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Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: an Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa
CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: THE CLAN SYSTEM p. 2 The People, Language and Religion p. 2 The Economic and Socials Systems p. 3 The Dir p. 5 The Darod p. 8 The Hawiye p. 10 Non-Pastoral Clans p. 11 PART II: A HISTORICAL SUMMARY FROM COLONIALISM TO DISINTEGRATION p. 14 The Colonial Scramble for the Horn of Africa and the Darwish Reaction (1880-1935) p. 14 The Boundaries Question p. 16 From the Italian East Africa Empire to Independence (1936-60) p. 18 Democracy and Dictatorship (1960-77) p. 20 The Ogaden War and the Decline of Siyad Barre’s Regime (1977-87) p. 22 Civil War and the Disintegration of Somalia (1988-91) p. 24 From Hope to Despair (1992-99) p. 27 Conflict and Progress in Somaliland (1991-99) p. 31 Eastern Ethiopia from Menelik’s Conquest to Ethnic Federalism (1887-1995) p. 35 The Impact of the Arta Conference and of September the 11th p. 37 PART III: REFUGEES AND RETURNEES IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA AND SOMALILAND p. 42 Refugee Influxes and Camps p. 41 Patterns of Repatriation (1991-99) p. 46 Patterns of Reintegration in the Waqoyi Galbeed and Awdal Regions of Somaliland p. 52 Bibliography p. 62 ANNEXES: CLAN GENEALOGICAL CHARTS Samaal (General/Overview) A. 1 Dir A. 2 Issa A. 2.1 Gadabursi A. 2.2 Isaq A. 2.3 Habar Awal / Isaq A.2.3.1 Garhajis / Isaq A. 2.3.2 Darod (General/ Simplified) A. 3 Ogaden and Marrahan Darod A. -
Somalia S 2004 804.Pdf
United Nations S/2004/804 Security Council Distr.: General 8 October 2004 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Somalia I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to the statement of the President of the Security Council of 31 October 2001 (S/PRST/2001/30). The report provides an update on developments in and related to Somalia since my last report of 9 June 2004 (S/2004/469). The main focus of the report is the progress achieved at the Somali National Reconciliation Conference at Mbagathi, Somalia, under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), with Kenya as Chairman. The report also provides an update on developments inside Somalia, the security situation and the humanitarian and development activities of United Nations programmes and agencies. II. Somali National Reconciliation Conference 2. At the end of June 2004, owing to controversies regarding the method of selection of members of the transitional federal parliament, many Somali leaders absented themselves from the Somali National Reconciliation Conference. However, concerted efforts by the member States of IGAD, especially their Ministers for Foreign Affairs, led to a gradual return of those leaders to the Conference in July. The Ministers also called for the early arrival of traditional leaders at the Conference site and for Somali political leaders to cooperate in the process of selecting the members of parliament. They warned that absent leaders would not be allowed to hold the peace process hostage and that punitive measures would be taken against those obstructing its completion. 3. Each Somali clan (Hawiye, Darod, Digil and Mirifle, Dir and the “Allied” clans) was requested to submit a list of names to form the Somali National Arbitration Committee and the collective leadership of the Conference, which is called the Presidium. -
Summary of Cost Estimates for Somaliland, Puntland, and South Central Somalia (US$ Million)
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized SOMALI JOINT NEEDS ASSESSMENT PRODUCTIVE SECTORS AND ENVIRONMENT CLUSTER REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized April, 2007 Public Disclosure Authorized ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADO Agricultural Development Organization ACP Africa, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP countries are signatories of the Lomé Convention) BDS Business Development Services ARDOPIS Agricultural Rehabilitation and Diversification of High Potential Irrigation Schemes in Africa ASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa BSF Belgium Survival Fund CAHWs Community Animal Health Workers CDD Community-Driven Development CEFA European Committee for Agricultural Training CEM Country Economic Memorandum CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna CGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa DLCO Desert Locust Control Organization DSBC Dubai Somali Business Council EBA Everything but Arms EC European Community EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU European Union EXCELEX Export and Certification of Livestock for Export (Livestock Export Inspection Program for Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Somalia) FOB Free On Board GDP Gross Domestic Product GECPD Galkayo Education Center for Peace and Development HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points ICAO International Civil Airlines Association ICT Information and Communication Technology ITU International Telecommunication Union -
A Conflict and Education Analysis of the Somali Context
Beyond Fragility: A Conflict and Education Analysis of the Somali Context Barakat, Connolly, Hardman, Lewis, Lineker, Menkhaus, Rzeszut and Shanks POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION & Institute for DEVELOPMENT UNIT Effective Education Beyond Fragility: A Conflict and Education Analysis of the Somali Context Barakat, Connolly, Hardman, Lewis, Lineker, Menkhaus, Rzeszut and Shanks POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION & Institute for DEVELOPMENT UNIT Effective Education ii Beyond Fragility: A Conflict and Education Analysis of the Somali Context Authors’ Declaration This report should be quoted as: Barakat, Connolly, Hardman, Lewis, Lineker, Menkhaus, Rzeszut and Shanks, 2014. This independent report was commissioned by UNICEF; however, the views presented are those of the authors. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or UNICEF concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this report and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily representative of those held by the United Nations or UNICEF. Text © 2014 Post-war Reconstruction & Development Unit, The University of York; Institute for Effective Education, The University of York; United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Photographs Full-page photos © UNICEF Smaller photos © Sultan Barakat Designed and typeset by Gavin Ward Design Associates (www.gwda.co.uk) Acknowledgements iii Acknowledgements This Conflict Analysis forms part of UNICEF’s global Peace Building, Education and Advocacy in conflict-affected contexts programme (PBEA) (2012–2015) operating in 14 priority countries, including Somalia, with its three administrative zones of Somaliland, Puntland and Central South Somalia. -
Conseil De Sécurité Distr
Nations Unies S/2004/804 Conseil de sécurité Distr. générale 8 octobre 2004 Français Original: anglais Rapport du Secrétaire général sur la situation en Somalie I. Introduction 1. Le présent rapport est soumis conformément à la déclaration du Président du Conseil de sécurité, en date du 31 octobre 2001 (S/PRST/2001/30). Il rend compte de l’évolution de la situation en Somalie et en ce qui concerne la Somalie depuis mon rapport du 9 juin 2004 (S/2004/469) et décrit les progrès réalisés par la Conférence de réconciliation nationale en Somalie, organisée à Mbagathi (Somalie) sous les auspices de l’Autorité intergouvernementale pour le développement (IGAD), présidée par le Kenya. Le rapport décrit également les faits nouveaux survenus en Somalie, la situation en matière de sécurité et les activités humanitaires et de développement mises en œuvre par les programmes et organismes des Nations Unies. II. Conférence de réconciliation nationale en Somalie 2. À la fin de juin 2004, en raison de divergences de vues sur la méthode de sélection des membres du Parlement fédéral de transition, de nombreux dirigeants somaliens n’ont pas participé à la Conférence de réconciliation nationale. Toutefois, les efforts concertés des États membres de l’IGAD, en particulier de la part de leurs ministres des affaires étrangères, ont abouti à un retour progressif de ces dirigeants à la Conférence, en juillet. Les ministres ont également engagé les chefs traditionnels à venir rapidement à la Conférence et les dirigeants politiques somaliens à participer à la sélection des membres du Parlement. Ils ont déclaré que les dirigeants absents ne pourraient bloquer le processus de paix et que des mesures punitives seraient prises contre ceux qui feraient obstacle à son achèvement. -
Documents Released
1982 Affairs Act Home of Information of Department by Freedom the under Released 2 Answers 1. Please provide an update on the treatment of women, particularly separated women in Somalia. Women in Somalia remain highly vulnerable. The information in Somalia: CI170913095951741 – Women – Identity documents – Child born outside Somalia on the treatment of women remains current. COISS has located more recent sources which provide further information on the treatment of women. Separated women The 2018 Finnish Immigration Service report describes attitudes towards divorce and separation: Divorcing a spouse is a normal occurrence in Somalia, and the country has a high number of divorces. These days, divorce is more acceptable than before, and there are many divorced women as well as women who have been married more than once. In principle, divorce is not a stigma for a divorced woman, but local communities have varying attitudes towards such women. Divorce, as such, does not stigmatise a woman, but if a man wants to divorce a woman, the female can be easily blamed. She can be deemed burdensome or difficult, especially if marital problems are caused by her refusal to accept the husband’s other wives. Community members may think that if religion permits a man to have four wives, the woman must accept this. The Quran should not be opposed or questioned. A divorced woman must wait for 4.5 months before she can start dating a new man. If she is pregnant, she must give birth before she can start dating again. As a rule, the man proposes and decides on a divorce. -
FSNAU Monthly Brief
NONO 52 :: ISSUEDISSUED MAYFEBRUARY 5 2003 FSAU acknowledges the contribution of key partners FEWS NET, CARE, WFP, SC-UK, UNCU, UNDP FSAU REPORTS AND ACTIVITIES HIGHLIGHTS **FSAU DEYR HARVEST ASSESSMENT : FSAU is carrying out the Deyr field assessment between 29 ETHIOPIAN DROUGHT AND MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS TO NW SOMALIA: The migration of house- January and 10 February 2003. The findings will be holds from Ethiopia to Awdal appears to have ended. However, with an estimated 2,000-3,000 shared with key partners to reach a consensus. The additional households in the Awdal area, having left the drought stricken Shinile region of Ethio- FSAU Field Team Manager will also produce a Deyr pia, the impact on Awdal’s inhabitants and resources—and the situation of the migrants, needs to Crop Focus at the end of February/beginning of be carefully monitored until the commencement of the Gu rains. For an indepth report, see p. 2. March. Please contact FSAU Field Team Manager : HIRAN : The good Deyr season has resulted in a crop that is likely to reverse the poor food [email protected] for more details on the Deyr security situation that was predicted after the very low crop production in the 2002 Gu season. Assessment. The area under production is above normal and yields are expected to be good Livestock condi- **URBAN BASELNE ASSESSMENT OF HARGESIA : tion has also improved. As a result of the good Deyr, the FSAU Nutrition Surveillance Project FSAU / FEWS-NET will be carrying out a household reports that the high levels of acute malnutrition related to food security appear to be decreas- economy baseline survey in urban Hargeisa between ing. -
Republic of Somaliland
1 REPUBLIC OF SOMALILAND MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT AWDAL REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2014-2016) 1 2 AWDAL REGION MAP 2 3 Table of Contents FORWARD ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 SECTORS DEVELOPMENT PLAN ................................................................................................................................................................ 16 I. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PILLAR ................................................................................................................................................................ 16 A. Education Sector ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 16 Education Sector Challenges ............................................................................................................................................................................... 17 3.0 Priorities and Strategies ................................................................................................................................................................................ -
Addressing Land-Based Conflicts in Somaliland and Afghanistan
LOCAL CAPACITIES FOR PEACE Addressing Land-based Conflicts in Somaliland and Afghanistan APD Hargeisa, Somaliland Phone: (+252-2-) 520304 Thuraya: +8821643338171/ +8821643341206 email@ apd-somaliland.org APD Burco, Somaliland Phone: (+252-2-) 712980/81/82 Thuraya: +8821643341202/ +8821643341204 [email protected] http://www.apd-somaliland.org Acknowledgements Authors: Mohamed Abdi (Team Leader), Safiya Tani & Nasir Osman (Trainees), Saeed Iftekhar Sadaat (Team Leader), Naeem Jan (Trainee). This report is published by the Academy for Peace and Development, Hargeisa/Somaliland, in partnership with the Institute for Development and Peace (INEF), University Duisburg-Essen, Germany. For further information on the Land Conflicts Project, please visit: http://www.apd- somaliland.org/projects.htm#land APD and INEF thank Interpeace for the practical support provided to the realization of this project. The project was funded by the German Federal Foreign Office and the Institute for Foreign Cultural Relations (see back cover). Front Cover: The Land Based Conflict Team during a Focus Group Discussion. Back Cover: Heated Discussion on Land Conflicts. ii Glossary...................................................................................................................................... v Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. v Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. -
Somaliland Assistance Bulletin
1 Somaliland Assistance Bulletin 1 - 31 October 2005 HUMANITARIAN SITUATION distribution and intensity were good and allowed for Security & access further replenishment of water and pasture resources. Security situation remained calm during the reporting Livestock reproduction was reported as above normal period yet while parliamentary elections were not with increased availability of milk/ghee at household conducted within areas of Sool and Sanaag under level, improved livestock products for consumption and control of Puntland authorities, the tension across those sale. Approaching the upcoming peak season, areas mounted seriously over the elections period. That associated with Hajj towards end of December, sheep decision was taken by the national electoral commission and goats exports in Berbera surged in October (NEC) due to the threat of violence, which might have amounting to 142,554 heads of shoats. Among agro- disrupted the whole process. As long as this issue pastoralists , Gu-karan harvest is expected in late remains unresolved, access & security in these areas will November, further rains encouraged planting of short remain fragile and will continue to limit the presence of cycle crops of sorghum and maize. humanitarian actors. Following the arrest of a group of terrorists, who were allegedly linked to Al-Qaida sources in Mogadishu, in late September 2005, the threat of attacks by terrorists/extremists poses as a major concern for the humanitarian community within Somaliland. 2003 & 2004 witnessed the killing of 4 expatriate humanitarian workers; those incidents were attributed to extremists, who are currently under trial in Hargeisa. In an effort to enhance security & safety of humanitarian workers, the UN in collaboration with the national authorities established a Special Protection Unit (SPU) to provide protection for humanitarian workers of UN & international NGOs.