4 High Priests, Aged 8 and up Tarchna, Italian Peninsula, VI
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Etruscans in the Context of European Identity
Phasis 15-16, 2012-2013 Ekaterine Kobakhidze (Tbilisi) Etruscans in the Context of European Identity The so-called cultural factor has a decisive role in European identity. It is common knowledge that the legacy of Antiquity made a significant contribution to shape it. Numerous fundamental studies have been devoted to the role of the ancient civilisation in the formation of European culture. However, the importance of the cultures, which made their contributions to the process of shaping European identity by making an impact on the ancient Greek and Roman world directly or via Graeca or via Roma, have not been given sufficient attention. In this regard, the Etruscan legacy is one of the most noteworthy. Pierre Grimal wrote in this connection that the Etruscan civilisation “played the same role ... in the history of Italy as the Cretan civilisation played in shaping the Greek world.“1 At the same time, the Etruscan civilisation proper emerged based on the archaic roots of Mediterranean cultures and, becoming, like the Greek civilisation, the direct heritor of the so-called Mediterranean substratum, which it elevated to new heights thanks to its own innovations and interpretations, it fulfilled an important function of a cultural mediator in the history of the nations of the new world. This is precisely what Franz Altheim meant, noting that “the importance of the Etruscan civilisation lies first and foremost in its cultural mediation.”2 As noted above, in addition, Etruscans introduced a lot of innovations and it is noteworthy that they were made in numerous important spheres, which we are going to discuss in detail below. -
The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria
Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Tirol The cities and cemeteries of Etruria Dennis, George 1883 Chapter XV Bombarzo urn:nbn:at:at-ubi:2-12107 CHAPTER XV. BOHABZO. Miremur periisse homines ?—monnmenta fatiscunt, Mors etiam saxis nominibusque venit .—Ausonius. Ecce libet-pisces Tyrrhenaque monstra Dicere. Ovid. About twelve miles east of Viterbo, on the same slope of the Ciminian, is the village of Bomarzo, in the immediate neighbour¬ hood of an Etruscan town where extensive excavations have been made. The direct road to it runs along the base of the mountain, but the excursion may be made more interesting by a detour to Fdrento, which must be donfe in the saddle, the road being quite impracticable for vehicles. From Ferento the path leads across a deep ravine, past the village of Le Grotte di Santo Stefano, whose name marks the existence of caves in its neighbourhood,1 and over the open heath towards Bomarzo. But before reaching that place, a wooded ravine, Fosso della Vezza, which forms a natural fosse to the Ciminian, has to be crossed, and here the proverb —Chi va piano va sano —must be borne in mind. A more steep, slippery, and dangerous tract I do not remember to have traversed in Italy. Stiff miry clay, in which the steeds will anchor fast ; rocks shelving and smooth-faced, like inclined planes of ice, are the alternatives. Let the traveller take warning, and not pursue this track after heavy rains. It would be advisable, especially if ladies are of the party, to return from Ferento to Viterbo, and to take the direct road thence to Bomarzo. -
Crossing Boundaries: a Gendered Reinterpretation of Etruscan Demons
Crossing Boundaries: A Gendered Reinterpretation of Etruscan Demons Although epigraphic evidence attests to the existence of the winged death-goddess, Vanth, as early as the seventh century B.C.E., figurative depictions of other Etruscan demons were not common until the fourth century. Thereafter, demons played a variety of different roles in the Etruscan funerary record. Their portrayal as chthonic beings is seen when they are integrated into Greek mythological narratives in tomb paintings, funerary statuary and cinerary urns. Demons also performed a psychopomp role in tomb paintings and on sarcophagi, where they are often shown alongside Etruscan elites, as on the long front panel of the Sarcophagus of Arnth Tetnies and Ramtha Vishnai, c. 450-400. Standing in the center, Tetnies is present leaning on a walking stick. Standing to his left is his wife, Ramtha Vishnai (Rowland 2008). On the left short side of this same sarcophagus, Vishnai is shown again riding in a horse led cart as she is being greeted by a female demon. Presumably, one can imagine how Tetnies and Vishnai became reunited due to the intervention of the demon herself. Finally, demons functioned as guardians of the tomb space as seen in statuary from the grave complex, Greppe Sant’Angelo in Cerveteri, as well as multiple painted depictions in tombs at Tarquinia. The sexuality and gender of male and female demons are equally complex issues. Both male and female demons are often depicted in a manner that at once emphasizes their physical sex characteristics but destabilizes the social construction of the gendered body. For example, the figure of Vanth is often portrayed with bare breasts or with genitalia exposed. -
Tages Against Jesus: Etruscan Religion in Late Roman Empire Dominique Briquel
Etruscan Studies Journal of the Etruscan Foundation Volume 10 Article 12 2007 Tages Against Jesus: Etruscan Religion in Late Roman Empire Dominique Briquel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/etruscan_studies Recommended Citation Briquel, Dominique (2007) "Tages Against Jesus: Etruscan Religion in Late Roman Empire," Etruscan Studies: Vol. 10 , Article 12. Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/etruscan_studies/vol10/iss1/12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Etruscan Studies by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tages Against Jesus: Etruscan Religion in Late Roman Empire by Dominique Briquel t may seem strange to associate in this way two entities which, at first gLance, wouLd seem to have nothing in common. The civiLization of the Etruscans, which fLourished Iin ItaLy during the 1st miLLennium BC, was extinguished before the birth of Christianity, by which time Etruria had aLready been absorbed into the Larger Roman worLd in a process caLLed “Romanization.” 1 This process seems to have obLiterated the most characteristic traits of this autonomous cuLture of ancient Tuscany, a cuLture which may have been Kin to that of the Romans, but was not identicaL to it. As for Language, we can suppose that Etruscan, which is not Indo-European in origin and is therefore pro - foundLy different not onLy to Latin but to aLL other ItaLic diaLects, feLL out of use compLeteLy during the period of Augustus. One cannot, however, cLaim that aLL traces of ancient Etruria had disappeared by then. -
Hammond2009.Pdf (13.01Mb)
Postgraduate Programmes in the SCHOOL of HISTORY, CLASSICS and ARCHAEOLOGY The Iconography of the Etruscan Haruspex Supervisor: Name: Sarah Hammond Dr Robert Leighton 2009 SCHOOL of HISTORY, CLASSICS and ARCHAEOLOGY DECLARATION OF OWN WORK This dissertation has been composed by Sarah Hammond a candidate of the MSc Programme in MScR, Archaeology, run by the School of History, Classics and Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh. The work it represents is my own, unless otherwise explicitly cited and credited in appropriate academic convention. I confirm that all this work is my own except where indicated, and that I have: Clearly referenced/listed all sources as appropriate Referenced and put in inverted commas all quoted text of more than three words (from books, web, etc) Given the sources of all pictures, data etc. that are not my own Not made any use of the essay(s) of any other student(s) either past or present Not sought or used the help of any external professional agencies for the work Acknowledged in appropriate places any help that I have received from others (e.g. fellow students, technicians, statisticians, external sources) Complied with any other plagiarism criteria specified in the Course handbook I understand that any false claim for this work will be penalised in accordance with the University regulations Signature: Name (Please PRINT): SARAH HAMMOND Date: 22/06/2009 The Iconography of the Etruscan Haruspex by Sarah Naomi Hammond MSc by Research, Archaeology The University of Edinburgh 2009 Word count: 25,000 Abstract The religious rituals of the Etruscans incorporated several forms of divination including the practices of extispicy and hepatoscopy, the arts of divining through the examination of sacrificed animal entrails, and specifically the liver. -
Why We're All Romans
Why We’re All Romans Why We’re All Romans The Roman Contribution to the Western World Carl J. Richard ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Distributed by National Book Network Copyright © 2010 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Richard, Carl J. Why we’re all Romans : the Roman contribution to the Western world / Carl J. Richard. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7425-6778-8 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-7425-6780-1 (electronic) 1. Rome—Civilization—Influence. 2. Civilization, Modern—Roman influences. 3. Rome—History. I. Title. DG77.R53 2010 937—dc22 2009043889 ™ ϱ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America In memory -
Archaeological and Literary Etruscans: Constructions of Etruscan Identity in the First Century Bce
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND LITERARY ETRUSCANS: CONSTRUCTIONS OF ETRUSCAN IDENTITY IN THE FIRST CENTURY BCE John B. Beeby A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: James B. Rives Jennifer Gates-Foster Luca Grillo Carrie Murray James O’Hara © 2019 John B. Beeby ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT John B. Beeby: Archaeological and Literary Etruscans: Constructions of Etruscan Identity in the First Century BCE (Under the direction of James B. Rives) This dissertation examines the construction and negotiation of Etruscan ethnic identity in the first century BCE using both archaeological and literary evidence. Earlier scholars maintained that the first century BCE witnessed the final decline of Etruscan civilization, the demise of their language, the end of Etruscan history, and the disappearance of true Etruscan identity. They saw these changes as the result of Romanization, a one-sided and therefore simple process. This dissertation shows that the changes occurring in Etruria during the first century BCE were instead complex and non-linear. Detailed analyses of both literary and archaeological evidence for Etruscans in the first century BCE show that there was a lively, ongoing discourse between and among Etruscans and non-Etruscans about the place of Etruscans in ancient society. My method musters evidence from Late Etruscan family tombs of Perugia, Vergil’s Aeneid, and Books 1-5 of Livy’s history. Chapter 1 introduces the topic of ethnicity in general and as it relates specifically to the study of material remains and literary criticism. -
Etruscan News 19
Volume 19 Winter 2017 Vulci - A year of excavation New treasures from the Necropolis of Poggio Mengarelli by Carlo Casi InnovativeInnovative TechnologiesTechnologies The inheritance of power: reveal the inscription King’s sceptres and the on the Stele di Vicchio infant princes of Spoleto, by P. Gregory Warden by P. Gregory Warden Umbria The Stele di Vicchio is beginning to by Joachim Weidig and Nicola Bruni reveal its secrets. Now securely identi- fied as a sacred text, it is the third 700 BC: Spoleto was the center of longest after the Liber Linteus and the Top, the “Tomba della Truccatrice,” her cosmetics still in jars at left. an Umbrian kingdom, as suggested by Capua Tile, and the earliest of the three, Bottom, a warrior’s iron and bronze short spear with a coiled handle. the new finds from the Orientalizing securely dated to the end of the 6th cen- necropolis of Piazza d’Armi that was tury BCE. It is also the only one of the It all started in January 2016 when even the heavy stone cap of the chamber partially excavated between 2008 and three with a precise archaeological con- the guards of the park, during the usual cover. The robbers were probably dis- 2011 by the Soprintendenza text, since it was placed in the founda- inspections, noticed a new hole made by turbed during their work by the frequent Archeologia dell’Umbria. The finds tions of the late Archaic temple at the grave robbers the night before. nightly rounds of the armed park guards, were processed and analysed by a team sanctuary of Poggio Colla (Vicchio di Strangely the clandestine excavation but they did have time to violate two of German and Italian researchers that Mugello, Firenze). -
William Shakespeare and Chinua Achebe: a Study of Character and the Supernatural
University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2010 William Shakespeare and Chinua Achebe: A Study of Character and the Supernatural Kenneth N. Usongo University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the African Languages and Societies Commons, Classical Literature and Philology Commons, and the Comparative Literature Commons Recommended Citation Usongo, Kenneth N., "William Shakespeare and Chinua Achebe: A Study of Character and the Supernatural" (2010). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1387. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/1387 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE AND CHINUA ACHEBE: A STUDY OF CHARACTER AND THE SUPERNATURAL __________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by Kenneth N. Usongo June 2011 Advisor: Linda Bensel-Meyers ©Copyright by Kenneth N. Usongo 2011 All Rights Reserved Author: Kenneth N. Usongo Title: WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE AND CHINUA ACHEBE: A STUDY OF CHARACTER AND THE SUPERNATURAL Advisor: Linda Bensel-Meyers Degree Date: June 2011 Abstract This study examines how Shakespeare and Achebe use supernatural devices such as prophecies, dreams, beliefs, divinations and others to create complex characters. Even though these features are indicative of the preponderance of the belief in the supernatural by some people of the Elizabethan, Jacobean and traditional Igbo societies, Shakespeare and Achebe primarily use the supernatural to represent the states of mind of their protagonists. -
CSCP Support Materials for Eduqas GCSE Latin Component 2 Latin Literature and Sources (Themes) Superstition and Magic for Exami
CSCP Support Materials for Eduqas GCSE Latin Component 2 Latin Literature and Sources (Themes) Superstition and Magic For examination in 2021-2023 Source Images © University of Cambridge School Classics Project, 2019 PUBLISHED BY THE CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL CLASSICS PROJECT Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, 184 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PQ, UK http://www.CambridgeSCP.com © University of Cambridge School Classics Project, 2019 Copyright In the case of this publication, the CSCP is waiving normal copyright provisions in that copies of this material may be made free of charge and without specific permission so long as they are for educational or personal use within the school or institution which downloads the publication. All other forms of copying (for example, for inclusion in another publication) are subject to specific permission from the Project. First published 2019 version date: 20/12/2019 This document refers to the official examination images and texts for the Eduqas Latin GCSE (2021 - 2023). It should be used in conjunction with the information, images and texts provided by Eduqas on their website: Eduqas Latin GCSE (2021-2023) Information about several of the pictures in this booklet, together with useful additional material for the Theme, may be found in the support available online for Cambridge Latin Course, Book I, Stage 7 and Book III, Stages 22-23. © University of Cambridge School Classics Project, 2019 Picture 1: road surrounded by tombs This picture shows the tombs lining the road out of Pompeii towards Herculaneum. These marble tombs were in a prestigious location, as this was also the main route to and from Rome itself, and they commemorate important citizens and families who played an active role in the life of the town. -
Book IX. Title XVIII. Concerning Enchanters, Magicians and Other
Book IX. Title XVIII. Concerning enchanters, magicians and other similar persons. (De maleficis et mathematicis et ceteris similibus.) Bas. 60.39.22, et seq. 9.18.1. Emperor Antoninus. To kill a man with poison is worse than to murder him with the sword. Promulgated without day or consul. 9.18.2. Emperors Diocletian and Maximian and the Caesars to Tiberius. To learn and apply the science of geometry is to the public interest. But the damnable magician's art is forbidden. Subscribed at Sirmium August 20 (294). 9.18.3. Emperor Constantine to Maximus. No haruspex1, priest2 or anyone who customarily performs rites of that nature, shall pass another's threshold, not even for some other reason (than soothsaying), but the friendship of this class of men, though of long standing, must be rejected. The soothsayer, who has gone into another's house, shall be burned to death, and he who has caused him to come, either by persuasion, or for reward, shall, after confiscation of his goods, be banished to an island. 1. And we do not consider an accuser of this crime in the light of an informer, but rather as a man entitled to reward.3 Promulgated at Rome February 1 (319). C. Th. 9.16.1. Note. The superstition among the ancients and the use of various arts of enchantment is well known. The aim of this title is the suppression of this art, attempts at which had been made for many years. Thus Tiberius forbade anyone to consult soothsayers secretly and without witness, and attempted to suppress the oracles near Rome. -
Serpent Iconography Kristen Lee Hostetler
Etruscan Studies Journal of the Etruscan Foundation Volume 10 Article 16 2007 Serpent Iconography Kristen Lee Hostetler Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/etruscan_studies Recommended Citation Hostetler, Kristen Lee (2007) "Serpent Iconography," Etruscan Studies: Vol. 10 , Article 16. Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/etruscan_studies/vol10/iss1/16 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Etruscan Studies by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Serpent Iconography by Kristen Lee Hostetler ew creatures are as rich in iconographicaL symboLism as the serpent. In fact, their ven - eration is an aLmost universaL aspect of cuLtures past and present. Cross-cuLturaLLy, ser - Fpents symboLize fertiLity, immortaLity, wisdom, and prosperity. Due to their subter - ranean Lairs and poisonous venom, they aLso became associated with death and the under - worLd, taKing on aspects of ancestors, ghosts, and guardians. An important aspect of serpent symboLism is its reLationship with Life, death, and the underworLd. As man saw the serpent emerging from darK recesses and rocKy niches, he imagined it as the guardian of the earth, protecting whatever was pLaced within the ground. As a sexuaL symboL, anaLogous to the maLe member, it became connected with prosperity and Life. With the abiLity to shed its sKin, the serpent appears to renew its youth and increase its strength. This observation Led to asso - ciations with youth, wisdom, heaLth, immortaLity. FinaLLy, the venom of the serpent must have been infamous.