S. Hatch Department of Political Science Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ John H. Aldrich, Supervisor ___________________________ Kerry L. Haynie ___________________________ Michael C. Munger ___________________________ David W. Rohde Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science in the Graduate School of Duke University 2016 i v ABSTRACT State Political Parties in American Politics: Innovation and Integration in the Party System by Rebecca S. Hatch Department of Political Science Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ John H. Aldrich, Supervisor ___________________________ Kerry L. Haynie ___________________________ Michael C. Munger ___________________________ David W. Rohde An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science in the Graduate School of Duke University 2016 Copyright by Rebecca S. Hatch 2016 Abstract What role do state party organizations play in twenty-first century American politics? What is the nature of the relationship between the state and national party organizations in contemporary elections? These questions frame the three studies presented in this dissertation. More specifically, I examine the organizational development of the state party organizations and the strategic interactions and connections between the state and national party organizations in contemporary elections. In the first empirical chapter, I argue that the Internet Age represents a significant transitional period for state party organizations. Using data collected from surveys of state party leaders, this chapter reevaluates and updates existing theories of party organizational strength and demonstrates the importance of new indicators of party technological capacity to our understanding of party organizational development in the early twenty-first century. In the second chapter, I ask whether the national parties utilize different strategies in deciding how to allocate resources to state parties through fund transfers and through the 50-state-strategy party building programs that both the Democratic and Republican National Committees advertised during the 2010 elections. Analyzing data collected from my 2011 state party survey and party-fund- transfer data collected from the Federal Election Commission, I find that the national iv parties considered a combination of state and national electoral concerns in directing assistance to the state parties through their 50-state strategies, as opposed to the strict battleground-state strategy that explains party fund transfers. In my last chapter, I examine the relationships between platforms issued by Democratic and Republican state and national parties and the strategic considerations that explain why state platforms vary in their degree of similarity to the national platform. I analyze an extensive platform dataset, using cluster analysis and document similarity measures to compare platform content across the 1952 to 2014 period. The analysis shows that, as a group, Democratic and Republican state platforms exhibit greater intra-party homogeneity and inter-party heterogeneity starting in the early 1990s, and state-national platform similarity is higher in states that are key players in presidential elections, among other factors. Together, these three studies demonstrate the significance of the state party organizations and the state-national party partnership in contemporary politics. v Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. x List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. xii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................xvi 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Party Organizational Strength and Technological Capacity in the Twenty-First Century .................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Party Building, 50-State Strategies, and the National-State Party Relationship ...... 6 1.3 Do State and National Party Platforms “Cluster” Together? A Cluster Analysis and Dissimilarity Analysis of Party Platforms from 1952-2014 ....................................... 8 2. Party Organizational Strength and Technological Capacity in the Twenty-First Century ......................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 14 2.1.2 Summary .................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Statement of Theory and Expectations ........................................................................ 22 2.3 Data and Methods .......................................................................................................... 28 2.4 Measuring Change in State Party Organizational Strength ..................................... 31 2.4.1 Overall Changes in Organizational Complexity and Programmatic Capacity 33 2.4.2 Comparing State Democratic and Republican Party Changes ........................... 36 2.5 Evaluating the Dimensions of State Party Organizational Strength ....................... 42 2.6 State Party Organizational Strength and Technological Capacity .......................... 46 2.7 Discussion and Conclusions ......................................................................................... 51 vi 3. Party Building, 50-State Strategies, and the National-State Party Relationship ............ 57 3.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 63 3.1.1 Party-System Nationalization and Party Building ............................................... 63 3.1.2 Party Building and Campaign Finance .................................................................. 70 3.1.3 Party Building and Howard Dean’s “50-State Strategy” ..................................... 77 3.2 50-State Strategies in the 2010 Elections ...................................................................... 83 3.2.1 “Organizing for America” and the DNC ............................................................... 83 3.2.2 “Delaware-to-Hawaii” and the RNC ...................................................................... 91 3.3 Theories of Party Building: Battleground Strategies versus 50-State Strategies.... 98 3.4 Data................................................................................................................................. 106 3.5 National-State Party Interactions from 1960-2011 ................................................... 107 3.6 National-State Party Interactions during the 2010 Elections .................................. 115 3.6.1 General Party Interactions ...................................................................................... 116 3.6.2 National Party Fund Transfers to the State Parties in the 2010 Elections ....... 121 3.6.3 50-State Strategies and Party Interactions in the 2010 Elections ....................... 131 3.7 National Party Resource Allocation Strategies during the 2010 Elections ........... 143 3.7.1 Explaining National Party Fund Transfers to the State Party Organizations during the 2010 Elections ................................................................................................ 149 3.7.2 Explaining Interactions between the National and State Party Organizations through 50-State Strategies during the 2010 Elections ................................................ 154 3.8 Discussion and Conclusions ....................................................................................... 162 4. Do State and National Party Platforms “Cluster” Together? A Cluster Analysis and Dissimilarity Analysis of Party Platforms from 1952-2014 ................................................. 179 vii 4.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 186 4.2 Theory ............................................................................................................................ 196 4.3 Data and Methods ........................................................................................................ 213 4.3.1 Document Collection .............................................................................................. 214 4.3.2 Document Processing ............................................................................................. 223 4.3.3 Text Processing .......................................................................................................
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