Part II: Course Syllabus

Table of Contents

Item Page

Instructor Information 2-1

Course Information 2-2

Course Objectives 2-4

Learning Resources 2-20

Course Requirements & Grading 2-26 Instructor Information

DR. ESSAM HUSAIN JIFFRI (Course Coordinator) Telephone: Office: 6401000 Ex. 21137 Mobile: 0505613915 E-mail: [email protected] Office Location: 1st floor, Room No. 542/1 Office Hour: Sat: 10:00 – 12:00 PM Wed: 10:00 – 12:00 PM

DR. HAMED KHOUJA - Telephone: Office: 6401000 Ex. 22079 /20209 Mobile: 0504605257 - E-mail: [email protected] - Office Location: 2nd floor, Room No. 512/2 - Office Hour:Sun 9:00 – 11:00 AM Tue 9:00 – 11:00 AM

DR. ADEEL G. CHAUDARY

Telephone: Office: 64O1000 Ex. 22135 Mobile: 0505689076 E-mail: [email protected] Office Location: 2nd, Room No.552/2 Office Hour: Sat: 12:00 – 2:00 PM Mon: 12:00 – 2:00 PM

PROF. MOHAMAD S. ARDAWI

Telephone: Office: 64O1000 Ex. 22191 Mobile: 0505616804 E-mail: [email protected] Office Location: 2nd, Room No.952/2 Office Hour: Sat: 10:00 – 11:00 AM Mon: 10:00 – 11:00 AM

2 - 2 Course Information

COURSE NAME : Clinical Chemistry-2

COURSE NUMBER : MLT 301

COURSE MEETING TIMES:

Lecture hours: 3 hours/week for 13 weeks (Total 39 hours)

Practical hours: 2 hours/week for 13 weeks (Total 26 hours)

Tutorial hours: 1 hour/week for 13 weeks (Total 13 hours)

LECTURE PRACTICALS TUTORIALS Three/Week Two/Week One/Week

Sat 09:00-10:00 a.m Sat 02:00–04:00 p.m (Group A) Sat 01:00 – 02:00p.m

MALE Tue 01:00-02:00 p.m (Group A) Wed 01:00–02:00 p.m Wed 08:00–09:0 a.m Mon 02:00–04:00 p.m (Group B) (Group B) Sat 01:00 – 02:00 p.m Sun 08:00 – 09:00 a.m Sat 10:00–12:00 a.m (Group A) (Group A) Sun 01:00 – 02:00 p.m FEMALE Mon 11:00 – 12:00 p.m Mon 10:00–12:00 a.m (Group B) (Group B) Wed 09:00 – 10:00 a.m

COURSE MEETING PLACES:

Male students: 3rd year classroom in the medical center, Building number 5, First floor, Faculty of applied medical sciences, Male section

2 - 3 Female students: 3rd year classroom in the medical center, Building number 4, Ground floor, Faculty of applied medical sciences, Female section

2 - 4 COURSE WEBSITE ADDRESS:

COURSE PREREQUISITES AND REQUIREMENTS:

A successful completion of Biochemistry (MLT 301) with a final cumulative grade of above 60% is the pre-requisite for Clinical Chemistry-2 (MLT 302).

ENTRY LEVEL SKILLS:

The student should display basic reading, writing, and mathematical skills

DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE:

This is a continuation of the first course (Clinical Chemistry-1). The topics covered include: liver function tests, Non-protein Nitrogens, Acid-base balance and blood gasses, gastrointestinal pancreatic function, endocrinology, thyroid function, tumor markers, therapeutic drug monitoring, toxicology, and Lipids

2 - 5 Course Objectives

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

Upon completion of this course the student will be able to:

Achieve the objectives designated by a bullet under each lecture, group of lectures or practical sessions.

2 - 6 OBJECTIVES OF LECTURE TOPICS:

The course consists of lectures, practical classes, demonstrations and tutorials. The following is a listing of lecture topics and number of lectures for each topic:

LECTURE TOPICS NUMBER OF LECTURES

1- Liver Function 6

2- NPN 3

3- Acid-Base Balance/Blood Gasses 6

4- Gas-Intestine & Pancreatic 3 Function

5- Endocrinology 6

6- Thyroid Function 3

7- Tumor Markers 3

8- TDM & Toxicology 3

9- Lipids 6

TOTAL 39

2 - 7 1. Liver Function (six lectures)

Objectives: 1. Diagram and describe the structure of the liver including the right and left loves, inferior vena cava, ciliac artery, hepatic artery, portal vein, common bile duct, bile canaliculi, sinusoids, Kupffer cells and the space of Disse. 2. Diagram and describe the subcellular components of a normal, parenchymal liver cell (microxomes, Golgi apparatus, bale canaliculi, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus); state the function(s) of each. 3. Discuss the four general functions of the liver and give at least 3 specific examples of each function. 4. Outline the pathway for the normal metabolism of bilirubin from the RE system through the general circulation into the liver, conjugation, enterohepatic circulation, through the kidney and into the urine. 5. Describe the role of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. 6. Define icterus index. 7. Describe the major characteristics, etiology, and laboratory test(s) used for diagnosis and treatment of the following conditions: Intrahepatic obstruction Crigler-Najjar syndrome Obstruction of the common bile duct Dubin-Johnson syndrome Hemolytic jaundice Gilbert's disease Neonatal jaundice Reye's syndrome Alcoholic cirrhosis Wilson's disease Early acute viral hepatitis Chronic viral hepatitis Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency 8. For each test listed below describe the rationale, clinical usefulness, specimen requirements, patient preparation, procedure(s), principle(s), measurement used to calculate concentration, limitations,'and reference range(s): Total, direct and indirect bilirubin - van den Berg Evelyn-Malloy Jendrassik-Grof

2 - 8 direct spectrophotometric measurement (Bilirubinometer) 9. The following tests covered previously in this or other courses: ALP, GGT, AST, ALT Cholesterol and triglycerides Serum proteins - total, albumin, globulin; electrophoretic patterns Urea, ammonia Galactose Prothrombin time Watson-Schwartz

2. NPN (Three lectures)

Objectives 1. Diagram the human kidney. 2. Diagram a nephron and describe the major processes occurring in each portion. 3. Explain the 5 main functions of the kidney. 4. Describe the relationship between chronic renal failure and anemia. 5. Describe the 4 ways H+ is excreted in urine. 6. List the 6 major substances included in the non-protein nitrogen content of serum. 7. Briefly describe the metabolism (origin and fate) of urea, ammonia, creatinine, and uric acid. 8. Describe the mechanism whereby renin is involved in renovascular hypertension, including Angiotensis I and II, aldosterone, blood volume, blood pressure, and sodium concentration. 9. Describe the laboratory test results in the following conditions:

gout hypertension renal failure tumors and leukemia 10. Differentiate laboratory tests measuring glomerular filtration rate

2 - 9 (GFR) from those measuring tubular function and overall renal function. 11. Discuss the concept of clearance tests and name the clearance test of choice for evaluating renal function. 12. For each test listed below describe the rationale, clinical usefulness, specimen requirements, patient preparation, procedure, principle(s), measurement used to calculate results, limitations, and reference range(s):

refractive index urea nitrogen osmolality ammonia specific gravity creatinine creatinine clerance creatine urea clearance uric acid inulin clearance

3. Acid-Base Balance and Blood Gases (six lectures)

Objectives: 1. State the ideal Gas Law.

2. Using Henry's Law, calculate PO2 of a gaseous mixture when given other components. 3. Show the equation describing the relationship between the "respiratory" component and the "metabolic" component of acid- base balance. 4. Derive the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and use this equation to calculate unknown concentrations of buffer species in plasma. 5. Compare and contrast the four major buffer systems in the body. 6. Describe the roles of the lungs and kidneys in acid-base balance 7. Outline the mechanism whereby acid urine is made using the phosphate buffer system. 8. Briefly describe the transport of oxygen in the blood. 9. Diagram the processes occurring as an RBC moves from tissue through lungs, explaining both the chloride and isohydric shifts.

2 - 10 10. Describe the significance of the sigmoidal (S) shape of the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin.

11. Describe the affect of the following on the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin:

pH temperature 2,3-DPG hemoglobin variants pCO2 altitude 12. State the parameters responsible for the chemical control of respiration.

13.Calculate the factor for converting PO2 to carbonic acid concentration.

14.When given two of these values--pH, PO2, CHO3; calculate the third value. 15. Distinguish two types of acidosis from two types of alkalosis, compare the mechanisms for compensation in each, and state the common causes of each. 16.When given blood gas results, describe the condition as: respiratory and/or metabolic acidosis and/or alkalosis chronic or acuteuncompensated, compensated, or partially compensated 17.Explain the concept of electrolyte balance by describing the mechanisms for retention of fluid and electrolytes and the excretion by kidneys, lungs and metabolic processes. 18.Relate plasma and urine concentrations of electrolytes, the total blood volume, and the total urine output with the following disorders: dehydration diarrhea malabsorption diabetic ketoacidosis hyper- & hypoaldosteronism non-ketotic acidosis pyloric obstruction Addison's disease salicylate intoxication overhydration starvation vomiting heart failure GI suctioning renal failure excessive sweating (diaphoresis) pulmonary emphysema hyperglobulinemia diuresis methanol poisoning

2 - 11 19.For each test listed below describe the rationale, clinical usefulness, specimen requirements, patient preparation, procedure, principle(s), measurements used to calculate concentration, limitations, and reference range(s): calcium, total and ionized chloride sodium potassium carbon dioxide, total bicarbonate, osmolality measured & caluclated phosphorus and magnesium anion gap copper, zinc & other trace elements iron, TIBO, UIBO pH, arterial and venous

PO 2 arterial and venous

PCO 2 arterial and venous 02 saturation 20.Describe the significance of a difference between measured and calculated osmolality. 21.Describe the use of normograms in the recognition and quantitation of acid-base imbalance by laboratory data. 22.Describe the affect of each of the following on blood gas and pH measurements:leaving sample at room temperature allowing air bubble in syringe exposing sample to room air uncooperative patient 23.Describe the procedure for obtaining arterial blood specimens and the proper transport and treatment of the specimen. 24.Define the following terms:

pH buffer anions pK buffer base

PCO 2 base excess of deficit

PO 2 oxygen tension P5O oxygen saturation Bicarbonate oxygen content

H CO3 buffer system

CO 2 cibtebt gtoercaobua

total CO 2 hyperkalemia

CO 2 combining power hypercalcemia

2 - 12 Apnea hypernatremia Nomogram hyperchloremia

4. Gastric Intestinal and Pancreatic Function (Three Lectures) Objectives: 1. Sketch, indicate on a diagram and describe the anatomy of the gastrointestinal system with accessory organs, including the 3 major zones of the stomach.

2. Name the specific cells of each zone of the stomach and the secretions found in each zone. 3. Describe the function of each portion of the GI system in the digestive and absorption processes. 4. State the site of secretion and specific function of each hormone below: CCK-PZ insulin enterogastrone proinsulin gastrin (4 types) secretin GIP somatostatin glucagon VIP 5. State the site of secretion and specific function of each enzyme or zymogen below: chymotrypsin procarboxypeptidase cholesterol esterase proelastase disaccharidases trypsinogen pepsinogen 6. Outline the entire digestive process, including the 3 phases, interaction of gastrointestinal hormones and enzymes, and the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

2 - 13 7. Describe the major characteristics, etiology, and laboratory tests used for diagnosis and treatment of the following conditions:

celiac disease malnutrition Crohn's disease steatorrhea Diarrhea ulcers Zollinger-Ellison syndrome lactose intolerance cystic fibrosis malabsorption 8. Define the term 'achlorhydria" and explain its clinical significance. 9. Explain 2 direct tests of pancreatic secretory function and describe how patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome could be diagnosed with these tests.

10. List 3 substances used for the stimulation of gastric secretion and select the stimulous of choice for a gastric stimulation test.

11. Describe the levels of the following substances in acute pancreatitis: AST, LD CBC bilirubin creatinine calcium coagulation studies electrolytes

12. For each test listed below describe the rationale, clinical usefulness, specimen requirements, patient preparation, procedure, principle(s), and reference range(s):

amylase lactose tolerance carotene occult blood CEA 5-HIAA D-xylose absorption Schuling's test insulin trypsin C-peptide of insulin vitamin A fecal fat lipase libase 2 - 14 5. Endocrinology and Thyroid Function (Nine Lectures)

Objectives: 1. List the specific hormones made in (or released from) the following organs: anterior pituitary thyroid posterior pituitary ovary hypothalmus testis adrenal cortex placenta adrenal medulla pancreas parathyroid gastrointestinal tract 2. Compare and contrast the 3 specific functions of hormones (regulatory, morphogenesis, integrative action).

3. For each hormone listed in Objective 153, state its target organ(s) and it specific function. 4. Outline the method by which hormone secretion is controlled, including both positive and negative feedback mechanisms.

5. Differentiate 3 types of hormones (protein, aromati amines, steroids). 6. Explain the theory of protein and steroid hormone actions.

7. List the four classes of enzymes important in the biological synthesis of steroid hormones and discuss the specific function of each class.

8. Discuss the origin, structure and function of testosterone (androgens), estrogens and progesterone.

9. Describe the hormone levels during the menstrual cycle.

10. State the primary estrogen in non-pregnant females; in pregnancy.

11. Outline the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex acis and discuss

2 - 15 the affect of an increased concentration of a hormone, such as cortisol.

12. Give an example of the importance of recognizing diurnal release of hormones. 13. Outline the biosynthesis and degradation of catecholamines. 14. Describe the roles of vitamin D, PIH, and calcitonin in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. 15. List the major steps in the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

16. Discuss the affect of TBG concentration on T3, T4 and T3RU results. 17. Describe the TBG level in each of the following conditions: pregnancy androgen therapy estrogen therapy cirrhosis oral contraceptive therapy chronic illness hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism corticosteroid therapy 18. Discuss the rationale for performing, principle of measurement, limitations, significance of restuls, patient preparation, specimen requirements of the following procedures:

estrogens, estriol TSH 5-HIAA free T3 HCG T3RU 17-ketostroids free T4 17-hydroxysteroids TBG 7-ketogenic steroids FTI VMA Somatomedin radioactive iodine uptake

19. Compare and contrast the Porter-Silber reaction with the Zimmerman reaction and the Norymberski modification of the Zimmerman reaction.

20. Explain the basis of stimulation and suppression testing in general and in the following specific examples:

ACTH stimulation TRH stimulation dexamethasone suppression TSH stimulation 2 - 16 metyrapone test

21. Describe the major symptoms and lab findings in the following conditions:

acromegaly Paget's disease diabetes insipidus hyperparathyroidism galactorrhea/amenorrhea/infertility hypoparathyroidims hyperthyroidism gigantism panhypotituitarism thyrotoxicosis dwarfism hypothyroidism Addison's disease cretinism Cushings syndrome sexual precocity Graves' disease Hyperaldosteronism Hashimoto's thyroiditis Phenochromocytoma myxedema

6. Tumor Markers (Three Lectures)

7. Therapeutic and Drug monitoring Toxicology (Three Lectures)

Objectives: 1. List 6 categories of poisons: give examples of each. 2. List 5 general mechanisms of toxicity. 3. List 8 factors that influence toxicity.

2 - 17 4. Discuss the important aspects of specimen handling in medico-legal cases. 5. State the specimen preferred for drug screening; state 4 alternate specimens. 6. Compare the metabolic breakdown of ethanol and methanol. 6. Explain the mechanism by which the drug Antabuse is effective in curbing alcohol consumption. 7. Describe the mechanism by which cyanide may cause instant death. 8. Discuss the mechanism of heavy metal poisoning.

9. Arrange the gases O2, CO2and CO in order of their affinity for hemoglobin. 10. List 5 drug groups frequently encountered in overdose situations; give 2 specific examples of each. 11. List 5 types of drug interactions. 12. Explain how therapeutic drug monitoring aids the physician in monitoring a patient who should be taking a therapeutic drug.

13. Describe the sequence involved in the change of drug concentration with time, including factors which can influence each phase. 15.Discuss the importance of considering drug metabolites when assessing a patient's drug level; give a specific, common example currently considered.

16.Explain the difference between long, intermediate and short acting barbiturates. 17.Discuss the importance of monitoring patients suspected of salicylate or acetaminophen toxicity.

18.Outline the mechanism by which methotrexate acts as achemotherapeutic agent. 19.Give the usual source(s), route of entry to body, symptoms and clinical signs of toxicity, primary use of, and common examples of:

poisons listed in objective 176 antiepileptics antiarrythmics antineoplastics cardiac glycosides antibiotics 2 - 18 antiasthmatics 20.State the generally accepted number of half-lives after a dose that there is considered to be no more drug in circulation . 21.Calculate the approximate % and amount of drug remaining, given the dose, half-life, and time of measurement.

22.Describe the common methods used today for qualitative and quantitative determination of toxic and therapeutic substances.

23.Describe the specific methods, principles, preferred sample and limitations of the methods for: acetaminophen salicylate thanol methanol carbon monoxide heavy metal screen (Reinsh test) drug screen bromide Define: half-life T 1/2 LADME peak concentration trough concentration steady-state

8. Lipids and Lipoproteins (Six Lectures)

Objectives:

1. Draw the basic structure of a fatty acid and differentiate short, medium and long chain fatty acids; differentiate saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. 2. Diagram a mono-, di-, and triglyceride and state the products f ormed by hydrolygis in strong alkaline and acid solution.  3. List the five classes of lipids and select the class to which each of the following:substances belongs: mon-, di-, and triglycerides cholesterol and its esters

2 - 19 phosphoglycerides (glycerophosphatides) bile acids lecithins steroid hormones cerebrosides vitamin D ceramide dilichols sphingomyelin vitamins A, E, and K prostaglandins

4. Draw and describe the basic structural unit of each class of lipids above.  i. Outline the 3 phases of absorption of different types of lipids from the intestine, including the composition and role of bile. ii. Outline the pathway for storage of lipids in adipose tissue.  iii. Describe the origin of the chief precursor of lipids synthesized in the body. 8. Discuss the oxidative pathway of free fatty acids when required for energy, including the amount of energy released when one mole of a fatty acid is completely oxidized to Co2 and water. 9. List 5 major functions of lipids. 10.Outline the pathway to ketosis by excessive degradation bf fatty acids through the beta-oxidation cycle in the liver and state the three ketone bodies found in acidosis. 11.Describe the major characteristics, etiology, and laboratory test used for diagnosisand treatment of the following conditions:

Tay-Sachs disease Gaucher's disease Fabry's disease Niemann-Pick disease Krabbe's disease 12.Discuss the current hypothesis for "atherogenesis", including the involvement of initiating factors and the probable sequence of events. 13.List the 3 most prominent and modifiable factors associated with coronary heart disease (CHD).

14.Discuss the roles of LDL, HDL and LCAT in CHD. 15.Describe the six types of hyperlipoproteinemias, including triglyceride, cholesterol, VLDL, LDL, HDL, and chylomicron levels, appearance of plasma after 18-24 hours at 4oCand treatment (diet and drug). 16.Discuss the most recent theories relating HDL-cholesterol levels with CHD, including mechanisms by which HDL may be protective and

2 - 20 by which its level may be increased in vivo. 17.Discuss the relationship between diabetes mellitus and hyperlipemias.

18.Describe the effect of the following on serum cholesterol levels: genetics growth hormone age thyroxine sex glucagon diet corticosteroid therapynephrotic syndrome oral contraceptives obstructive liver disease alcoholism hyperthyroidism physical activity pregnancy acute intermittent porphyria thyroid dysfunction

19.Describe the effect of the following on plasma triglyceride levels: high carbohydrate diet Type I Glycogen Storage Disease corticosteroid therapy abetalipoproteinemia alcoholism cirrhosis pregnancy Tangier's diseas obstructive liver disease nephrotic syndrome gout 20. Compare and contrast the four separate fractions of lipoproteins:

a.when separated by electrophoresis on paper or agarose vs. polyacrylamide gel. b. when separated by ultracentrifugation (density). c. according to composition. d. according to function in the body. e. according to size.  21.For each test listed below describe the rationale, clinical usefulness, specimen requirements, patient preparation,

2 - 21 procedure (s), principle(s), measurement used to calculate concentration, limitations, and reference range(s): cholesterol triglycerides HDL-cholesterol lipoprotein electrophoresis fatty acids

LEARNING RESOURCES

TEXT BOOKS & READING MATERIALS :

Assigned Textbook : Clinical Chemistry, Principles, Procedures, and Correlations, 3rd Ed. By Michael Bishop, Edward Foddy, and Janet Duben J.B. Lippincott , Philadelphia, 2005or latest edition.

Recommended References :

1- Clinical Diagnosis and Management, by John Bernard Henry,ed. W.B. Saudners, Philadelphia.latest edition.

2- Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry Tietz, latest edition., W.B. Saunders Kaplan & Pesce. latest edition.

3- Clinical Chemistrv Theory Analysis Correlation, latest ed. C.V. Mosby Clinical Chemistry in Diagnosis and Treatment, Zilva & Pannell, latest edition.

WEBSITE ADDRESSES: http://www.Clinical Chemistry.net http://www.Annals of Clinical Chemistry.com

2 - 22

2) Instructor’s handouts

LABORATORY MATERIALS / MANUAL / ATLAS TEXTBOOK:

-During each laboratory sessions practical procedure sheet will be distributed to all students

LABORATORY LOCATIONS:

Male students: Teaching laboratory in the medical center, Building number 5, Second floor, Faculty of applied medical sciences, Male section

Female students: Teaching laboratory in the medical center, Building number 13, Second floor, Faculty of applied medical sciences, Female section

2 - 23 LABORATORY HOURS:

PRACTICALS Two/Week Sat 02:00 – 04:00 (Group A) MALE Mon 10:00 – 12:00 (Group B)

FEMAL Sat 10:00 – 12:00 (Group A) E Mon 10:00 – 12:00 (Group B)

LABORATORY SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:

1) There will be no smoking and no eating or drinking

2) Use proper universal precautions and infection control

3) Handle all glassware, equipment and specimens with care

4) Follow the guidelines for waste disposal and avoid excess biohazardous waste

5) Do not leave until you have cleaned up your work area and returned supplies and equipment to the appropriate areas

REQUIRED PURCHASES :

- Laboratory coats and gloves

- Text book, atlas textbook and laboratory manual

- Calculator

2 - 24 PRACTICAL LABORATORY OBJECTIVES

Having attended all of the practical lab sessions, listened to and understood the explanation of the procedure done, watched a demonstration by the instructor (or the lab technologist in charge), and read all the materials assigned, the student must be able to perform all of the experiments (tests, procedures, etc.) explained and taught. The student must be able to exhibit a satisfactory competence level by achieving no less than 60% of any given practical exam performed within a suitably assigned time.

General Laboratory Objectives:

1. Describe the types, preparation, use and storage of chemicals used in

a chemistry laboratory.

2. Discuss the composition, use, and limitations of laboratory glassware,

plastic ware and tubing.

3. Identify the various types of volumetric equipment in common

usage in the chemistry laboratory.

4. Describe protocols for the calibration of volumetric equipment, it's

use and maintenance.

5. Explain the theories of operation of centrifuges and balances.

6. Discuss calibration; maintenance requirements, and environmental

factors involved in the use of centrifuges and balances.

7. Describe the principles of procedures used to prepare samples and

solutions for analysis.

2 - 25 8. Discuss the components, preparation, sources of error and

expressions of concentration of solutions.

9. Define the components of buffer systems and its role in the

maintenance of pH.

10.Describe the types of safety hazards found in the chemistry

laboratory.

11.Identify specific precautions and safety equipment used to

minimize or prevent laboratory hazards.

Laboratory Topics:

1. Determination of total bilirubin

2. Determination of direct bilirubin

3. Determination of uric acid &urea

4. Acid-Base balance & Blood Gasses Analysis

5. Determination of pancreatic enzymes activity

6. Drugs monitoring

7. Determination of Total Protein cholesterol

8. Determination of triglyceride

At the completion of the practical course the student should be able to:

1. Construct a frequency histogram.

2. Calculate the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation from

a list of data.

2 - 26 3. When given absorptivity constant and concentration, calculate

the absorbance.

4. Assess albumin using the BCG dye method with results within 5%

of measured value.

5. Compare and contrast one-point calibration with that of a standard curve.

6. Perform electrophoresis and identify a normal pattern.

7. When given a list of absorbance values calculate the change in absorbance.

8. When given absorbance values, length of light path and molar

absorptivity of a substance, calculate the U value.

9. Compare and contrast endpoint and kinetic enzyme assays.

10. Adjust the aspirati6n rate of the atomizer on the flame photometer.

11. Set the standards of the flame photometer.

12. Analyze controls and patient samples on the flame photometer;

9. Perform the chloride determination and calculate the concentration of

the control and patient samples using the chloride meter.

10. Perform within 5% and with acceptable technique the various glucose

test methods.

11. Perform the following assays with acceptable technique, precision,

and accuracy:

12. Accession specimens and evaluate them as to their suitability for

the determination requested.

17. Prepare aliquots of specimens and distribute them for analysis.

18. Maintain record keeping for specimens.

19. Prepare reagents according to prescribed directions.

20. Demonstrate efficient operation of laboratory instruments to

acceptable levels for the instructor.

2 - 27 21. Perform and interpret analyses on patient specimens and controls

according to protocol.

22.Evaluate test results with results acceptable to the instructor.

Course Requirements & Grading

COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

- In order to successfully complete MLT 302 the following requirements must be met: - Attend lectures and practical sessions consistently - Take and pass two written tests, final written and the practical examinations

ATTENDANCE:

- Learning in this class is an active, ongoing process. Information will be presented in class that can not be effectively communicated by reading another student's notes. You need to experience each class yourself. Your performance in class depends a great deal on your attendance. It is important that you are on time, have few or no absences, and remain in class the full period. Attendance is taken at the beginning of class.

- Sometimes in-class quizzes or other graded activities occur. These may be individual or in groups, as determined by the instructor. If you miss a class in which one of these take place, you have a zero for that quiz/activity

WITHDRAWALS :

2 - 28 - If a student wishes to withdraw from the course, it is his or her responsibility to inform the instructor. Appropriate withdrawal procedures will be followed. When a student accumulates unofficial absences in excess of two lectures or two labs, the instructor may, but is not obligated to file a withdrawal.

2 - 29 EVALUATION STRATEGIES/GRADING

CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT (35%)

Test -1 15%

Test -2 15%

Practical Reports & Assignments 5%

FINAL EXAMINATION (65%)

Final Practical Exam 20%

Final Written Exam 45%

Note: If a student must be absent on the day of a test, he/she must notify the instructor prior to test time in order to be allowed to take a make-up test. A grade of zero (0) will be assigned if the instructor is not notified. If the student exceeds the maximum absences of 10%, this will result in his/her being dropped from the course and from the MLT program.

GRADING SCALE:

The following grade scale applies throughout the course:

Excellent = 90.0% - 100.0% Very good = 80.0% - 89.0% Good = 70.0% - 79.0% Satisfactory = 60.0% - 69.0% Fail = less than 64.0%

2 - 30