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Exhibit I Implementing Solar Technologies at Airports

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Exhibit I Implementing Solar Technologies at Airports Implementing Solar Technologies at Airports A. Kandt and R. Romero NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Technical Report NREL/TP-7A40-62349 July 2014 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Implementing Solar Technologies at Airports A. Kandt and R. Romero Prepared under Task No. WFG4.1010 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report 15013 Denver West Parkway NREL/TP-7A40-62349 Golden, CO 80401 July 2014 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/scitech Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.aspx Cover Photos: (left to right) photo by Pat Corkery, NREL 16416, photo from SunEdison, NREL 17423, photo by Pat Corkery, NREL 16560, photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL 17613, photo by Dean Armstrong, NREL 17436, photo by Pat Corkery, NREL 17721. NREL prints on paper that contains recycled content. Acknowledgments The U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) thanks the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for supporting this work. NREL also expresses gratitude to the DHS components for proactively seeking direction and support in identifying existing guidance for appropriately siting solar systems at or near airports. iii This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. List of Acronyms AC alternating current ATCT airport traffic control tower ALP airport layout plan CNS communication, navigation, and surveillance CSP concentrating solar power DC direct current DIA Denver International Airport DOD U.S. Department of Defense DOE U.S. Department of Energy FAA Federal Aviation Administration HQ headquarters kW kilowatt kWh kilowatt-hour MHT Manchester-Boston Regional Airport MW megawatt NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory NWRC National Wildlife Research Center PV photovoltaics REC renewable energy certificate SGHAT Solar Glare Hazard Analysis Tool SHW solar hot water SVP solar ventilation preheat USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USFW U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service VALE Voluntary Airport Low Emissions Wp (peak) watt iv This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Executive Summary Federal agencies, such as the Department of Defense and Department of Homeland Security, as well as numerous private entities are actively pursuing the installation of solar technologies to help reduce fossil fuel energy use and associated emissions, meet sustainability goals, and create more robust or reliable operations. One potential approach identified for siting solar technologies is the installation of solar energy technologies at airports and airfields, which present a significant opportunity for hosting solar technologies due to large amounts of open land. In particular, solar photovoltaics (PV) have a low profile and the potential to have low to no impact on flight operations. This report focuses largely on the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA’s) policies toward siting solar technologies at airports. The FAA’s policies cover fixed-axis, flat-plate solar technologies, including solar PV and solar thermal hot water systems. These policies apply to federally obligated airports. Private airports and land adjacent to airports are not covered under these policies, though the FAA encourages stakeholders of such lands who are interested in siting solar systems on those lands follow the FAA’s policies. The FAA’s policies outline how an airport sponsor can gain approval from FAA to amend an airport layout plan to add a solar system. The FAA also offers design resources to help to minimize glint and glare impacts. With proper advanced planning and siting considerations, solar technologies can successfully be installed at airports with minimal or no impacts. This paper concludes with examples of solar installations at airports and highlights a case study where successful systems were installed at the Denver International Airport in Denver, Colorado. v This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................................... iii List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ iv Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. vii 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Background ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Scale of Opportunity ..................................................................................................................... 1 2 Solar Technology Overview ................................................................................................................ 2 2.1 Solar Photovoltaics ....................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Photovoltaics Economics ................................................................................................. 3 3 Guidance ............................................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Federal Aviation Administration Policies ..................................................................................... 5 3.1.1 Technical Guidance for Evaluating Selected Solar Technologies on Airports ................ 5 3.1.2 Interim Policy, Federal Aviation Administration Review of Solar Energy System Projects on Federally Obligated Airports ......................................................................... 6 3.2 Department of Defense Memorandum ........................................................................................ 11 3.3 Siting Considerations for Airports .............................................................................................. 11 3.3.1 System Performance ....................................................................................................... 12 3.3.2 Minimizing Glare and Glint ........................................................................................... 12 3.3.3 Wildlife Impact .............................................................................................................. 13 4 Applications ........................................................................................................................................ 14 4.1 Denver International Airport Solar Photovoltaics Case Study .................................................... 14 4.2 Manchester-Boston Regional Airport Solar Photovoltaics Case Study ...................................... 16 4.3 Unique Airport Applications
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