Parenthetical Citations s1

PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS

(in parentheses) in writing

PURPOSE: To give proper credit to a source of information To allow a reader access to the works that you discuss in a paper To avoid plagiarism!

METHOD: After every sentence of your paper whose information comes from a different source, or from a different page of the same source, list the appropriate information (in parentheses) before the final punctuation mark of the sentence.

IT DOES NOT MATTER THAT THE INFORMATION IS WRITTEN IN YOUR OWN WORDS—YOU MUST STILL GIVE CREDIT TO THE SOURCE! Since most of the information each of you had to find was new to you, it is most likely that your paper will be filled with many parenthetical citations.

The appropriate information you will include is the following…

For information that is taken from a book:

To Kill a Mockingbird is highly biographical, as Lee sets the novel in fictional Maycomb, Alabama, a city modeled after her home town of Monroeville, Alabama (Lee 20). There are also many similarities between the characters of the novel, and Lee’s friends and family members. For example, Scout’s father, Atticus Finch, is modeled after Lee’s own father, Amasa Coleman Lee. Both men were lawyers who raised their children without a healthy mother (Lee 25).

For information from a database:

Roosevelt initiated the New Deal upon his inauguration as President in 1933 (“New Deal”).

If you had two sources of information that began with “New Deal,” you would then have to include additional information to distinguish each source. So using the same example above you would change the citation to (“New Deal,” St. James Encyclopedia).

Notice, too, how “directly quoted information” should be incorporated into your essay in this example:

Roosevelt’s New Deal programs were created to “alleviate the suffering” of the Great Depression that plagued the nation since 1929 (“New Deal,” Gale Encyclopedia).

IMPORTANT RULE TO FOLLOW: Whenever in doubt, be sure to cite! EVALUATING USE OF CITATIONS IN THE ANNOTATED PARAGRAPHS

Examine these paragraphs and citations for the questions on Harper Lee:

"Harper Lee." Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 13. Detroit: Biography in Context, 1994. N. pag. Gale Biography in Context. Web. 29 Apr. 2014.

Question B Part One:

Harper Lee's personal life had a huge impact on her writing. Based on the article "Harper Lee" from Gale Biography in Context, Lee was "a rough 'n' tough tomboy... short, cropped hair, wore coveralls, went barefoot, and could talk mean like a boy" ("Harper Lee, Author's and Artists for Young Adults). She was known as Nelle by her friends and family in Alabama and she lived next door to the Faulks- Jenny, Sook, and Callie, with their brother Bud. Based on the article by Author's and Artists for Young Adults, a writer named Truman Capote lived with the Faulks every summer, and that inspired Lee to name the character Dill after Capote. She also inspired Atticus Finch, a lawyer, just like her father. Clearly, many of Lee's personal experiences were reflected in her book.

Winters, Kelly. "Harper Lee." Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives. Ed. Arnold Markoe and Kenneth T. Jackson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. N. pag. Gale Student Resources in Context. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. Question A Part One:

According to "Harper Lee" by Kelly Winters, Lee is a famous writer who wrote the book To Kill a Mockingbird in the 1960s. She was born on April 28, 1926 in Monroeville, Alabama to her parents, Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. Her father was a lawyer who may have influenced her writing (Winters). These facts are important to know about Harper Lee because these people in her lives influenced her writing. Now examine this citation and paragraph:

"Commentary on FDR's First Inaugural Address." The Great Depression and the New Deal. Woodbridge: Primary Source Media, 1999. N. pag. American Journey. U.S. History in Context. Web. 25 Apr. 2014.

What kind of source is this? How do you know?

When citing this source in the paragraphs, what should be included?

a. Now examine this body paragraph that needs to answer the question, “What famous speech did FDR state that ‘we have nothing to fear but fear itself?’ What was the purpose of that speech?”

FDR's famous speech stated "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." According to the article "Commentary on FDR's First Inaugural Address," FDR stated this in his inaugural address. His purpose of saying this was to bring people spirit, and this was known as the "symbol of the combative spirit" (Commentary on FDR's First Inaugural Address). Clearly, Roosevelt had made his purpose in his speech when he successfully brought his "dispirited nation" spirit.

Evaluate if citations were used correctly: what needs to be fixed? Why?

What is the rule for making citations?