Genome Studies on Nematophagous and Entomogenous Fungi in China

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Genome Studies on Nematophagous and Entomogenous Fungi in China Journal of Fungi Review Genome Studies on Nematophagous and Entomogenous Fungi in China Weiwei Zhang, Xiaoli Cheng, Xingzhong Liu and Meichun Xiang * State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (W.Z.); [email protected] (X.C.); [email protected] (X.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-64807512; Fax: +86-10-64807505 Academic Editor: Luis V. Lopez-Llorca Received: 9 December 2015; Accepted: 29 January 2016; Published: 5 February 2016 Abstract: The nematophagous and entomogenous fungi are natural enemies of nematodes and insects and have been utilized by humans to control agricultural and forestry pests. Some of these fungi have been or are being developed as biological control agents in China and worldwide. Several important nematophagous and entomogenous fungi, including nematode-trapping fungi (Arthrobotrys oligospora and Drechslerella stenobrocha), nematode endoparasite (Hirsutella minnesotensis), insect pathogens (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium spp.) and Chinese medicinal fungi (Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris), have been genome sequenced and extensively analyzed in China. The biology, evolution, and pharmaceutical application of these fungi and their interacting with host nematodes and insects revealed by genomes, comparing genomes coupled with transcriptomes are summarized and reviewed in this paper. Keywords: fungal genome; biological control; nematophagous; entomogenous 1. Introduction Nematophagous fungi infect their hosts using traps and other devices such as adhesive conidia and parasitic hyphae tips [1,2]. Entomogenous fungi are associated with insects, mainly as pathogens or parasites [3]. Both nematophagous and entomogenous fungi are important biocontrol resources [1,3]. Cordyceps spp. are ancient resources in Chinese medicine [4]. Biological control is an economically and ecologically friendly approach for controlling nematode and insect pests that have a negative economic impact in agriculture [5]. Nematophagous and entomopathogenic fungi have been used with various strategies for almost a century and, for instance, mass production of entomopathogenic fungi were utilized for insect-pest control in the field while nematophagous fungi were released to the soil for nematode control [6,7]. There is also a long history of utilizing these fungi for the control of agricultural and forestry pests in China [8]. Among these fungi, Arthrobotrys oligospora (adhesive network traps) and Drechslerella stenobrocha (constricting ring trap) are well-known nematode trapping fungi in the Orbiliales (Orbiliomycetes and Ascomycota) [9–11]; Hirsutella minnesotensis, as a nematode endoparasite, responds to the natural suppressiveness of soybean cyst nematode [12–14]; Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a famous fungus used as a traditional Chinese medicine, belongs to Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) [15]; Cordyceps militaris as medicinal fungus and Beauveria bassiana as biocontrol agent of insect are representatives of Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) [16,17]; and Metarhizium spp. in Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) are important entomopathogens [18]. The biology, evolution, interaction with hosts, biocontrol application for pests, and medicinal use of these fungi have been extensively studied by Chinese mycologists [19,20]. J. Fungi 2016, 2, 9; doi:10.3390/jof2010009 www.mdpi.com/journal/jof J. Fungi 2016, 2, 9 2 of 14 J.Recently, Fungi 2016, development2, 9 of next generation sequencing technology allows the easy obtention2 of of 14 high quality eukaryotic genome sequences [21,22]. A number of nematophagous and entomogenous fungi Recently, development of next generation sequencing technology allows the easy obtention of havehigh been quality genome eukaryotic sequenced. genome Genomic sequences surveys [21,22]. have A number provided of nematophagous new strategies and to answerentomogenous biological issuesfungi of those have fungibeen genome and their sequenced. sophisticated Genomic mechanisms surveys forhave interacting provided withnew theirstrategies invertebrate to answer hosts. A numberbiological of nematophagous issues of those andfungi entomogenous and their sophisticated fungi extensively mechanisms studied for in interacting China have with been their genome sequencedinvertebrate by Chinese hosts. mycologistsA number of [ 9nematophagous,10,13,15–18]. The and approaches entomogenous obtained fungi fromextensively analysis studied of genomes, in andChina comparing have genomesbeen genome and transcriptomes sequenced by ofChinese these fungi,mycologists provide [9,10,13,15 comprehensive–18]. The understanding approaches of theirobtained biology from and interactionanalysis of withgenomes, invertebrate and comparing hosts, andgenomes furthermore, and transcriptomes enhance their of these application fungi, in pestprovide control comprehensive and medicine utilization.understanding of their biology and interaction with invertebrate hosts, and furthermore, enhance their application in pest control and medicine utilization. 2. Nematophagous Fungi 2. Nematophagous Fungi Nematophagous fungi can use specialized traps to capture nematodes, conidia to adhere to nematodes,Nematophagous hyphae tips fungi to parasitize can use specialized nematode traps females to capture and eggs,nematodes, or produce conidia toxinsto adhere to attackto nematodes, hyphae tips to parasitize nematode females and eggs, or produce toxins to attack nematodes [2]. Nematode-trapping fungi and nematode endoparasitic fungi are two important groups nematodes [2]. Nematode‐trapping fungi and nematode endoparasitic fungi are two important of nematophagous fungi. Predation is one of the fungal life-strategies to destroy nematodes [1,23] groups of nematophagous fungi. Predation is one of the fungal life‐strategies to destroy nematodes by capturing nematodes with sophisticated trapping structures, including constricting rings and [1,23] by capturing nematodes with sophisticated trapping structures, including constricting rings severaland other several types other of types adhesive of adhesive traps (sessiletraps (sessile adhesive adhesive knobs, knobs, stalked stalked adhesive adhesive knobs, knobs, adhesive adhesive nets, adhesivenets, adhesive columns, columns, and non-constricting and non‐constricting rings) (Figure rings) 1(FigureA–D) [ 1A–D)24,25]. [24,25]. The traps The are traps usually are usually produced fromproduced hyphae from and hyphae induced and by induced nematodes, by nematodes, peptides, peptides, and nematode and nematode extracts extracts [26 ,[26,27].27]. Most Most ofof the nematode-trappingthe nematode‐trapping fungi belong fungi tobelong Orbiliales to Orbiliales (Ascomycota). (Ascomycota). Among Among these fungi, these Arthrobotrysfungi, Arthrobotrys oligospora formingoligospora adhesive forming nets adhesive was firstnets was genome first genome sequenced sequenced to understand to understand the the molecular molecular basis basis ofof the mechanismsthe mechanisms for capturing for capturing nematodes nematodes (Table (Table1)[ 28 ,1)29 [28,29].]. A proposed A proposed model model containing containing multiple multiple fungal signalfungal transduction signal transduction pathways associatedpathways associated with diverse with cellular diverse processes cellular processes such as energy such as metabolism, energy biosynthesismetabolism, of the biosynthesis cell wall and of the adhesive cell wall proteins, and adhesive cell division, proteins, glycerol cell division, accumulation, glycerol accumulation, and peroxisome biogenesisand peroxisome [29]. The followingbiogenesis sequenced[29]. The following genome bysequenced Chinese mycologistsgenome by Chinese was Drechslerella mycologists stenobrocha was , Drechslerella stenobrocha, which forms constricting rings to actively capture nematodes. Comparative which forms constricting rings to actively capture nematodes. Comparative genomic analysis provided genomic analysis provided support for the hypothesis that nematode trapping fungi evolved from support for the hypothesis that nematode trapping fungi evolved from saprophytic fungi in a high saprophytic fungi in a high carbon and low nitrogen environment and revealed the transition carbonbetween and low saprophagy nitrogen environmentand predation and for revealed further the understanding transition between of the saprophagy interaction and between predation for furthernematode understanding‐trapping fungi of and the nematodes interaction [30]. between nematode-trapping fungi and nematodes [30]. Figure 1. Morphology of traps and adhesive conidia produced by nematophagous fungi: (A) Figure 1. Morphology of traps and adhesive conidia produced by nematophagous fungi: (A) Adhesive Adhesive nets (Arthrobotrys oligospora); (B) Constricting rings (Drechslerella stenobrocha); (C) nets (Arthrobotrys oligospora); (B) Constricting rings (Drechslerella stenobrocha); (C) Adhesive columns Adhesive columns (Gamsylella cionopaga); (D) Adhesive knobs (Gamsylella robusta); and (E, F) (Gamsylella cionopaga); (D) Adhesive knobs (Gamsylella robusta); and (E, F) Adhesive conidia Adhesive conidia (Hirsutella minnesotensis). Bars = 10 μm. (Hirsutella minnesotensis). Bars = 10 µm. J. Fungi 2016, 2, 9 3 of 14 Table 1. Available genomic sequences nematophagous fungi in China. Nematode Nematode-Trapping Fungi Entomogenous
Recommended publications
  • Vol1art2.Pdf
    VOLUME 1 JUNE 2018 Fungal Systematics and Evolution PAGES 13–22 doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2018.01.02 Epitypification and re-description of the zombie-ant fungus, Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) H.C. Evans1,2*, J.P.M. Araújo3, V.R. Halfeld4, D.P. Hughes3 1CAB International, UK Centre, Egham, Surrey, UK 2Departamentos de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil 3Departments of Entomology and Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA 4Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil *Corresponding author: [email protected] Key words: Abstract: The type of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) is based on an Atlantic rainforest immature specimen collected on an ant in Brazil. The host was identified initially as a leaf-cutting ant (Atta cephalotes, Camponotus sericeiventris Attini, Myrmicinae). However, a critical examination of the original illustration reveals that the host is the golden carpenter ants carpenter ant, Camponotus sericeiventris (Camponotini, Formicinae). Because the holotype is no longer extant and epitype the original diagnosis lacks critical taxonomic information – specifically, on ascus and ascospore morphology – a new Ophiocordyceps type from Minas Gerais State of south-east Brazil is designated herein. A re-description of the fungus is provided and phylogeny a new phylogenetic tree of the O. unilateralis clade is presented. It is predicted that many more species of zombie- ant fungi remain to be delimited within the O. unilateralis complex worldwide, on ants of the tribe Camponotini. Published online: 15 December 2017. Editor-in-Chief INTRODUCTIONProf. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Unravelling the Diversity Behind the Ophiocordyceps Unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) Complex: Three New Species of Zombie-Ant Fungi from the Brazilian Amazon
    Phytotaxa 220 (3): 224–238 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.220.3.2 Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon JOÃO P. M. ARAÚJO1*, HARRY C. EVANS2, DAVID M. GEISER3, WILLIAM P. MACKAY4 & DAVID P. HUGHES1, 5* 1 Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. 2 CAB International, E-UK, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. 4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, United States of America. 5 Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. * email: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract In tropical forests, one of the most commonly encountered relationships between parasites and insects is that between the fungus Ophiocordyceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and ants, especially within the tribe Campono- tini. Here, we describe three newly discovered host-specific species, Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricipis, O. camponoti- bispinosi and O. camponoti-indiani, on Camponotus ants from the central Amazonian region of Brazil, which can readily be separated using morphological traits, in particular the shape and behavior of the ascospores. DNA sequence data support inclusion of these species within the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis complex. Introduction In tropical forests, social insects (ants, bees, termites and wasps) are the most abundant land-dwelling arthropods.
    [Show full text]
  • Multigene Phylogeny and Morphology Reveal a New Species, Ophiocordyceps Vespulae, from Jilin Province, China
    Phytotaxa 478 (1): 033–048 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.2 Multigene phylogeny and morphology reveal a new species, Ophiocordyceps vespulae, from Jilin Province, China FENG-YAO LONG1, 2, 6, LI-WU QIN3, 7, YUAN-PIN XIAO2, 4, 8, KEVIN D. HYDE4, 9, SHAO-XIAN WANG3, 10* & TING-CHI WEN1, 2, 5, 11* 1 School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China. 2 The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China. 3 Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences, Jilin Provincial Joint Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountains Biocoenosis & Biodiversity, Erdaobaihe 133613, Jilin, China. 4 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand. 5Mushroom Research Institute,Guizhou University,Guiyang,550025,China 6 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5818-694X 7 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5586-2885 8 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1730-3545 9 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2191-0762 10 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0921-1790 11 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1744-5869 *Corresponding author Abstract Ophiocordyceps is entomopathogenic and is the best studied genus in Ophiocordycipitaceae. Members of Ophiocordyceps and ants form sophisticated interactions. However, taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of this group of pathogens remain unclear. During a survey in Changbai Mountains, Jiling Province, China, a new entomogenous species, Ophiocordyceps vespulae sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of the Fungus Isaria Fumosorosea
    This article was downloaded by: [University of Florida] On: 11 June 2013, At: 06:27 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Biocontrol Science and Technology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbst20 Effects of the fungus Isaria fumosorosea (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) on reduced feeding and mortality of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Pasco B. Avery a , Vitalis W. Wekesa b c , Wayne B. Hunter b , David G. Hall b , Cindy L. McKenzie b , Lance S. Osborne c , Charles A. Powell a & Michael E. Rogers d a University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Indian River Research and Education Center, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA b USDA, ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Subtropical Insect Research Unit, 2001 South Rock Road, Ft. Pierce, FL, 34945, USA c University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, 2725 Binion Road, Apopka, FL, 32703, USA d University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA Published online: 25 Aug 2011. To cite this article: Pasco B. Avery , Vitalis W. Wekesa , Wayne B. Hunter , David G. Hall , Cindy L. McKenzie ,
    [Show full text]
  • Hirsutella Sinensis
    Jin et al. AMB Expr (2020) 10:105 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-020-01039-x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Genome sequencing and analysis of fungus Hirsutella sinensis isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis Li‑Qun Jin1, Zhe‑Wen Xu1, Bo Zhang1, Ming Yi1, Chun‑Yue Weng1, Shan Lin1, Hui Wu2,3, Xiang‑Tian Qin2,3, Feng Xu2,3, Yi Teng2,3, Shui‑Jin Yuan2,3, Zhi‑Qiang Liu1* and Yu‑Guo Zheng1 Abstract Ophiocordyceps sinensis has been used as a traditional medicine or healthy food in China for thousands of years. Hirsutella sinensis was reported as the only correct anamorph of O. sinensis. It is reported that the laboratory‑grown H. sinensis mycelium has similar clinical efcacy and less associated toxicity compared to the wild O. sinensis. The research of the H. sinensis is becoming more and more important and urgent. To gain deeper insight into the biological and pharmacological mechanisms, we sequenced the genome of H. sinensis. The genome of H. sinensis (102.72 Mb) was obtained for the frst time, with > 99% coverage. 10,200 protein‑encoding genes were predicted based on the genome sequence. A detailed secondary metabolism analysis and structure verifcation of the main ingredients were performed, and the biosynthesis pathways of seven ingredients (mannitol, cordycepin, purine nucleotides, pyrimi‑ dine nucleotides, unsaturated fatty acid, cordyceps polysaccharide and sphingolipid) were predicted and drawn. Furthermore, infection process and mechanism of H. sinensis were studied and elaborated in this article. The enzymes involved in the infection mechanism were also predicted, cloned and expressed to verify the mechanism. The genes and proteins were predicted and annotated based on the genome sequence.
    [Show full text]
  • AR TICLE a Phylogenetically-Based Nomenclature for Cordycipitaceae
    IMA FUNGUS · 8(2): 335–353 (2017) doi:10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.02.08 A phylogenetically-based nomenclature for Cordycipitaceae (Hypocreales) ARTICLE Ryan M. Kepler1, J. Jennifer Luangsa-ard2, Nigel L. Hywel-Jones3, C. Alisha Quandt4, Gi-Ho Sung5, Stephen A. Rehner6, M. Catherine Aime7, Terry W. Henkel8, Tatiana Sanjuan9, Rasoul Zare10, Mingjun Chen11, Zhengzhi Li3, Amy Y. Rossman12, Joseph W. Spatafora12, and Bhushan Shrestha13 1USDA-ARS, Sustainable Agriculture Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] 2Microbe Interaction and Ecology Laboratory, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd, Klong Neung, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120 Thailand 3Zhejiang BioAsia Institute of Life Sciences, 1938 Xinqun Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Pinghu, Zhejiang, 314200 China 4Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA 5Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St Mary’s Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea 6USDA-ARS, Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA 7Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 8Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA 9Laboratorio de Taxonomía y Ecología de Hongos, Universidad de Antioquia, calle 67 No. 53 – 108, A.A. 1226, Medellin, Colombia
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Naming Names: the Etymology of Fungal Entomopathogens
    Research Signpost 37/661 (2), Fort P.O., Trivandrum-695 023, Kerala, India Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Biological Pest Management, 2007: 1-11 ISBN: 978-81-308-0192-6 Editors: Sunday Ekesi and Nguya K. Maniania Naming names: The etymology 1 of fungal entomopathogens Fernando E. Vega Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Bldg. 011A, BARC-W Beltsville Maryland 20705, USA Abstract This chapter introduces the reader to the etymology of the generic names given to 26 fungal entomopathogens. Possessing some knowledge on how a name originates sometimes provides us with information on a fungal characteristic that might help us identify the organism, e.g., Conidiobolus, Cordyceps, Pandora, Regiocrella, Orthomyces, etc. In other cases, the name won’t tell us what the fungus looks like, but serves to honor those for whom the fungus was named, e.g., Aschersonia, Batkoa, Beauveria, Nomuraea, Strongwellsea, etc. Correspondence/Reprint request: Dr. Fernando E. Vega, Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA ARS, Bldg. 011A, BARC-W, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Fernando E. Vega 1. Introduction One interesting aspect in the business of science is the naming of taxonomic species: the reasons why organisms are baptized with a certain name, which might or might not change as science progresses. Related to this topic, the scientific illustrator Louis C. C. Krieger (1873-1940) [1] self-published an eight- page long article in 1924, entitled “The millennium of systematic mycology: a phantasy” where the main character is a “... systematic mycologist, who, from too much “digging” in the mighty “scrapheap” of synonymy, fell into a deep coma.” As he lies in this state, he dreams about being in Heaven, and unable to leave behind his collecting habits, picks up an amanita and upon examining it finds a small capsule hidden within it.
    [Show full text]
  • Biocontrol Effects of Paecilomyces Variotii Against Fungal Plant Diseases
    Journal of Fungi Article Biocontrol Effects of Paecilomyces variotii against Fungal Plant Diseases Alejandro Moreno-Gavíra, Fernando Diánez , Brenda Sánchez-Montesinos and Mila Santos * Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; [email protected] (A.M.-G.); [email protected] (F.D.); [email protected] (B.S.-M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-950-015511 Abstract: The genus Paecilomyces is known for its potential application in the control of pests and diseases; however, its use in agriculture is limited to few species. Research interest in new formula- tions based on microorganisms for the control of pathogens is growing exponentially; therefore, it is necessary to study new isolates, which may help control diseases effectively, and to examine their compatibility with established agricultural control methods. We analysed in vitro and in vivo the antagonistic capacity of Paecilomyces variotii against seven phytopathogens with a high incidence in different crops, and we examined its compatibility with 24 commercial fungicides. P. variotii was applied in the following pathosystems: B. cinereal—melon, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum—pepper, R. solani— tomato, F. solani—zucchini, P. aphanidermatum—melon, M. melonis—melon, and P. xanthii—zucchini. The results showed strong control effects on M. melonis and P. xanthii, reducing the disease severity index by 78% and 76%, respectively. The reduction in disease severity in the other pathosystems ranged from 29% to 44%. However, application of metabolites alone did not cause any significant effect on mycelial growth of phytopathogens, apart from F. solani, in which up to 12% inhibition was Citation: Moreno-Gavíra, A.; Diánez, observed in vitro when the extract was applied at a concentration of 15% in the medium.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Pathogens Occurring on <I>Orthopterida</I> in Thailand
    Persoonia 44, 2020: 140–160 ISSN (Online) 1878-9080 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.06 Fungal pathogens occurring on Orthopterida in Thailand D. Thanakitpipattana1, K. Tasanathai1, S. Mongkolsamrit1, A. Khonsanit1, S. Lamlertthon2, J.J. Luangsa-ard1 Key words Abstract Two new fungal genera and six species occurring on insects in the orders Orthoptera and Phasmatodea (superorder Orthopterida) were discovered that are distributed across three families in the Hypocreales. Sixty-seven Clavicipitaceae sequences generated in this study were used in a multi-locus phylogenetic study comprising SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1 Cordycipitaceae and RPB2 together with the nuclear intergenic region (IGR). These new taxa are introduced as Metarhizium grylli­ entomopathogenic fungi dicola, M. phasmatodeae, Neotorrubiella chinghridicola, Ophiocordyceps kobayasii, O. krachonicola and Petchia new taxa siamensis. Petchia siamensis shows resemblance to Cordyceps mantidicola by infecting egg cases (ootheca) of Ophiocordycipitaceae praying mantis (Mantidae) and having obovoid perithecial heads but differs in the size of its perithecia and ascospore taxonomy shape. Two new species in the Metarhizium cluster belonging to the M. anisopliae complex are described that differ from known species with respect to phialide size, conidia and host. Neotorrubiella chinghridicola resembles Tor­ rubiella in the absence of a stipe and can be distinguished by the production of whole ascospores, which are not commonly found in Torrubiella (except in Torrubiella hemipterigena, which produces multiseptate, whole ascospores). Ophiocordyceps krachonicola is pathogenic to mole crickets and shows resemblance to O. nigrella, O. ravenelii and O. barnesii in having darkly pigmented stromata. Ophiocordyceps kobayasii occurs on small crickets, and is the phylogenetic sister species of taxa in the ‘sphecocephala’ clade.
    [Show full text]
  • Cordycepin, a Metabolite of Cordyceps Militaris, Reduces Immune-Related Gene Expression in Insects
    Journal of Invertebrate Pathology xxx (xxxx) xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Invertebrate Pathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jip Cordycepin, a metabolite of Cordyceps militaris, reduces immune-related gene expression in insects Victoria C. Woolley a,*, Graham R. Teakle a, Gillian Prince a, Cornelia H. de Moor b, David Chandler a a Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK b School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Hypocrealean entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) are natural regulators of insect Cordycepin populations in terrestrial environments. Their obligately-killing life-cycle means that there is likely to be strong Cordyceps militaris selection pressure for traits that allow them to evade the effects of the host immune system. In this study, we Secondary metabolite 0 quantifiedthe effects of cordycepin (3 -deoxyadenosine), a secondary metabolite produced by Cordyceps militaris Entomopathogenic fungi (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae), on insect susceptibility to EPF infection and on insect immune gene expression. Insect immunity µ 1 Galleria mellonella Application of the immune stimulant curdlan (20 g ml , linear beta-1,3-glucan, a constituent of fungal cell walls) to Drosophila melanogaster S2r+ cells resulted in a significant increase in the expression of the immune effector gene metchnikowin compared to a DMSO-only control, but there was no significantincrease when curdlan was co-applied with 25 µg ml 1 cordycepin dissolved in DMSO. Injection of cordycepin into larvae of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) resulted in dose-dependent mortality (LC50 of cordycepin = 2.1 mg per insect 6 days after treatment).
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Hirsutella Liboensis</I>
    MYCOTAXON Volume 111, pp. 39–44 January–March 2010 Hirsutella liboensis, a new entomopathogenic species affecting Cossidae (Lepidoptera) in China Xiao Zou1, 2, Aiying Liu1, Zongqi Liang*1, Yanfeng Han1 & Maofa Yang2 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], swallow112886@ yahoo.com.cn & [email protected] Institute of Fungus Resources1 & Institute of Entomology2 Guizhou University Guiyang, China 550025 Abstract — Hirsutella liboensis was isolated from the larva of Cossidae (Lepidoptera) in Libo Natural Reserves, Guizhou Province. The fungus produces fasciculate synnemata and mono- and polyphialidic conidiogenous cells with necks twisted in two or three helical turns. Conidia are one-celled or (rarely) one-septate, fusiform or like orange segments that are enveloped in a mucous sheath. Morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences support this fungus as a new species. Key words — Cordyceps, taxonomy, entomopathogen Introduction The genus Hirsutella Pat. (Patouillard 1892) is important because of its capacity for serving as a natural control factor to insects, mites, and nematodes. Recent research has shown that some Hirsutella species produce various valuable bioactive compounds that could be used in anti-tumor (He et al. 2008), anti-tuberculosis (Isaka et al. 2008), and anti-malaria (Thongtan et al. 2006) capacities. Some authors consider the helical neck of conidiogenous cell is a crucial character in differentiating individual Hirsutella species (Mains 1951; Liang 1990a,b; Hodge 1998). Six species with conidiogenous cells possessing helical or wavy necks are currently known: Hirsutella nodulosa Petch (Petch 1926); Hirsutella parasitica (Henn.) Samson & H.C. Evans and Hirsutella dendritica Samson & H.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Improvement of Fruiting Body Production in Cordyceps Militaris by Molecular Assessment
    Arch Microbiol (2013) 195:579–585 DOI 10.1007/s00203-013-0904-8 SHORT COMMUNICATION Improvement of fruiting body production in Cordyceps militaris by molecular assessment Guozhen Zhang · Yue Liang Received: 23 January 2013 / Revised: 16 May 2013 / Accepted: 19 May 2013 / Published online: 12 June 2013 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Cordyceps militaris is a heterothallic ascomy- Introduction cetous fungus that has been cultivated as a medicinal mush- room. This study was conducted to improve fruiting body Mushrooms have recently drawn considerable attention as production by PCR assessment. Based on single-ascospore attractive and abundant sources of useful natural products isolates selected from wild and cultivated populations, the (Smith et al. 2002). Among others, Cordyceps species have conserved sequences of α-BOX in MAT1-1 and HMG-BOX traditionally been used not only as a folk tonic food and in MAT1-2 were used as markers for the detection of mat- nutraceutical, but also as a restorative drug for longevity ing types by PCR. PCR results indicated that the ratio of and vitality (Paterson and Russell 2008). Mushrooms of mating types is consistent with a theoretical ratio of 1:1 this genus have also been used for dietary fiber, health sup- (MAT1-1:MAT1-2) in wild (66:70) and cultivated (71:60) plements, and maintenance as well as for prevention and populations. Cross-mating between the opposite mating treatment for human diseases for centuries in East Asian types produced over fivefold more well-developed fruiting countries (Paterson and Russell 2008). bodies than self- or cross-mating between strains within the Cordyceps militaris belongs to Cordycipitaceae, Hypo- same mating type.
    [Show full text]