1. Briefly Define the Following Terms (3 Pts. Each)

Name______

Bio 207 Exam I 75 pts.

Please read questions carefully and answer to the best of your ability. Raise your hand if you have questions during the exam.

1. Briefly define the following terms (3 pts. each): a. radon--

b. carcinoma--

c. lymph node--

d. tumor suppressor gene--

e. leukemia--

f. oncogenic retrovirus--

g. aflatoxin--

h. nitrosamines--

1 i. epidemiology--

Multiple choice (3 pts. each). Select the one best answer.

2. Which of the following does not generate ionizing radiation? a. EMF (electromagnetic fields) b. X-rays c. radon d. uranium

3. Based on the graph below, one could conclude a. incidence of stomach cancers are increasing in both the U. S. and Japan b. Japan has a higher incidence of colon cancer than the U. S. c. U. S. has a higher death rate from breast cancer than Japan d. deaths from breast cancer are on the rise in the U. S.

4. Sarcomas are cancers of a. epithelial tissues b. small, flat cells of the lung c. muscle, bone and connective tissues d. the prostate

5. Once cancer cells become metastatic, these structures start to become loosened or altered

2 a. ribosomes b. mitochondria c. intercellular junctions d. nuclear membranes

6. In addition to their role in energy metabolism, mitochondria function in a. cell death b. nuclear transport c. secretion d. extracellular signalling

7. Genotoxic chemicals a. cause mutations on the DNA b. usually destroy the chromosomes c. affect cell growth without altering the DNA d. repair damage to DNA

8. A “xenoestrogen” is a. a male sex hormone b. a foreign substance that acts like a female sex hormone c. a mutagenic chemical d. an oncogene

9. The virus associated with many cases of liver cancer is a. HIV b. an oncogenic retrovirus c. hepatitis B d. influenza virus

10. Based on studies of the survivors of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, a. there was no increased cancer risk due to fallout. b. the cancer risk was increased by 50% compared to what was expected. c. all of the survivors died of cancer. d. the cancer risk was increased slightly (by 5%) compared to what was expected.

11. Cancer in situ (benign cancer) a. is highly metastatic b. is usually contained in a capsule within the tissue of origin. c. contains cells that most likely have not been affected by any mutations to oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. d. consists of cells that have lost their ability to adhere to one another.

12. A cellular gene which when overexpressed can lead to production of a protein that increases cell growth and division a. a tumor suppressor gene

3 b. gene encoding a DNA repair enzyme c. a proto-oncogene d. p53

13. Inherited forms of breast cancer are associated with altered forms of a. the BRCA1 gene b. the BRCA2 gene c. p53 d. any or all of the above

Short answer (6 pts. each)

Answer any two of the following three questions in the blue books provided.

14. a. Briefly explain the TNM staging system as it applies to colon cancer. Give an example of a TNM score with a poor prognosis for recovery. b. Use simple illustrations to show the progression of a single cell in a tissue into a metastatic cancer. What sorts of changes are taking place at each step? c. Describe the two-hit model of carcinogenesis and use it to illustrate the difference between the hereditary and sporadic forms of retinoblastoma.