AP EURO: LECTURE OUTLINE Pp

AP EURO: LECTURE OUTLINE pp. 665-670

THE NATIONAL STATE:

1. Progress in achieving liberal practices - constitutions, parliaments, individual liberties 2. Reform 3. Expansion of voting rights 4. Creation of mass political parties 5. Continuation of the old order/old regimes in Eastern Europe

WESTERN EUROPE - THE GROWTH OF POLITICAL DEMOCRACY:

Parliamentary government was strongest in Western Europe

Britain and France - expansion of the franchise

Liberal reforms less successful in Spain and Italy

REFORM IN BRITAIN:

Growth of political democracy/Expansion of the franchise in Britain - 1. The Reform Act of 1832 2. The Reform Act of 1867 3. The Reform Act of 1884 - passed by the govt of PM William Gladstone Extended voting rights to agricultural workers 4. The Redistribution Act = got rid of old boroughs/created parliamentary districts with equal pops and one member of parliament per district 5. Law passed authorizing payment of salaries to members of parliament 1911

*Britain = gradual reform through parliamentary legislation

The problem of Ireland - 1. The Act of Union in 1801 unites Britain and Ireland 2. The Irish hate the British and absentee landlords = Irish nationalism 3. Irish Catholics begin to demand independence = “home rule” 4. Attempts by Liberal party to pass a home rule bill fail in Parliament 5. Home Rule Act is passed in 1914 …but it is suspended because A. Irish Protestants in Northern Ireland/Ulster don’t want it B. World War I breaks out in 1914

THE THIRD REPUBLIC IN FRANCE:

France is defeated in 1870 in the Franco-Prussia War = the Second Empire of Napoleon III collapses

Republicans set up a provisional government - Bismarck forces the French to hold elections with universal male suffrage - monarchists win a majority of seats in the new National Assembly

In March of 1817 radical republicans in Paris set up an independent govt = the Commune

The National Assembly crushes the Commune in April of 1871 - by May 20,000 revolutionaries are shot and 10,00 are shipped off to French colonies in the South Pacific

The middle class and the working class now are split and hate each other

Monarchists in the National Assembly want a new king but they can’t agree on who it would be

In 1875 an improvised constitution sets up the Third Republic as a compromise 1. Upper and lower house legislature 2. President selected by the legislature for a 7 year term 3. The temporary govt ends up lasting 65 years 4. In 1879 laws are passed putting the Chamber of Deputies in charge with the Prime Minister responsible to the legislature not the president

The Chamber of Deputies = the lower house of the French legislature = the one with all the power

Supported the Third Republic = republicans, liberals, middle class, peasants Hated the Third Republic = monarchists, Catholic clergy, army officers

The Boulanger Crisis = 1. General Georges Boulanger was a very popular military leader 2. Conservatives supported Boulanger 3. Boulanger planned a coup d’etat in 1889 - but at the last minute he loses his nerve and flees France

SPAIN AND ITALY:

Catholic Church, large land owners, and the army prevent reform and liberalization in Spain

Italy was completely unified by 1870 but it had problems - 1. Rich industrialized north and poor rural south created sectional differences 2. Conflict between industrialists and workers 3. Weak and unstable government 4. Extensive government corruption 5. Italy was not a great power

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE - PERSISTENCE OF THE OLD ORDER:

Central Europe = German and Austria-Hungary 1. Had liberal institutions but they were weak 2. Monarch and conservatives very powerful

Eastern Europe = Russia 1. No liberalization and very little reform 2. Autocracy - old regime one man rule

GERMANY:

After unification in 1871 - 1. Bicameral legislature - Bundesrat/upper house and Reichstag/lower house 2. Leader of the government = the Chancellor - responsible to the Kaiser not the parliament 3. Kaiser/Emperor controlled the armed forces, foreign policy, and internal administration Germany had a parliament and universal male suffrage - but democracy failed to grow! Why? 1. The army 2. Bismarck

The Army - 1. Controlled by the junkers/landowning Prussia aristocrats 2. Supported monarchy and aristocracy 3. Escaped control by the Reichstag and answered only to the Kaiser

Bismarck - 1. Served as Chancellor of united Germany until 1890 2. Resisted the growth of democratic institutions 3. First he worked with the liberals to help greater centralize Germany 4. Kulturkampf = “struggle for civilization” = Bismarck’s attack on Catholicism in Germany 5. In 1878 Bismarck shifts tactics and abandons liberals and moves against the socialists 6. Bismarck hated the socialists - thought they were antinationalistic, ant capitalistic, and antimonarchical 7. In 1878 laws are passed outlawing the SDP and socialist meeting and publications 8. Passes social welfare programs to help win away the support of the workers from socialism * sickness, accident, and disability benefits for workers *old age retirement benefits *Bismarck creates the first great government social welfare program in Europe

Bismarck’s attempt to stop the growth of socialism by 1. Repression/crack down 2. Social welfare programs Fails! Socialism/and the SDP continue to grow

In 1890 Bismarck is forced into retirement by the new Kaiser William II

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY:

1. Dual monarchy created by the Augsleich in 1867 2. Emperor Francis Joseph ignores the parliament and makes all the decisions 3. Biggest problem for the Austro-Hungarian Empire was nationalism and national minorities 4. Prime minister Count Edward von Taafe tried to keep minority groups happy by granting rights to them but this angered Austrian bureaucracy and army - he failed in his efforts and nationality problem remained unresolved

RUSSIA:

1. No liberal or democratic reforms 2. Tsar Alexander II assassinated in 1881 3. Tsar Alexander III (1881-1894) = reactionary = harsh autocratic rule 4. Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917) = weak leader who tries to rule as an autocratic and resists any change