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Mineralogical-Petrographic and Physical-Mechanical Features minerals Article Mineralogical-Petrographic and Physical-Mechanical Features of the Construction Stones in Punic and Roman Temples of Antas (SW Sardinia, Italy): Provenance of the Raw Materials and Conservation State Stefano Columbu , Emanuela Gaviano, Luca Giacomo Costamagna and Dario Fancello * Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (E.G.); [email protected] (L.G.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The Antas site (SW Sardinia, Italy) is of fundamental cultural importance because it testifies the presence of Nuragic, Punic and Roman civilizations from the second millennium to the third century BC. This work focuses on the Punic and the Roman temples and aims to define their conservation state and provenance of construction materials through their minero-petrographic and physical-mechanical characterization. In addition, artificial geomaterials used in restoration works comprising a partial anastylosis and a consolidation intervention on the monument, were investigated to evaluate the aesthetic, petrographic and petrophysical compatibility with the original materials. The results indicate that Punic builders preferred to use a porous sandstone coming from Citation: Columbu, S.; Gaviano, E.; at least few kilometres away from the site. By contrast, Roman builders opted for the use of the less Costamagna, L.G.; Fancello, D. porous and harder local metadolostones, more difficult to quarry and to hew but promptly available Mineralogical-Petrographic and Physical-Mechanical Features of the in the surrounding area. The Roman temple still preserves decorative architectural elements (as Construction Stones in Punic and the Pronao threshold and the mosaic tesserae) whose source is definitely not local, suggesting the Roman Temples of Antas (SW import of these materials. As regards artificial materials, a new material was found within the Punic Sardinia, Italy): Provenance of the temple consisting of a sandstone-like rock (i.e., lime based sandy-conglomeratic geomaterial) and Raw Materials and Conservation characterized by higher mechanical strength and lower porosity. State. Minerals 2021, 11, 964. https:// doi.org/10.3390/min11090964 Keywords: metadolostone; limestone; sandstone; mortar-stone; sulcis-iglesiente; stone; Punic-Roman; provenance; ancient quarry; physical-mechanical properties Academic Editor: Donatella Barca Received: 14 July 2021 Accepted: 26 August 2021 1. Introduction and Aims of Research Published: 3 September 2021 The Antas valley site assumes a great archaeological-cultural significance in relation Sardus Pater Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral to the research of the temple of , the location of which has been for many with regard to jurisdictional claims in centuries one of the most important open questions of ancient Sardinia. Since the time of published maps and institutional affil- the geographer Ptolemy, dozens of coastal sites and some inhabited areas of the hinterland iations. have been listed as possible locations of the temple. Nevertheless, the location of the Sardus Pater temple remained uncertain until the 19th century [1]. Furthermore, the Antas valley was traversed by a road that connected the Sulcis sub- region, an area of strategic and economic importance thanks to the widespread occurrence of metal ore deposits [2], to the area of Tharros and to northern Sardinia (e.g., Turris, today Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Porto Torres). This route was widely used by Romans but was presumably opened since This article is an open access article the Punic phase (third century BC) given that Roman roads were commonly based on distributed under the terms and already existing routes (often Punic roads). Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the temple conditions of the Creative Commons was located along this main road. This hypothesis was supported by the analysis of the Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// geomorphological, geological and archaeological data of the Iglesiente area, where it is creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ known that the mining exploitation of the widespread metal ore deposits (mainly lead and 4.0/). silver) dates back to ancient times [1–4]. Several geological studies have revealed that in Minerals 2021, 11, 964. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11090964 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals Minerals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 32 is known that the mining exploitation of the widespread metal ore deposits (mainly lead and silver) dates back to ancient times [1–4]. Several geological studies have revealed that in the Fluminimaggiore area, in the surroundings of Antas, as well as in other areas of the Iglesiente, ore deposits containing lead and silver widely occur ([5], and references therein). In this area, silver is easily exploitable given the conspicuous exposed outcrops [2], and extraction is possible even without costly quarrying operations. This evidence allow us to hypothesize that the position of the temple/sanctuary could be linked to the Mineralsexploitation2021, 11, 964 of silver, a precious metal resource, the control of which had to be of2 of funda- 34 mental importance. It is plausible that the Antas Temple was the place where the Cartha- ginian authority managedthe Fluminimaggiore the trade area,of rough in the surroundings lead and ofsilver. Antas, If as this well ashypothesis in other areas turns of the out to be well-founded, itIglesiente, would ore explain deposits containingthe high lead importance and silver widely of the occur temple ([5], and referencesand would therein). justify In this area, silver is easily exploitable given the conspicuous exposed outcrops [2], and an assault with consequentextraction destruction is possible even withoutof the costly temple quarrying by mercenaries, operations. This evidence i.e., the allow damage us to to the votives found in hypothesizeAntas could that the not position be attrib of theutable temple/sanctuary to natural could causes, be linked but to the to exploitation a deliberate damnatio memoriae againstof silver, Carthage a precious metal that resource, occurred the control at the of whichend of had the to be third of fundamental century impor- BC. tance. It is plausible that the Antas Temple was the place where the Carthaginian authority The subsequentmanaged period the of trade Roman of rough occupation lead and silver. Ifis this testified hypothesis by turns numerous out to be well-founded, remains of mining works, by theit tools would and explain products the high importance obtained of in the the temple foundries and would and justify by an the assault presence with of consequent destruction of the temple by mercenaries, i.e., the damage to the votives found mining settlements suchin Antas as couldMetalla not be and attributable Antas to [6]. natural causes, but to a deliberate damnatio memoriae The area has beenagainst the Carthage subject that of occurred studies at theby end archaeologists, of the third century historians BC. and architects, The subsequent period of Roman occupation is testified by numerous remains of ([1,2,4] and referencesmining therein), works, bybut the no tools studie and productss have obtained been in carried the foundries out and on by the the presencegeomaterials of used in historical times.mining In settlements the scientific such as Metalla literatureand Antas there [6]. are several geological studies of local lithologies, but no Thecorrelation area has been has the ever subject been of studies made by archaeologists, between these historians and and the architects, construc- ([1,2,4] and references therein), but no studies have been carried out on the geomaterials tion materials found usedin the in historical Antas times.archaeological In the scientific area. literature there are several geological studies of This research intendslocal lithologies, to offer but no a correlation valuable has evercontribution been made between primarily these and theto constructionpetrographic materials found in the Antas archaeological area. study, and to classify theThis materials research intends used to for offer the a valuable construction contribution of primarily the two to petrographic temples study,found in the area of Antas referableand to classify to both the materials the Punic used forand the Roman construction phases of the two (Figure temples found1). in the area of Antas referable to both the Punic and Roman phases (Figure1). Figure 1. (a) Front view of the Punic temple; (b) lateral view of the Roman temple. Figure 1. (a) Front view of the Punic temple; (b) lateral view of the Roman temple. Studies aimed at the compositional characterization of stone construction materials can solve problems inherent to historical archaeometry [7–13], or to identify the geographical Studies aimed atorigin the ofcompositional the lithologies used characterization in the monument [14 of–20 stone], and, togetherconstruction with studies materials of can solve problems inherentancient mortar to historical [21–27], to define arch constructionaeometry phases. [7–13], The or investigations to identify on thethe materials geograph- also allow resolution of archaeometric-conservative issues [28–31], as to intervene in the ical origin of the lithologiesconservation-restoration used in the [32 monument–34] it is certainly [14–20], necessary and, to have together a technical-scientific with studies basis of
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