Chapter 11 Prokaryote Diversity

General Microbiology Biol 240 Midterm 3 Study Guide

Explain why rRNA is used as a basis for classifying bacteria into taxonomic groups rather than DNA.

Name 5 genera of the Enteriobacteriales. Identify which are coliforms and which are non-coliforms. How are coliforms identified?

Which is generally the most abundant bacterium in the human gut?

Compare and contrast the genera Bacillus and Clostridium in terms of their classification, their morphology and their metabolism.

What type of cell wall do spirochetes have? How does it’s flagella from other bacteria, and which type of stain has to be used to visualize these bacteria? Identify two human diseases caused by spirochetes.

1 Describe the genus Mycoplasma. To which Phylum of bacteria do they belong ?

Chapter 12 Eukaryote Microbes

How do yeasts differ from molds?

Which organism is responsible for the opportunistic infection commonly known as thrush?

Provide examples of asexual and sexual spores of fungi. Discuss the role of spores in fungal life cycle and classification of fungi. How do fungal spores differ from bacterial endospores.

What type of organism causes ringworm?

2 Which organism is responsible for Ciguatera poisoning? How would somebody be exposed to the toxin?

How do Giardia and Trichomonas make ATP if they lack mitochondria?

What is the difference between an intermediate host and a definitive host of a fluke?

What do tapeworms eat?

What is the common portal of entry for helminth infections? What steps can be done to prevent the transmission of helminth diseases to humans.

Construct a table in which you compare the four major groups of eukaryotic microbes described in Chapter 12. Include the following headings; Kingdom, mode of nutrition, cellularity, reproduction, and an example organism from each group.

3 Chapter 13 Viruses

Describe the 4 characteristics common to all viruses.

Explain why viruses are not included in the three Domain System used to classify all life.

Describe how a pathogenic virus differs from an intracellular pathogenic bacterium like Chlamydia.

What factor primarily determines the host range for a particular virus?

Provide definitions for the following terms – capsid, nonenveloped virus, enveloped virus, and virion.

List the different methods that can be used to grow animal viruses in a laboratory.

4 Explain the basic difference between the lytic cycle of phage multiplication and the lysogenic cycle.

Describe how an enveloped animal virus like influenza obtains its’ envelope.

Which enzyme do most - RNA viruses carry with them inside their capsids, and why?

How does the biosynthesis of the retroviridae differ from that of other viruses?

What are prions and how are they transmitted?

Explain how prions cause diseases like Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy?

5 Provide examples of the following types of vaccines; attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole-agent, subunit, conjugate and toxoid vaccines.

What are Toxoid Vaccines and what do they protect you against? Which three diseases does the infant DTaP vaccine protect children against?

Construct a table in which you provide examples of each of the following types of viruses: enveloped and non-enveloped DNA viruses, enveloped and non-enveloped RNA viruses, a retrovirus.

Provide an example of a conjugated vaccine. What is the main advantage of conjugated vaccines?

Why are you asked if you suffer from egg allergies before you receive the flu vaccine?

6 How do subunit vaccines differ from traditional vaccines?

Chapter 15 Pathenogenicity

What are the common portals of entry for microbial pathogens? Provide an example of a disease that enters the human body through each of the different portals of entry.

Provide named examples of the three different types of bacterial exotoxin, and their effects on the host.

Explain why Toxic Shock Syndrome suddenly appeared in the USA in the late 1970’s, whom did it infect and why?

Describe the pyrogenic response to an endotoxin.

7 Provide named examples of the three different types of bacterial exotoxin, and their effects on the host.

Which of the portals of entry for microbial pathogens is the most frequently used during infections?

Explain how the use of antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection can lead to septic shock.

What is ID50 and what is LD50?

Chapter 16 Innate Immune System

Compare the activities of neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.

Which leucocytes are phagocytes, and describe the process of phagocytosis.

8 In terms of the immune response describe in detail what happens at the site of a skin puncture such as a needle stick.

Discuss the role of histamine in inflammation.

Describe the cause and the effects of fever.

Describe the three different outcomes of activation of the complement system.(not the pathways)

Describe 5 nonspecific host defenses that protect the mucosal surfaces and the blood stream from pathogenic invasion.

9 Chapter 17 Adaptive Immunity

Explain the difference between naturally and artificially acquired active immunity.

Explain the difference between artificially acquired active and artificially acquired passive immunity.

What type of immunity results from vaccination?

What type of immunity do newborn babies acquire by the transfer of mothers antibodies across the placenta, or via breast milk?

A person has antibodies against the measles virus. Identify three ways that these antibodies could be acquired.

Name and describe the five different classes of antibodies.

10 Explain the difference in structure of IgG and IgA antibodies and describe where in the body they are most abundant and effective.

Describe the structure of IgM and the significance of IgM in disease diagnosis.

What are B cells, where do you produce them, and what is their function in your immune system?

Name and describe the roles of the different types of T cells.

Explain the differences between TH (CD4) and TC (CD8) cells.

Which type of white blood cell destroys virus infected cells, how does it recognize virus infected cells, and how does it destroy them?

Diagram and describe the changes that would be detected in antibody titer following primary exposure to an antigen and explain why secondary exposure results in a different response.

11 Explain the advantage of forming memory cells during a primary response to a specific antigen.