400 kV Transmission Line Belém do Huambo Substation to Lubango Substation (Angola)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) & RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN (RAP)

400 kV Transmission Line Belém do Huambo Substation to Lubango Substation (Angola)

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. INTRODUCTION

Angola is a country blessed with an abundance of natural resources, particularly as it relates to the energy sector and power sub-sector. The power system was developed over time with the main source being hydropower and this will continue to be the main source of electrical energy in the future supplemented with gas, wind and solar. At present the major generations totalize 4,3 GW, being 55% generated by hydropower plants. One of the goals of the Angola’s National Development Plan is to increase the access to electricity from 36% in 2017 to 50% in 2022. On the other hand, the National Strategy for Climate Change (2018-2030) calls for the transition to a low carbon economy and aims to electrify 60% of the rural population by 2025 and increase access to low-carbon energy in rural areas. The Cuanza River Basin (in the north region) was identified as a key area for development of hydropower generation projects to support Angola’s growth development, with potential to achieve a total of 7000 MW of installed capacity. Two hydropower plants are already located in Cuanza River: Cambambe (960 MW) and Capanda (520 MW) and two others are under construction Laúca (2067 MW) and Caculo Cabaça (2051 MW), with Laúca already generating some power. With all the projects in pipeline it is expected to reach a total installed capacity of 5,4 GW by 2022. It is crucial to have an energy transmission network connecting the whole country, to enable this energy to contribute to the country's development. Currently, the Angolan power system comprises four isolated transmission networks: Northern, Central, Southern and Eastern systems and various isolated off-grid systems. The Angolan transmission utility, RNT (Rede Nacional de Transportes), is implementing a long-term master plan for the national transmission system. One of the main objectives of this plan, is to develop a 400kV backbone network that will ensure the connection of all major new generation plants in an effective way to the grid, to ensure optimized evacuation of power produced and to connect the four defined systems in Angola, contributing to achieve the electrification goals. As part of the backbone, the connection between the North and Centre systems was recently established, through a 400kV line from Laúca to Huambo, which included the construction of a 400/220kV substation at Huambo. The present project aims to continue the backbone implementation, connecting the Central to the South system, with a 400kv line of approximately 350 km, from the Huambo substation until Lubango. It will also include the installation of a new 400kv line bay at the Huambo substation and the construction of a new 400/220kv substation at Lubango. The project is located in the provinces of Huambo (municipalities of Huambo and Caála) and Huila (municipalities of Caconda, Caluquembe, Cacula and Lubango). Executive Summary – ESIA of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 1

Figure 1 – Project location

In 2015, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the Huambo to Lubango 400kV transmission line was carried out by EDP Electricidade de Portugal, with the environmental consultancy companies Sistambi Engenharia e Ambiente, Lda and EDETA, Desenvolvimento, Estudos e Tecnologias Ambientais, Lda (registered as environmental consultants with the Ministry of Environment). The project development process was then interrupted due to lack of funding for its implementation. In 2019, four years after the completion of this ESIA, it became necessary to prepare an addendum to this ESIA. The Addendum aims to update information on the legal and institutional framework, environmental and social conditions and small changes to the project, as well as adjust the study to the environmental and social requirements of the African Development Bank’s (AfDB) Integrated Safeguard System (ISS). The Addendum was prepared by the Angolan environmental consultancy company Holisticos Lda, registered in the Ministry of Environment (MINAMB). The present summary was prepared based on the 2015 ESIA and its Addendum prepared in 2019.

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

In the scope of the ESIA, environmental and social constraints were mapped, which allowed the definition of a route, avoiding sensitive areas and consequently mitigating environmental and social negative impacts. The main determinants were ecological aspects, current land use, land use planning and socioeconomics, as well as biophysical and urbanistic constraints. The defined route corridor is 800 m wide, allowing for alignment adjustments during the detailed design phase. Therefore, at this phase the alignment is not defined yet and cannot be considered as final. In the following project stage, after alignment definition, a safety area (right-of-way) will be established along the TL line, with 22,5 meters for each side. This area will be used during construction works, for cables

Executive Summary – ESIA of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 2 stringing and vehicles circulation, and for maintenance works, during operation. As per the Land Law it will be established a servitude of 30 meters per each side of the line, where no land rights can be obtained. In total, approximately 870 towers will be erected with about 400 meters between towers. Each tower will have four cement foundations, occupying permanently an area of 7mx7m, requiring a temporary area of about 25mx25 during construction works. Wherever possible, existing access roads will be used to access the towers sites, however there may be a need to open new access roads during the construction phase. RNT Technical Specification establishes that there shall be a minimum 8 meters vertical distance from the line to buildings or trees. During the detailed design the engineering team, jointly with social and environmental specialists, will seek to find possible solutions that prevent loss of structures and trees. Trees within the safety area must be cleared or pruned, following detailed RNT’s technical specifications aiming to minimize the clearing area and to ensure that the work is carried out safely. The new Lubango 400/220/60 kV substation will be built at about 68 km NE from the city, close to the N280 road to Lubango city, although far from the urban or peri-urban areas. This substation will have about 62.000 m2 area, comprising a control building and external equipment, such as transformers. It will be fenced with access restricted to authorized persons. Three alternative sites for the Lubango substation were considered within a radius of 5km. The site identified in the 2015 ESIA was dismissed because it was allocated in the interim by the provincial government for the future Lubango industrial pole. Two alternative sites were analysed southwards of the road: a first one located in a flatter area than the initial site and without houses, although close to a school and a church, a second one at a bushland area (already modified), with the latter being selected due to less social negative impacts. A number of construction ancillary infra-structures will be required including structures for workers’ accommodation and temporary storage sites for equipment and materials. Considering the length of the transmission line, the need to establish more than one construction camp is foreseen, besides additional camps for the construction of the Lubango substation and installation of a new line bay in the Huambo substation. The number will depend on the number of contractors, who will be responsible to propose its location, to be approved by RNT and local authorities. Additional work areas will include borrow pits to provide aggregates and inert material for construction. These sites are not yet identified and will be selected by the contractor, with the approval of RNT and local authorities and will be subject to the required environmental licensing process. It is estimated that the construction works will take about 30 months and will employ a total of about 400 workers, 60% of which will be local. The number of campsites will depend on the number of involved contractors, which is yet to be defined.

3. INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 Institutional Framework The Ministry of Environment (Ministério do Ambiente – MINAMB) is responsible for the development and coordination of the country’s environmental strategies and policies, promotion of natural resources conservation, environmental awareness and the environmental licensing of activities likely to cause negative environmental and social impacts. MINAMB comprises national directorates and institutions. The responsibility for ESIA falls under the National Directorate for Prevention and Evaluation of Environmental Impacts (Direcção Nacional de Prevenção e Avaliação de Impactes Ambientais – DNPAIA), which consists of two departments, namely the Department of Impact Assessment and Licensing (Departamento de Avaliação de Impactes e Licenciamento) and the Department for Impact Prevention and Audits (Departamento de Prevenção de Impactes e Auditorias). DNPAIA is responsible for the review of ESIA reports and the public consultation at the end of the EIA process (if it is considered necessary). The decision

Executive Summary – ESIA of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 3 on environmental licensing is based on the ESIA review report prepared by DNPAIA. A review committee is established for each ESIA, comprising representatives of the ministry responsible for licensing the activity, other MINAMB directorates, the environmental provincial cabinet and other relevant institutions for the activity under licensing. It should be noted that environmental licensing of activities throughout the country is centralized in the DNPAIA, creating a huge challenge, given the limited staff and training (mainly on social issues) and the lack of articulation with other ministries responsible for social issues. Therefore, there will be a need to support capacity building, mainly for social aspects. The National Institute for Environmental Management (Instituto Nacional de Gestão Ambiental - INGA) is responsible for the implementation and monitoring of environmental policies, in addition to their role in mainstreaming environmental policies into sectoral policies, reporting on the state of the environment, pollution prevention and control, establishment and maintenance of the environmental management systems, and regulation of environmental risk, emergency planning and management. Within INGA the Environmental Monitoring Unit is responsible for environmental monitoring, including monitoring the implementation of mitigation measures established in the environmental license. Environmental audits are under the responsibility of DNPAIA, through the Department for Impact Prevention and Audits, which result in some overlapping responsibilities with INGA. The Provincial Governments are responsible for monitor the implementation of economic and public investment programs and to promote measures for environment protection. Activities related to environmental issues are under the responsibility of the Provincial Cabinet for Environment, Waste Management and Community Services. These cabinets are usually involved in the ESIA process, although there is in general lack of training on ESIA. The Provincial Government has a Provincial Council for Social Consultation (Conselho Provincial de Auscultação e Concertação Social) composed of vice governors, provincial directors, municipal administrators, representatives of traditional authorities, unions, public and private business sector, farmers, churches and NGOs. At municipal level, the Municipal Administration is responsible for promoting the economic and social development of the Municipality, the quality of citizens' lives, basic public services and infrastructure. To be noted that the Municipal Administration also has a Municipal Council for Social Consultation (Conselho Municipal de Auscultação e Concertação Social), which is tasked to support the municipal administration in its decision-making process of political, economic and social nature in the municipality. This council meets semi- annually and may be convened for extraordinary meetings. The Ministry for Energy and Water (Ministério para Energia e Águas – MINEA) is responsible for promoting the rational and sustainable use of water and power resources, promote the national policy for electrification and for licensing and inspection of electrical services and installations. It is also in charge for following and participating in the analyses of environmental issues related to the electric power sector. However, there is not a specific department for environmental issues in MINEA. Three companies are under MINEA’s responsibility: National Energy Transmission Network (Rede Nacional de Transporte de Energia – RNT), Public Electricity Generation Company (Empresa Pública de Produção de Electricidade – PRODEL) and National Electricity Distribution Company (Empresa Nacional de Distribuição de Electricidade - ENDE). RNT is responsible for the implementation of the development, implementation, operation and maintenance of the power transmission network. RNT’s organizational structure comprises departments for Power System Planning, Engineering & Project Management, Market Operator, System Operator, Transport Network Management (including four Operation Regions – Luanda, North, Center and South). At central level RNT has a Quality, Safety, Health and Environment Department (Departamento de Qualidade, Segurança, Saúde e Ambiente – QSSA) consisting of 4 staff (only one with environmental background), aiming to have, in short term, representatives in all operation regions. A Project Implementation Unit (PIU) for the Huambo to Lubango 400kV transmission line Project will be established within RNT to ensure proper management of the project, including in relation to environmental Executive Summary – ESIA of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 4 and social matters. The PIU will be supported by technical assistance team for implementation and capacitation of the PIU, which Power Africa with support from the Bank are working together in identifying the required support.

3.2 Legal Framework The 2010 Constitution of the Republic of Angola clearly states the need for environmental preservation, protection and conservation with the objective of contributing to the country’s sustainable development (Articles 21º and 39º). The Environmental Framework Law (Law nr 5/98, June 19) is the pillar of Angola’s environmental legislation. It lays down the general duty to protect the environment and the sustainable use of natural resources, as well as to contribute to the quality of life. It establishes the principles of participation, prevention and accountability (Art 4º) and defines the environmental licensing based on the Environmental Impact Assessment (Art. 17º) and the environmental audits (Art. 18º). Subsequent relevant decrees establish, among other aspects, the environmental licensing and environmental impact assessment processes. Environmental licensing is regulated by Decree nr. 59/07, which establishes two types of environmental licenses: installation and operation. The issuance of the environmental license for installation depends on the outcome of the EIA revision while the operation license depends on the verification of compliance with the recommendations and measures stated in the EIA. Both cases require payment of license taxes. The EIA must be prepared by environmental consultants (national entities) registered with MINAMB. The EIA process is regulated by Decree nr. 51/04 that establishes EIA procedures, such as the list of activities requiring an EIA and the minimum EIA content. To be noted that the screening does not include categories with different EIA requirement levels. Electrical transmission lines above 230 kV are included in the list of activities requiring EIA (Annex – 3.j). The process does not include a scoping phase. However, there is a general terms of reference (ToR) for EIA (Executive Decree nr. 92/12) and a set of ToR for specific activities (not including transmission lines). MINEA’s Technical Specification ET-E-120-Ed.A refers to the content of EIA reports for transmission lines with high and very high voltage. Land acquisition and resettlement are covered by the Land Law (Law nr. 9/04) and the Regulation on Resettlement (Decree nr. 117/16). Land Law (Article 12) establishes that in cases of land acquisition for public works, the State shall pay appropriate compensation to landowners who have land use rights. The law recognizes customary land rights, which are the main land tenure system in rural areas, although the formal recognition depends on the issuance of a Title of Recognition of Customary Rights. The Regulation on Resettlement is focused on relocation of people affected by urban requalification processes. It defines eligibility criteria rights for affected people, responsibilities and other resettlement procedures. There is no specific regulation for Resettlement Action Plan. Other relevant environmental legislation for the implementation of the ESMP are:  Regulation on Solid Waste Management (Presidential Decree nr. 190/12) that requires the preparation of Waste Management Plans by all public or private entities that generates wastes.  Regulation on Liability for Environmental Damages (Presidential Decree nr. 194/11), based on the polluter pay principle, establishes the procedure for reparation and payment in case of environmental damages.  Regulation on Water Quality (Presidential Decree nr. 261/11) establishes standards for surface water quality and for effluent discharge.  Cultural Heritage Law (Law 14/05) defines material and immaterial cultural heritage and the need for its protection by authorities and law. In addition, there are a number of relevant regulations on Hygiene, Health & Safety, such as:

Executive Summary – ESIA of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 5

 General Regulations for Occupational Safety and Hygiene Services in Companies (Executive Decree nr. 6/96), which establishes principles for promoting occupational safety, hygiene and health in companies, commercial and industrial establishments and cooperatives.  General Regulations for Safety and Health at Work Signs (Executive Decree nr. 128/04) establishes the minimum requirements for the placement and use of occupational safety and health signs, being applicable to public, mixed and private companies and cooperatives.  Legal Regime of Work Accidents and Occupational Diseases (Decree nr 53/05) approves the legal regime of occupational accidents and diseases, considering as such the sudden event that occurs in the exercise of the work activity at the service of the company or institution, that causes the worker injury or bodily harm, resulting in partial or total incapacity, temporary or permanent for work, or even death.  General Labour Law (Law nr 7/15) establishes that employers are responsible to ensure the quality of the working environment, including by adopting 'appropriate occupational safety and hygiene measures'. Specific legislation on safety standards for transmission lines and substations are part of the Regulation on Substation Safety (Decree nr 42895, 31 March 1960) and the Regulation on Licensing of Power Generation, Transport and Distribution (Decree 41/04). These are complemented by several RNT’s technical specifications.

3.3 African Development Bank Operational Safeguards The Project shall comply with the triggered AfDB’s operational safeguard requirements as follows: Operational Safeguard 1: Environmental and Social Assessment: Triggered because the project activities have the potential to generate significant environmental and social impacts to the identified receptors in the project area of influence. In accordance with the ISS, the Project has been validated as Category 1. Operational Safeguard 2: Involuntary Resettlement, Land Acquisition, Displacement and Compensation: Triggered because it will result in the physical displacement of PAPs as well as loss of capitals upon which they depend to construct their livelihoods. Operational Safeguard 3: Biodiversity, Renewable Resources and Ecosystem Services: Triggered because the project could impact on biodiversity (clearing of land and vegetation), including woodland. Operational Safeguard 4: Pollution prevention and control, hazardous materials: Triggered because project activities during the preparation, construction and operation phases are sources of pollution and various nuisances. Operational Safeguard 5: Labour conditions, health and safety: Triggered due to the fact that the construction phase will involve the recruitment of a significant number of construction workers and there will also be potential risks related to health and safety of the workers and the community.

4. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT SITE

4.1 Physical Environment The project is in the provinces of Huambo and Huila, within the Central Plateau of Angola and the High Lands of Huila, southwards. From Huambo to Lubango the TL corridor develops through a mostly plain landscape with some scattered inselbergs, such as Serra Lumbadi, in Caála municipality. The landscape progressively becomes rolling, crossing flat valleys. Only in the last 100 km there are isolated hills (such as Ngola Mountain) and a mountainous chain that borders the TL corridor to the northwest, parallel to the coast. Executive Summary – ESIA of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 6

The Central Plateau is characterized by altitudes above 1500 meters, resulting in a sub-tropical climate with lower temperatures and higher precipitation when compared to other regions of Angola. The climate comprises two seasons – rainy and dry season, with warmer temperatures during the rainy season. In the northern part of the corridor, the rainy season is longer, running from October to April with average temperature varying from 19 to 21oC and an average precipitation of 600 to 1200 mm, depending on the altitude. The heaviest rainfall usually occurs in November or December. The dry season (cacimbo) runs from May to September, being marked by high daily thermal amplitude and lower relative humidity. Southwards the altitude becomes lower resulting in a shorter rainy season (December to March). Dry periods occur occasionally when little rain is received over extended periods, affecting agriculture yield. Climate change research indicates a trend for a general increase in the minimum and maximum temperature in Angola (up to 4,9oC until the end of the century), general decrease in precipitation (about -2% until 2100) – mainly in the south region – and an increase in severity of droughts in the south of the country. Ferralsols are dominant in the project area, deriving from the dominance of granites and granite-gnaisse formations as well as the plateau morphology being basically only interrupted in the valleys. Alluvial soils found along rivers are more productive due to their higher content of organic material and moisture. The Ferrasols are badly structured, resulting in a low water holding capacity as well as low contents of mineral nutrients and organic matter. Despite these limitations, these soils can be used for agriculture with application of proper soil management measures to increase the organic and mineral content resulting in acceptable agriculture yield. To be noted the soil suitability for exotic forest plantation, mainly pine and eucalyptus, which becomes more favourable in higher altitudes. Without vegetation cover ferrasols are prone to surface erosion mainly in slopes where heavy rainfalls often cause erosion, mainly in Caluquembe and Cacula municipalities. Angola is drained by ten major river basins, most of them originated in the Central Plateau. The project area is within one of these basins, the Cunene river basin, that flows from the Central Plateau southwards, up to Namibia, turning westwards in direction to the Atlantic Ocean, establishing the border between Angola and Namibia. The TL route crosses several tributaries of Cunene river, 19 being permanent and 54 seasonal. No available data on water quality were identified, although considering the inexistence of major pollutant sources the water quality is expected to be in good conditions, except when nearby to scattered focus of water degradation such as runoff and human settlements. Aquifers within the Central Plateau are usually found from 10 to 30 meters depth and are the main source of drinking water, although in rural areas shallow wells and streams are also usually used. Superficial water is also used as water source for domestic purposes, besides irrigation and cattle watering, raising concerns about potential contamination. The current air quality and noise levels are typical of rural areas, without major pollution sources. The main air pollutant sources are the slash-and-burn agriculture, charcoal production, emissions from public and private generators and motor vehicles. Indeed, most of the corridor (about 60%) is occupied by small agricultural plots practicing rainfed agriculture with unsustainable traditional practices, such as slash and burn. Some of small agricultural plots are approximately 1 ha which are used for subsistence agriculture but there are other small-scale farms that are larger than 1 ha. The agriculture areas are sometimes interspersed with scattered small patches of bushland and vegetation in regeneration. The larger woodland patches are crossed in the surroundings of Ngola along the slope of Mount Bumba and in the surroundings of Cacula, corresponding in total to about 20% of the corridor. In the Caála municipality (Comuna of Cuima) some plantations of pine are crossed along about 2,5 km.

4.2 Biological Environment The project area is within the miombo woodland domain, which stretches over much of Southern Africa. Two main vegetation subgroupings occur, namely the dwarf miombo from 2 to 5 meters height, in higher altitude areas and the medium to high miombo, from 7 to 15 meters height, that occurs in submontane, both usually based on soils ferralitic or paraferraltic (Barbosa, 2009). The miombo floristic composition is slightly variable, whereas the structure is quite variable, depending on the relief and the edaphoclimatic conditions. The main Executive Summary – ESIA of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 7 species are Brachystegia spiciformis, Brachystegia tamarindoides, Brachystegia floribunda, Julbernardia paniculata, Faurea rochetiana, Protea sp., Syzygium guineense, Cussonia angolensis, Ochna sp., Parinari curatelifolia. Open forest intercalates with savanna, bushland and grassland plains. To be noted that in the municipalities of Cuima and Catata there are old plantations of pine and eucalyptus, which have been drastically reduced over the years, although there are small areas with new plantations. Along the TL corridor the vegetation is very modified and even degraded, especially in the northern section (Huambo Province). Large areas are without any woodland or bushland due to high anthropogenic pressure (agriculture, livestock, logging, firewood collection and charcoal production) while grass coverage is highly degraded by overgrazing. Scattered patches of bushland and vegetation regeneration can be observed, mainly in areas far from the road and human settlements. From Caluquembe southwards some woodland patches can be found, mainly in scattered mountains, such as N’gola Mountain, where the woodland is almost in a natural state with very few human interferences. When approaching the city of Lubango, the vegetation becomes again more modified. There is a trend of continued degradation due to the strong pressure for coal production and unsustainable agricultural practices. During the field surveys, some species considered invasive in Angola were identified and recorded, of which Tithonia diversifolia and Opuntia ficus-indica stand out. Changes in the environmental conditions along the route may create favourable conditions for the massive and rapid dissemination of these plants and others, supplanting the natural vegetation and altering the composition and structure of the native vegetation. The fauna baseline study was based on available secondary data, complemented by field work carried out between 9 to 12 June 2019, although without application of systematic sampling methodologies. A conservative approach leads to take into consideration an exhaustive list of fauna potentially occurring in the provinces of Huambo and Lubango, even considering that some of the habitats could no more occur in the project area due to the anthropogenic pressure. Taking this into account, 612 species of avifauna can be potentially found in the area, 30 of them with some conservation status, although only with medium to low probability of occurrence. Among the birds listed as with possible presence, there are 3 endemic species whose probability of occurrence was considered to be at least average, namely the endemic red-backed mousebird (Colius castanotus), Angola Cave-Chat (Xenocopsychus ansorgei) and the Angola Waxbill (Coccopygia bocagei). In addition to these, there are 4 birds of conservation concern and whose probability of occurrence in the study area are at least at the outset, reasonable, such as the Secretary Bird (Sagittarius serpentarius), the bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus), the Martial Eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus) and the Denham’s Bustard (Neotis denhami). Both the Bateleur and the Martial Eagle have large wing spans ranging from 180 to 260 cm. A recent specific research on a small migratory bird of prey, the red-footed hawk (Falco vespertinus), identified that this bird that breeds in Europe can be found in Southern Africa during the European winter. Huambo province is its major concentration area, mainly in the northeast and centre of the province, northward of the project area. 122 species of mammals were identified as potentially present in both provinces, 22 with some conservation status by IUCN (1 feline, 1 otter, 2 antelope waterbuck, 1 hippopotamus, 4 bats, 1 pangolin, 1 primate 9 rodents and 2 shrews). Most of these species are of low probability in the project area. The only exceptions are the following 5 species: Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus angolensis), the Temminck’s Ground Pangolin (Smutsis temmincki), Thomas's Rock Rat (Aethomys thomasi), the Angolan Vlei Rat (Otomys anchietae) and the Monard (Dendromus leucostomus), an endangered but endemic species of Angelfish. However, once again the lack of knowledge about the actual status and presence of mammals in the project area should be highlighted, which is particularly noticeable for the more cryptic taxa such as bats (Order Chiroptera) and rodents (Rodentia Order). It is possible that some of the species listed here do not occur within the TL corridor and may even be substituted for other species not listed. Taking in consideration the level of habitat disturbance the main sensitive areas are the reminiscent patches of miombo, particularly from Caconda to Cacula where miombo is relatively well preserved. In addition, all the areas close to water lines (permanent or perennial) deserve special attention as they are important habitat for birdlife. Other important area, although already very disturbed due to human activity is the Caconda IBA, Executive Summary – ESIA of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 8 discussed below. Another relevant area listed as sensitive, particularly due to potential erosion, are the slopes of the mountains in the Catata area, as well as the valleys in Caluquembe and Catata which are under extreme pressure due to subsistence agriculture. In the Project influence area, there are no formally declared conservation areas, nor areas proposed by the Ministry of Environment for Ramsar Sites or conservation. Only to refer the Bicuari National Park at about 100 km southward from Lubango and the proposal for establishment of a new conservation area (Morro do Moco), about 60k northwards from Huambo. To be noted the presence of 3 Important Bird Areas (IBA)1 in the region, IBA 019 Morro do Moco (at about 60 km NW from Huambo), IBA 023 Tundavala (40 km SW of Lubango city) and IBA 002 Caconda, which is located in the middle of the corridor. The establishment of Caconda IBA results mainly from records of the presence of a great diversity of miombo avifauna (35 species of the 49 miombo species found in Angola) and the reported presence of endemic birds such as Diptrornis bruneus, or other rare species in Angola such as Tricholaema frontata, Ficedula hypoleuca or Neocichla gutturalis. However, it should be noted that the information on the ornithological richness of Caconda was obtained in the 19th century. Birdlife International believes that the region has undergone a major transformation with the conversion of habitats that were once natural. According to this organization, in recent years it has not been possible to locate most of the species previous collected, which also raises doubts regarding the maintenance of this IBA. However, a precautionary approach shall be considered (such as the installation of bird flight diverters and close bird monitoring), with special care being taken when implementing the project in the Caconda region.

4.3 Socio-Economic Environment Administratively, the TL corridor covers two municipalities of Huambo Province (Huambo and Caála) and four of Huila province (Caconda, Caluquembe, Cacula and Lubango). The municipalities are divided into Comunas, which comprise several communities. The governance in the project area, as in the whole country, comprise formal and traditional systems. The formal governance includes the provincial government, followed by the municipal administrations and the comuna administrations. Each comuna comprise several communities (in rural areas) or neighbourhoods bairros (in peri-urban and urban areas). In rural areas, communities are grouped into Ombalas under the traditional governance system. At the community level, traditional leadership plays an important role in local governance. The chief, known as soba, is the local governing authority in rural and some peri-urban areas. In peri-urban areas this leadership role is often taken up by community coordinators (coordenadores), who work as social mobilizers. There can also be bairro coordinators and resident committees (comissões de moradores). Coordinators are appointed by the commune government and are usually chosen from the party local leadership.

Table 1 – Comunas crossed by the TL Corridor

Province Municipality Comuna Huambo Huambo Calima Huambo Caála Caála Catata Cuima Cusse Huila Caconda Caconda

1 Established by the BirdLife Partnership https://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/programme-additional-info/important- bird-and-biodiversity-areas-ibas and http://www.birdsangola.org/ibas.htm Executive Summary – ESIA of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 9

Uaba Caluquembe Caluquembe Ngola Chituto Cacula Viti Vivali Cacula Hoque Lubango Lubango

The corridor crosses areas of Ovimbundu and Nhaneca-Humbe ethnic groups, both of Bantu origin. The Ovimbundu, present in the center and south of the country (Huambo and northern Huila provinces), is the ethnolinguistic group more homogeneous and more numerous within the country, their language being the second most spoken language after the Portuguese. Nhaneca-Humbe are confined to the Huila province, with livelihoods based on livestock and agriculture. Small residuals groups of Khoisan area present in the Huila Province, mainly in the municipalities of Matala and Gambos (east of the Lubango substation). These indigenous nomadic groups, hunter-gatheres in the past, have a strong identity and still practice traditional livelihood including gathering of bush food, hunting and craft production. There is the indication that small groups are periodically present in Cacula and Viti-Vivali comunas. In 2016, there were allegations (made by the Catholic Bishop of Namibe) of forced evictions and violence towards these minority groups. The population is currently mainly concentrated in settlements, most of them located along the main road, although in the comunas of the province of Huila there is scattered population (mainly in the comuna of Ngola and in the comunas of the municipality of Cacula). The Huambo substation is located in Belém do Dango, halfway between the city of Huambo and the small urban centre of Caála. Huambo and Caála are linked by a road (20 km distance between both), along which there are commercial establishments, social facilities, old industrial units and residential expansion areas. The corridor crosses this road, following the existing transmission line (Gove - ST Belém do Dango), avoiding approaching Caála. It then follows the Huambo - Lubango road, moving away from the road in the vicinity of the main population settlements, deviating from Cuima, Catata, Caconda, Caluquembe, Cacula and Hoque. Before independence, Huambo was considered the second largest industrial pole in Angola, while Huila province was considered the country’s maize granary. 40 years of war has severely damaged the economic structure as well as infrastructure, in addition to leading to influx of refugees into urban areas and neighbouring countries. Since the Peace Agreement signed in 2002, both provinces have been under a reconstruction process. Currently, one of the Huambo Province strategic guidelines is to develop the productive and logistical potential of the province, enhancing the productive capacity of agriculture and livestock and boosting the agroindustry value chain. Huila Province strategic options comprise the recovery of the position of producer of agricultural surpluses, promotion of the agricultural industry and reactivation of the mining activity. In both provinces the majority of the population is female, representing 52% of the population in urban areas and 53% in rural areas. Both provinces have a broad-based age pyramid, indicative of a young population. Household heads are mostly male (55% and 62% in Huambo and Huila provinces, respectively). The average household size is 4.6 in Huambo and 4.8 persons in Huila province (2016 Census2). Man is considered, par excellence, the head of the household, being responsible for representing the family in community events and to lead the agricultural activity, besides for activities requiring more physical strenght, such as plowing, building and / or maintaining the house, caring for cattle, cutting down medium- sized trees for firewood or charcoal. The woman is the main pillar for the support of the family. She is responsible for all domestic responsibilities (such as taking care of her husband's and children's clothing,

2 Published in 2016, based on data collected in 2014 Executive Summary – ESIA of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 10 making food, collecting firewood and water) and for agriculture activities. An activity solely and exclusively done by women is the transformation of cereals into flour. Young children are responsible for animal herding, besides collecting water and looking after younger children. Polygamy is usual in the project area. The cities of Huambo and Lubango are the main urban areas, representing 35 and 31% inhabitants from the provinces of Huambo and Huila, respectively. The remaining population live in rural areas, except for those living at the headquartes of the municipalities comprised of small urban centers. There is clear evidence of inequality between urban and rural populations in access to social infrastructure and equipment and consequently in quality of life and education. According to the 2016 Census, only 15% and 16% of households in the Huambo and Huila Province respectively, have access to electricity from the public grid, corresponding mainly to the urban population of the cities of Huambo and Lubango. Information collected in fieldwork allowed to identify that along the TL corridor, in addition to these cities, only the headquarter of the municipality of Caála is linked to the national electricity grid. The small towns of Cuima and Catata (Huambo Province) and Caconda, Cusse, Caluquembe, Ngola and Cacula (Huíla Province) have small electricity grids supplied by fuel generators, working irregularly or even inoperable, due to the lack of funds for fuel and maintenance. Alternative power sources for homes without electricity are electric generator, candle, traditional lamp (operated with oil or diesel) and flashlight being the latter the most used (with batteries or solar panels). Most of the existent electric generators are inoperative due to the recent rise in fuel prices in the national market. Access to drinking water is also limited outside large cities. While Huambo, Caála and Lubango have a water supply coverage higher than 70%, in the majority of the Comunas’ access to potable water does not reach 50% of inhabitants, with more critical situations in Ngola, Chituto and Vite-Vivali, where coverage is less than 10%. In most comunas non-potable water is collected mainly in shallow wells (cacimba), except in the communities where the underground water is deeper such as Ngola, Cacula, Viti Vivali and Hoque, where water is predominantly collected in small excavated reservoirs close to rivers and streams (chimpakas). As per the 2016 Census, most of the houses in rural and peri-urban areas are built with sun dried or burnt clay bricks, zinc roof and clay floor. However, in the comunas of Cacula municipality the majority of the houses are made with poles and have thatched roofs. In the urban areas the construction materials are more conventional, with a significant number of houses built with cement blocks and conventional bricks, with fibre cement or tile roofing. In general, the houses comprise a main house with three rooms, complemented by a kitchen, barn or silos and corrals for cattle. In the Huambo province 77% of households have access to sanitation, although there are discrepancies between urban areas (91%) and rural areas (65%). In Huila province the rate is lower, only 26,4% of the province’s population has access to sanitation, 68,1% in urban and 7,1% in rural areas, respectively. Analysing the information on the LT corridor comunas, it appears that only in the cities of Huambo and Lubango most households have toilets inside home (58% and 50% in Huambo and Huila comunas, respectively). The comunas of Calima and Caála, close to Huambo city have rates of 31% and 44%, while in the remain comunas the rates are between 10% and 20%, excepting for the comunas with more rural characteristics, such as Uaba, Cusse, Ngola, Cacula, Vite-Vivali, Chituti and Hoque. Only in Huambo and Lubango comunas there is a significant rate of toilet or latrine within the backyard. Open defecation is a common practice, mainly in the rural comunas, occurring in more than 90% of households in the comunas of Uaba, Ngola, Cacula, Vite-Vivali, Chituto and Hoque. The health services comprise hospitals, health centers and health posts. There are municipal hospitals in Caála, Caconda, Caluquembe, Cacula and Lubango. At the level of Comuna’s headquarters there are health centers offering inpatient services ranging from 30 to 40 beds. In addition, some communities have health posts, mainly those located at strategic points, which are usually established according to distances. There are communities that use the services provided by local nurses. The health sector face challenges due to lack of health facilities, professionals and medicines.

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The most common diseases in communities are Malaria and Acute Diarrheal Diseases (ADD). There are communities, especially in the municipality of Cacula and Caconda, who complain of dermatological diseases such as scabies. Average literacy rates in the Huambo and Huila provinces are respectively 60% and 51%, although there are differences between urban and rural areas and according to gender. In urban areas literacy rates reach about 80% of the population aged 15 or over, while in rural areas only 44% are found in Huambo province and 36% in Huila Province. An average of 77% and 64% of men can read and write in Huambo and Huila provinces respectively, compared to only 45% and 40% women. There is a greater proportion of men with primary education completed compared to women. This difference is not significant in the urban centres of Huambo, Lubango and Caluquembe, but is almost double in the rural comunas of Cuima, Catata, Uaba and Cusse. Traditional leaders have raised concerns related on the need of building schools and having teachers in their villages. At communities’ level usually only primary education are available, although there are villages without any school requiring long walks to have access to lessons in classrooms or even under trees. Higher education levels (including secondary level) usually are only available in comuna or municipal headquarters. As per the 2016 Census, in both provinces the majority of the households practice some agricultural activity (60% in Huambo and 67,9% in Hula province). In Huila Province Cacula municipality has the largest proportion (90%) of households with agricultural activities, while Lubango municipality has the lowest (36%). Cereals are widely grown by households in the municipalities of Caconda, Caluquembe and Cacula. In the comunas surrounding the urban areas of Huambo, Caála and Lubango, horticulture is of similar importance to cereal cultivation, complemented with fruit trees plantation. Maize is the main crop, which productivity has been increasing, especially in the area between Caála and Caluquembe, with some decline as it approaches Huila's capital headquarters (in localities between Cacula and Lubango municipality), due to the scarcity of rainfall. As an adaptation to the water scarcity, sorghum and millet are alternative crops most grown in the municipalities of Caconda, Caluquembe and Cacula. Indeed, sorghum and millet are cultivated by most families in order to provide family support in case of drought in the agricultural year. The planting of sweet potatoes also fits this objective mainly in the localities between the communes of Catata (municipality of Caála) and Uaba (municipality of Caconda). Usually each household has farms located in different production areas, comprising: Onakas (located in the lowlands along the rivers, used for vegetables along all the year and allow to harvest maize in December), Ombandas (located in low slopes, generally used for potatoes in August and September and vegetables between June and August), Ongongos (located in higher areas completely dependent on rain) and Otchumbos (located close to houses).. In Huila province, cattle are very important for the household, as it is used for agriculture, being also a significant source of income. Agricultural activity is based on animal traction, i.e. using oxen and plow. The average cultivated area per family, in each agricultural season (September-May) is about 3 hectares, which corresponds to 6 working days with a paired-ox plough, as per working day (from 6 am to 11 am) the pair of oxen can clear the land in an area ranging from 1/3 - ½-hectares. Poultry farming is practiced by all rural families, despite in small-scale, being extremely important as an additional income source. Small trade of agriculture products and charcoal is an important source of income for families living along the main road, being the selling points usually located in the main settlements located along the road. To be stressed the km 40 market, located in Hoque comuna (Lubango Province) close to the junction of the roads Huambo-Lubango, Lubango-Benguela and Lubango-Matala. This market has an important role in the region. Formal commercial activity is limited to the villages, mostly made by foreigners (Chinese and Mauritanians).

Along the main road there are also small industries, mainly grain mills as well as production of building bricks. There are some mining explorations in the crossed municipalities, of note two mines close to the road in Lubango municipality.

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The majority of the households within the project area depends on land for food security and income which result in some vulnerability. However there are specific vulnerable groups that requires special attention, namely (i) female and / or elderly or child headed households, (ii) households with disabled household members and/or chronic patients (including with HIV/AIDS), (iii) households with a high number of dependents, (iv) nomadic households (Khoisan).

5. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

A detailed assessment of all potential impacts associated with project related activities was undertaken. Several potential impacts were identified and assessed for construction, operation and demobilization phases. Mitigation measures were listed to minimize adverse impacts and risks on soil, water resources and water quality, air quality, ecology, sound environment, vibrations and radiations, landscape, cultural heritage and socio-economy. The most significant and main project impacts are presented in this ESIA Summary.

5.1 Summary of project negative impacts and mitigation measures The main negative impacts of the Project are mostly associated with the clearance and establishment of the Right of Way (RoW). As the final alignment is not yet defined, there are still uncertainties on the magnitude and significance of the impacts. Indeed, there are still room for impact avoidance / mitigation, during the optimization of the alignment. In that phase a more precise assessment of residual impacts will be achieved. In the scope of the Resettlement Action Plan it will be then carried out a detailed census of Project Affected People. The expected Project’s negative impacts with medium residual significance or greater include:

Table 2 – Summary of Main Project Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Main Project Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures

Direct loss, degradation and - During the optimization of the TL alignment, avoid as possible miombo fragmentation of habitats and vegetation woodland areas (mostly woodland habitats) caused by vegetation clearance in the RoW - Campsites and other ancillary areas shall not be in woodland areas - New access roads shall avoid cut down trees

- Areas to be cleared shall be previously marked to avoid clearing of unnecessary areas

- After construction, degraded areas shall be restored, and new trees shall be planted in areas defined by RNT and the Provincial Cabinet of Environment Direct loss of structures (about 150), farmlands, crops and fruit trees caused by - During the optimization of the TL alignment, avoid as possible existent the establishment of the RoW structures (especially houses), fruit trees and farming areas - Before the start of activities, put into effect an encroachment control program, in articulation with local authorities, to avoid the construction of new dwellings in the Project area

- Develop and implement a comprehensive RAP compliant with Angolan legislation and best international practice, to adequately compensate for any losses due to power line construction

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Increased mortality of birds (particularly - Implement a bird monitoring program during the detailed design phase birds with large wing spans), due to to define locations to install bird flight diverters (along the lines) and collisions and electrocution with the anti-landing devices (in towers) transmission lines and towers - Implement a bird monitoring program during operation (3 years) and install of bird flight diverters in additional areas, if required

5.2 Summary of positive impacts and enhancement measures

In relation to positive impacts, two significant impacts were identified, both regarding the socioeconomic environment, which can be essentially summarized as follows: Table 3 – Summary of Main Project Positive Impacts and Enhancement Measures

Main Project Negative Impacts Enhancement Measures Contribution to achieve the Angola’s electrification - Development of small solar projects to manage the goals and consequently indirect impacts such as expectation for electrification, given the mismatch between improvement of the economic development, the the implementation of the transmission line and the life quality and transition to a low carbon distribution network economy. - Prioritize recruitment of locals from all the crossed comunas Transfer of know-how and skills to the unskilled - Develop and publicize the Recruitment Procedure for the local workers that will be employed by the Project recruitment of locals will result in a long-term benefit for these families, - Development of a training plan for workers aiming to and for the local workforce in general. contribute to up-skilling the unskilled and semiskilled local workers

5.3 Cumulative Impacts The main cumulative impact will be the increase in pressure on natural habitats, as the existent miombo woodland patches and the increase of erosion risk along the main valley slopes, both cases southwards of Caluquembe.

6. CONSULTATION PROCESS

The consultation process comprised six consultation meetings held in each municipality within the project corridor, as in the table below. Table 4 – Consultation Meetings

Province Municipality Date Nr Stakeholders Attendees Caála 10/06/2019 16 Members of the Municipal Administration of Caála Huambo Huambo 10/06/2019 13 Municipal Administration of Huambo, Traditional leaders, Committee of Residents of Dango Neighbourhood, Development NGO Caconda 11/06/2019 50 Members of the Municipal Consultation Committee of Caconda, including representatives of municipal Huíla administration, comunas’ administration, traditional leaders, religious leaders and students Caluquembe 11/06/2019 57 Members of the Municipal Consultation Committee of Caluquembe, including representatives of municipal administration, comunas’ administration, traditional leaders, political parties, religious leaders, students Executive Summary – ESIA of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 14

Cacula 12/06/2019 46 Members of the Municipal Consultation of Cacula, including representatives of municipal administration, comunas’ administration, traditional leaders, religious leaders, students Lubango 12/06/2019 44 Members of the Municipal Consultation of Lubango, including representatives of municipal administration, comunas’ administration, local and traditional leaders, religious leaders, local business association

In all meetings the project justification and description were presented as well as the potential impacts and mitigation measures to be considered. Expectation for electrification by the affected communities, employment and concerns on compensation / resettlement for physical and economical losses were the main raised issues, as presented in the table below.

Table 5 - Main Raised Issues in the Consultation Meetings

Issue Raised Response Electrification

- Will the urban and rural communities along the route and RNT is only responsible for the transmission lines. ENDE is other localities or municipalities in the Huíla province, the entity responsible for the distribution and house further away from the line, benefit from the electricity connections. This project only includes the transmission transported by this transmission line? line, which will allow the implementation of distribution network. ENDE will be engaged to undertake distribution projects in Huambo and Lubango, once the line is completed.

- Is there a real forecast for the start of the project? RNT does not know the ENDE electrification plans

Employment and Training

- What will be the job opportunities for locals? According to the public works law, the contractor will have to employ 60% of local workforce.

- What skills will be required? The contractor will announce locally, the needs and required skills. Semi-skilled and non-skilled will be required

- Will the unskilled workers receive training and professional It will depend on the contractor, although some training is qualification according to their function? Or will they only foreseen, at least in health and safety. be used for unskilled tasks such as clearing. Compensation and Resettlement

- Will families with homes and / or agriculture fields affected RNT will comply with the AfDB requirements on by project activities be properly compensated for resettlement compensation. A Resettlement Action Plan damages? (RAP) will be prepared defining all the procedures. An inventory of loss of crops and fruit trees will be prepared with the involvement of RNT, local authorities and local leaders. Crops and fruit trees lost will be paid taking in consideration the values defined by the Ministry of Agriculture.

- Does the project budget include compensation funds? The RAP will include a budget for resettlement and compensation that will be paid by the government.

- Is there a timetable for meetings with communities Meetings with potential affected communities will be held potentially affected by the project, to raise awareness and in short-term, in the scope of the preparation of the RAP. discuss on potential involuntary resettlement and loss of Other meetings will be held after the definition of the final crops? alignment and during the implementation of the plan.

- While compensation for damage to planted crops is Yes, peasants and farmers will be able to return to their foreseen, will farmers be able to return to their former agricultural activity on the plots within the safety reserve.

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cultivation areas after construction works? Health and Safety

- What are the safety risks in the proximity of the TL? The lines will include proper devices to protect against lightning strikes, which will also protect surrounding people.

- What are the health risks for people working/living under The project will comply with the international guidelines the TL? regarding the electromagnetic fields in order to prevent health issues. Environmental Impacts Will the project develop a Reforestation Program for Contractors will must prepare and implement restauration restauration of potentially degraded areas due to the clearing plans of degraded areas. to open access roads and install lines?

To be stressed that it was noted that populations living close to existing transmission lines (Huambo and Caála municipalities, specially the comuna of Cuima) and not yet benefiting from electrification are extremely frustrated and most likely will not receive the project well before having access to electrification. The municipal administrations, jointly with the provincial government are exploring alternative solutions to provide, electrification to these communities, in a short-term. The expectations and concerns were included in the potential impacts and mitigation measures of the ESIA.

7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)

7.1 Introduction to the ESMP Environmental and social management of a proposed activity is a crucial tool to ensure any project’s environmental and social performance. This ESMP contains a set of programs which include various measures and actions that should be implemented during the construction and operation of the 400 kV Power Transmission Line project and the Lubango Substation. The ESMP does not address in detail the Project’s economic and physical resettlement impacts which are addressed separately in the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) which will be developed after detailed engineering has been completed following the guidelines provided in the Resettlement Plan (RP) prepared in accordance with Angolan regulations and AfDB . The ESMP shall remain a dynamic document and will be revised as and when necessary to ensure its relevance and effectiveness. Any significant changes will be discussed with the relevant authorities in MINAMB and the lenders.

7.2 Roles and Responsibilities for the implementation of the ESMP RNT, as project proponent will have the ultimate party responsibility for the implementation of the ESMP, although there will be responsibilities shared with the Contractors and other service providers.

7.2.1 RNT During construction RNT will be responsible for: - Evaluate the performance and progress in implementing mitigation measures, and its monitoring plan; - Ensure the adaptability and feasibility of mitigation measures in time and space, obtaining, where deemed necessary, financial and human resources from the company's management; Executive Summary – ESIA of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 16

- Disseminate information about the project and its environmental and social impacts, recording and responding to any complaints from the surrounding population and state administrative authorities; - Monitor and facilitate any environmental audits that may be carried out during the implementation of the project, whether internal or external; - Prepare environmental and social progress reports. A Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will be established within RNT to manage the implementation of this project, including all environmental and social matters. The PIU will have one E&S specialist at the main office, one in Huambo province and two in Lubango province. The PIU team will be supported by a team of technical assistance from USAID/Power Africa.

During operation, RNT as the operator and manager of the transmission line and substations, will be responsible for the implementation and management of all mitigation measures proposed for the operation phase.

7.2.2 Owners Engineer During pre-construction, the Owners Engineer will be responsible for preparation of tender documents, ensuring the inclusion of environmental and social specifications and clauses, to cover all the environmental and social mitigation measures listed in the ESIA and its Addendum, including this ESMP.

7.2.3 EPC The EPC will be responsible to implement the mitigation measures defined for the pre-construction phase, such as the optimization of the TL alignment, avoiding or mitigating environmental and social negative impacts. During construction the EPC will be responsible to: - Comply with all legal environmental and social requirements, as well as all E&S requirements and clauses within the contract and ensure compliance by all subcontractors. - Prepare and implement a Contractor Construction Environmental Management Plans (CEMP) based on the ESMP, including a more detailed identification of sensitive areas (such as areas prone to erosion, natural habitats, bird corridors) requiring special attention during construction activities. - Report regularly to the Owners Engineer on the performance and progress in implementing the ESMP, identifying challenges and way forward.

7.2.4 Supervisor Engineer The Supervisor will be responsible for: - Oversee the general compliance of the Contractor, including with the ESMP and other pertinent E&S specifications - Liaise between the EPC and RNT. - Report regularly on the compliance of ESMP measures The Supervisor engineer will have environmental and social specialists who will be responsible for to supervise the environmental and social performance.

7.2.5 African Development Bank

The African Development environmental and social safeguards officers will ensure (i) the completion of all complementary studies, related to environmental and social risk management; (iii) monitoring the

Executive Summary – ESIA of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 17 implementation of ESMP during the construction phase; and. (ii) reviewing periodic progress reports related to the implementation of the ESMP.

7.3 E&S Management Programs The ESMP comprise a set of mitigation and monitoring measures to be implemented during pre-construction, construction and operation phases. These measures are organized into specific plans which will be detailed by the EPCs, comprising the following: - Pollution and Prevention Response Management Plan - Waste Management Plan - Chemicals Management Plan - Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan - Chance Find Procedure - Employment and Workforce Management Plan - Community Health and Safety and Security Management Plan - Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan - Local Content and Procurement Plan - Traffic Management Plan - Biodiversity Management Plan - Plan for Restoration of Degraded Areas - Social Development Program

All these plans will need to be drafted by the EPC (following the ESMP requirements) and submitted to RNT for approval prior to the start of activities.

The mitigation and monitoring measures to be implemented to manage the main potential impacts are synthetized in the ESMP Matrix presented below, in Tables 6, 7 and 8, which identify the main impacts and the respective mitigation and monitoring measures, as well as timeframe and responsibilities for implementation for the pre-construction, construction and operation phases.

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Table 6 – ESMP Matrix for Pre-Construction Phase, related with the main potential impacts

Responsibility Monitoring / Oversight Responsibility Activities Impacts Mitigation Measures Deadline Method for Indicators for Implementation Monitoring/ Direct loss, degradation and Optimize the TL alignment to Detailed design Area of miombo Analysis of OversightRNT-PIU Engineering EPC fragmentation of habitats avoid as possible miombo phase woodland and wetlands satellite or activities and vegetation in the RoW woodland areas and wetlands, avoided Google Earth with natural vegetation images

Visual observation Increased mortality of birds Define locations to install bird Detailed design Definition of areas to Review of RNT-PIU due to collisions and flight diverters and anti- EPC phase install the devices documents electrocution landing devices, based on following the avifauna monitoring recommendations of the avifauna study Direct loss of dwellings and Optimize the TL alignment to Detailed design Number of avoided Analysis of RNT-PIU other structures farmlands, avoid as possible existent EPC phase structures satellite or crops and fruit trees in the structures (especially houses), Google Earth RoW fruit trees and farming areas Area of avoided images farmland Visual observation Update RAP, including census Before the start Ratio of PAP covered by Review of the RNT-PIU of all PAP, inventory and RAP Consultant of construction the census and RAP database valuation of affected assets activities inventories and GIS

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Table 7 – ESMP Matrix for Construction Phase, related with the main potential impacts

Responsibility Monitoring / Oversight Responsibility Activities Impacts Mitigation Measures Deadline Method for Indicators for Monitoring/ Implementation Oversight Direct loss, degradation New access roads shall avoid EPC Construction Ratio of new access roads Review of EPC’s Supervisor Clearing of ROW and fragmentation of crossing woodland areas phase crossing woodland areas access roads plan habitats and vegetation Analysis of RNT-PIU (mostly woodland satellite or Google habitats) caused by Earth images vegetation clearance in Areas to be cleared shall be EPC During clearing Signalization installed prior Visual observation the RoW previously marked and limited to start clearing Supervisor to the minimum strictly required Areas inadvertently cleared RNT-PIU After construction, degraded EPC Before Disturbed areas properly Review EPC’s Supervisor areas shall be restored, and new demobilization rehabilitated, with growing Restoration Plan RNT-PIU trees shall be planted in areas vegetation Visual observation defined by RNT and the Provincial Cabinet of Environment Direct loss of dwellings Implement an encroachment RNT-PIU Before the start Number of encroached Visual observation RNT-PIU and other structures control program, in articulation of construction structures farmlands, crops and with local authorities, to avoid RAP activities fruit trees caused by the the construction of new Implementor establishment of the dwellings in the Project area RoW Implement the RAP RAP Before the start Ratio of resettlement and Review of signed RNT-PIU Implementor of construction compensation compensation activities agreements and Number of recorded receipts of complaints compensation Visual observation Increased soil erosion Implement erosion protection During Number of signs of erosion Visual observation Supervisor measures in sloping areas with EPC construction along the ROW (such as bare lands activities, before gullies) RNT-PIU the rainy season Number of protected sloping areas

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Responsibility Responsibility Monitoring / Oversight Activities Impacts Mitigation Measures for Deadline Method for Monitoring/ Indicators Implementation Oversight Construction Potential conflicts Develop and publicize a During Ratio of local workers Review of workers Supervisor activities between local Recruitment Procedure EPC construction database communities and prioritizing the recruitment of activities RNT-PIU migrant workers locals from the crossed comunas Develop a training plan for EPC During Number of trained workers Records of Supervisor workers, aiming to contribute to construction attendance RNT-PIU up-skilling the unskilled and activities semiskilled local workers Awareness raising sessions for EPC During Number of workers Records of Supervisor workers on local culture and construction attending awareness sessions attendance RNT-PIU traditions (including for the activities Khoisan nomadic group) that Number of complaints shall be respected Potential conflicts due Develop and implement social EPC During Number of people benefiting Review of social RNT-PIU to high expectation on development projects, including construction from the implemented social development electrification projects to improve access to activities development projects projects data electricity to local communities Stakeholder engagement to RNT-PIU During inform on the scope and construction objectives of this projects and activities electrification projects to be undertake by ENDE

Table 8– ESMP Matrix for Construction Phase, related with the main potential impacts

Responsibility Monitoring / Oversight Responsibility Activities Impacts Mitigation Measures Deadline Method for Indicators for Implementation Monitoring/ Operation Increased mortality of Implement a bird monitoring Ornithologist First 3 years of Number of bird carcasses Driving OversightRNT birds, due to collisions program during operation (3 contracted by operation along the line and/or and electrocution years) RNT walking along the line

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with the transmission Install of bird flight diverters EPC First 3 years of Number of BFD installed in Visual RNT lines and towers (BFD) in additional areas, if operation the sensitive areas observation required

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A specific Stakeholder Engagement Plan and Grievance Mechanism was developed as a key instrument to manage stakeholder relationship and consequently risk management.

The Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) aims to involve stakeholders during all the project cycle phases. It includes the identification of stakeholder groups and the definition of approach and methods to be applied for each group and defines engagement activities to be carried out during pre-construction and construction phase.

Table 9 – Stakeholder Engagement Activities

Activity Stakeholder Purpose

Pre-construction Phase EIA and Addendum disclosure to national Key ministries, national regulatory Present EIA and Addendum results. and local authorities bodies, government agencies and Consult stakeholders on their views institutes, provincial, municipal and on the key impacts and mitigation communal authorities. measures. EIA and Addendum disclosure to the Interested and Affected People. Provide information on the Project to Interested and Affected People (develop a the whole community. Consult flyer with project information and stakeholders on their views on key grievance mechanism) impacts and mitigation measures. Disseminate the grievance mechanism. Information on demining activities and Interested and Affected People. Inform stakeholder on the demining schedule process, the associated risks and the mitigation measures planned by the project to manage safety risk. Establishment and management of the Interested and Affected People. Record and manage grievances during Grievance Mechanism pre-construction including potential economic claims. Construction Phase Work site establishment Sobas and community members Inform affected communities of the future presence of the work sites, the timeline of planned works, the health and safety risks associated with those works and the mitigation measures planned to control those risks Ongoing information on construction Sobas and community members Inform stakeholders of construction progress work progress and schedule. Give feedback on grievances received and associated resolution. Grievance management Sobas and community members Record and manage grievances during construction including potential economic claims. Work site dismantlement Sobas and community members Inform local communities of the end of works and work site remediation measures. Inform local staff of retrenchment conditions.

The SEP includes a Grievance Mechanism, developed to: a) build and maintain trust with all stakeholders; b) prevent adverse consequences of failure to adequately address grievances; and c) help identify and manage stakeholder concerns and thus support effective risk management.

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Figure 2 Grievance Mechanism Procedure

The Grievance mechanism will be operated by RNT PIU, it will be applied to RNT and all Contractors and Sub- contractors (including for labour issues), although the Contractors and Subcontractors shall have their own system, that shall be regularly reported to RNT. In case of need, mediation will be provided by a Grievance Review Committee (GRC), to be established in each municipality. The GRC will comprise, as permanent members the municipal administrator, an officer responsible for land issues, an officer responsible for Social Affairs and RNT’s representative. The Grievance Mechanism involves seven stages, which are shown in the figure below. The overall oversight responsibility for implementing this SEP lies with RNT, through the PIU’s environmental and social officials. The Grievance Mechanism shall be implemented during the pre-construction phase.

7.4 Estimated ESMP Implementation Budget

The estimated ESMP implementation budget is $804,000 USD as detailed in Table 7.

It shall be noted that the detail and implementation of most mitigation measures will be under the responsibility of the EPC, being their costs integrated with other engineering and construction costs. During the operation phase RNT will be the responsible for the implementation of all mitigation measures. The table includes costs for the first three years of operation.

Executive Summary – ESIA of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 24

Table 10 – Estimated ESMP Implementation Budget On-going communication program with Stakeholders during construction $120 000 Construction Awareness campaigns about safety and land use restrictions within the ROW $60 000 Monitoring of bird and bats mortality $75 000 Monitoring and control of invasive alien flora species $24 000 Installation of bird diverters in additional areas, where required $120 000 Monitoring of erosion and rehabilitation when required $150 000 Operation (3 years) Development of an Emergency Response Plan including the purchase of spill kits and firefighting equipment $150 000 Development and implementation of a Stakeholder Management Plan for the operational phase $45 000 Awareness campaigns about safety and land use restrictions within the ROW $60 000

Total $804 000

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400 kV Transmission Line Belém do Huambo Substation to Lubango Substation (Angola)

RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN (RAP)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PROJECT DESCRIPTION One of the goals of the Angola’s National Development Plan is to increase the access to electricity from 36% in 2017 to 50% in 2022. The National Strategy for Climate Change (2018-2030) calls for the transition to a low carbon economy and aims to electrify 60% of the rural population by 2025 and increase access to low-carbon energy in rural areas. The Cuanza River Basin (in the north region) was identified as a key area for development of hydropower generation projects to support Angola’s growth development, with potential to achieve a total of 7000 MW of installed capacity. Two hydropower plants are already located in Cuanza River: Cambambe (960 MW) and Capanda (520 MW) and two others are under construction Laúca (2067 MW) and Caculo Cabaça (2051 MW), with Laúca already generating some power. It is crucial to have an energy transmission network to enable this energy to contribute to the country's development. The project aims to continue the backbone implementation, connecting the Central to the South system, with a 400 kV line of approximately 350 km from the Huambo substation until Lubango. It will also include the installation of a new 400 kV line bay at the Huambo substation and the construction of a new 400/220 kV substation at Lubango. The project is in the provinces of Huambo (municipalities of Huambo and Caála) and Huíla (municipalities of Caconda, Caluquembe, Cacula and Lubango) See figure 1. The proposed transmission line will cross 6 municipalities and 15 communes. Preliminary information indicates that about 50 communities will be affected by the project, with an estimate of 15,109 PAPs.

Executive Summary – RAP of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 1

Figure 1. Project location In total, approximately 870 towers will be erected with a distance of 400 meters between towers. Each tower will have four cement foundations, occupying permanently an area of 7 x 7 m, requiring a temporary area of about 25 x 25 m during construction works. Wherever possible, existing accesses will be used to access the towers sites, however there may be a need to open new accesses during the construction phase. Once alignment has been defined, a safety area (right-of-way) will be established along the TL line, with 22,5 meters for each side. This area will be used during construction works, for cables stringing and vehicles circulation, and for maintenance works, during operation. As per the Land Law, a servitude of 30 meters per each side of the line will be established, where no land rights can be obtained. The project construction work for both the transmission line and substation will be of approximately thirty (30) months from the date of entry into force of the contract with the selected EPC contractor. The contracting of the EPC contractor as well as the commencement of activities is dependent on the approval of the financing of this Project by the African Development Bank. The operation phase will last 50 years. For the construction phase of this project, it is estimated that 400 workers will be needed, 60% of which will be hired locally through a procurement process conducted by the selected contractors and overseen by RNT. At this stage of the project, the specific locations of the towers and need for access roads still need to be defined, as well as the establishment of the final route. The transmission line follows existing roads in great part of the route and as much as possible; however, it is currently not possible to access all land within the established 800 m corridor due to the risk related to mines. For the purpose of this document, the corridor used was 30 meters each side of the transmission line as it relates to the right-of-way defined by the legislation. For the final routing of the transmission lines and siting of the towers an EPC will be contracted. The RNT and EPC will work together to undertake activities during engineering, procurement, pre-construction and construction phases, as detailed in Table 1. Table 1: Project’s Activities.

Executive Summary – RAP of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 2

Phase Activities Engineering and procurement • Topographic surveys for the conclusion of the An engineering and procurement firm will be design of the transmission line, the siting of the contracted by RNT to draft the executive project, towers, Huambo connection and Lubango incorporating amendments to the proposed route to substation; minimize social and environmental impacts and to • Verification of the demining needs and actions. match optimally tower positions in consequence. The demining verification will be done by the adequate local authorities which will develop a demining plan and strategy, if required. The results of the topographic surveys will also be fed into the full Resettlement Action Plan. • Fencing of the Lubango substation site; • Additional topographic studies, if required; Pre-construction phase • Establishment of the worker’s camps;

• Demining activities (if required as indicated During the pre-construction activities stakeholder above); engagement will take place as indicated in the Stakeholder Engagement Plan, particularly with the • Other studies relevant for refining of the local authorities. This phase will include household transmission line routes and the substation surveys as well as land surveys and inventory assets placing (e.g. discussions with MINEA/RNT and based on the methodology do be discussed in the full local authorities to establish bend points for the Resettlement Action Plan. proposed route which will be surveyed by the surveyor and on site measurements to accurately determine the final route and substation). • Earthworks and excavation; Construction phase • Establishing access roads; The construction company contracted by RNT will • Sourcing materials; initiate the construction activities as planned in the • Construction of foundations and substations; Executive Project. • Structure installation; • Energising the installations (both the transmission line and substations). Operational phase • Operational activities will include the management, maintenance and control of the RNT will be responsible for the operation of the transmission line and Lubango and Huambo transmission line and substations. substations.

• This phase will include measures for complying Decommissioning with the regulatory requirements for The design life of the transmission line and substation rehabilitation and managing environmental is 50 years, thus, a decommissioning plan is to be impacts in order to render the project area developed at a later stage. suitable for future use.

Preliminary project design information, although available at the time of writing, is subject to adjustments resulting from the final topographic surveys for the siting of the towers and alignment of the transmission line. In this regard the number of interferences will be confirmed and finalised during the topographic survey before the start of construction.

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OBJECTIVES OF THE RAP The purpose of this RAP is to provide the foundation for land acquisition and livelihood restoration that seeks to avoid or minimize adverse socioeconomic impacts from project-related land acquisition or restrictions on affected persons’ use of or access to land, through sound planning and implementation. This RAP will be updated through specific stand-alone RAP Annexes as the project footprint is finalised and de-mining activities completed or confirmation from the authorities that the area is free of mines, enabling safe access to the land. All the RAP Annexes will be finalized and approved by RNT and AfDB before commencement of resettlement actions. This process will enable the development of the full Resettlement Action Plan and ensure consistency with the national legislation and African Development Bank standards. The RAP considers the possibility of both physical and economic displacement; outlining the principles to ensure adequate compensation is provided and supplemented by livelihood restoration measures. Once the topographic studies are conducted, final routing and siting of the towers will be defined. In this context, activities will seek to minimize physical displacement whenever possible. This RAP has been designed to integrate the requirements of Angolan Legislation and African Development Bank guidelines with the aim of:  Avoiding, where possible, instances of land acquisition;  Mitigating adverse effects of resettlement;  Providing compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost;  Ensuring that resettlement activities are implemented with appropriate disclosure of information, consultation, and the informed participation of those affected;  Improving or, at a minimum, restoring the livelihoods and standards of living of displaced persons to pre-project levels, so as to facilitate sustainable improvements to socio-economic status; and  Paying particular attention to the needs of vulnerable groups. The overall objective of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is to evaluate and quantify the impacts from the project-related land acquisition and/or restrictions on the land use of the local communities. In this context displacement is involuntary when those affected do not have the right to refuse land acquisition or restrictions on land use. This is often the case with transmission line projects, which are considered of ‘national interest’ and must establish a right-a-way (30 m each side of the transmission line) for safety reasons. The study will consider involuntary displacement as both physical displacement (relocation or loss of shelter) and/or economic displacement (loss of assets or access to assets that leads to loss of income sources or other means of livelihood) as a result of project-related land acquisition and/or restrictions on land use.

MAIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PAPS The study area has been defined to incorporate all the settlements totally or partially within a 60 m corridor (30 m on each side of the centreline) along the 350 km Huambo-Lubango transmission line route. The 60 m corridor width was defined as it is considered that most of the land-based impacts will occur within this corridor as most surveyed settlements are located close to the lands they cultivate. It is noted that some settlements located further away from the 60 m corridor may also potentially use the land inside the 60 m corridor. Affected settlements located outside the 60 m corridor, if any, will be identified during the household survey. The exact number of PAPs will be known once the asset survey takes place. Based on 4 samples of 1km covered by agriculture fields (see figure 2), an average of 15 agriculture plots per km was identified. Assuming that 60% of the corridor crosses agriculture areas, this corresponds to 210 km covered by agriculture. Considering 15 plots per km, a total of 3150 plots is estimated, each one owned by a household. According to information from

Executive Summary – RAP of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 4

the Statistical Bureau, the average household size is 4,73, which would total 14.805 persons affected due to restrictions in their agriculture fields. To this number, 150 households with affected structures, corresponding to 705 PAPs should be added. In total, it is estimated that the project will affect 15.510 persons. 1145234118

Figure 2. Example of sample of agriculture plots distribution

SAMPLE 1 - CAALA

This socio-economic description is based on review of secondary data, complemented by primary data collected during the ESIA consultation meetings, held in June 2019 in each municipality of the study area, and additional meetings (20 in total) held in August 2019, at community level, aiming specifically discuss resettlement and compensation issues. The study area crosses central Angola from centre to south, crossing a landscape dominated by areas of miombo woodland, although already very modified. The 50 settlements in the area (see table 2) are mostly located along or a short distance from the main road, and present homogeneous characteristics with slight differences from rural to peri-urban areas, where urban residential expansion is common due to the proximity of larger centres such as Huambo. The main peri-urban centres along the area of study are Huambo and Caála and the more rural areas are in the four municipalities of Huíla province, namely, Cacula, Caconda, Caluquembe and Lubango.

3 2016 Population Census Executive Summary – RAP of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 5

Table 2: List of municipalities, communes and settlements potentially affected by the project.

Commune potentially Municipalities Communes Settlements affected by the project Huambo Province Chipipa Not Affected Huambo Huambo X (1) Belém do Huambo Calima Not Affected X (7) Luquissa (Calweio), Cauaiala, Caála Coquengo, Cacaca, Lungongo, Ngundji e Longueve Caála Calenga Not Affected Catata X (3) Caitica, Tchiuale e Chingolo Cuima X (8) Lumue, Acolongondjo, Cacuto, Cassola, Camunda, Calieque, Sacaiamba e Cambata Huíla Province X (6) Cusse, Singue, Monguenha, Catumbela, Cusse Tchindjendji e Catchipitasi X (4) Mbembua, Santa Ana II, F. Vitorino, Caconda Caconda Calungo Pedro Gungue Not Affected X (6) Cupepela, Uaba-Alto, Calondompi, Uaba Caculahombo, Tchicuila e Lumingo X (4) Lomba, Talamangolo, Ngando and Caluquembe Calonduva Caluquembe Calepi Not Affected Ngola X (3) Negola, Vila Branca and Tchiva Lago Chituto Not Applicable Viti Vivali X (1) Vita Vivali Cacula Cacula X (2) Km 100 e Mambande Tchicuaqueia Not Affected X (5) Toco, Vihamba, F da Capegue, F da Hoque Ucuepungo and Cahumbo Lubango Not Affected Lubango Huíla Not Affected Quilenda Not Affected Arimba X (1) Nombungo

Main livelihoods are quite homogeneous along the entire transmission line route, from Huambo to Lubango, with the predominance of subsistence agriculture (including animal herding). Other economic activities, including small scale trading and temporary informal jobs (biscatos) are found mainly in the settlements located in the municipalities of Huambo and Caála, and in the outskirts of Caluquembe. Access to health and education services are limited throughout the transmission line route, except for Huambo and Caála.

Demographics and ethnics The Huambo Province has a population of 2 091 555 inhabitants, of which 48% live in the urban area and about 52% in the rural area. Huambo municipality is the most populous with 713 134 inhabitants, representing about one third of the province's population (35%) and Caála municipality the third most populous with 279 792 inhabitants (INE, 2016a). The Huíla Province has a population of 2 497 422 inhabitants, of which 33% live in urban area and about 67% in the rural area. Of the four municipalities in Huíla crossed by the project, Lubango municipality is the most populous with 776 249 inhabitants and Cacula municipality the one with less population of 136 977 (INE, 2016a). Besides the main urban centres, the population along the corridor is mainly

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concentrated in settlements, most of them located along the main road, although in the comunas of the province of Huila there is scattered population, farther from the road (mainly in the comuna of Ngola and in the comunas of the municipality of Cacula). In both provinces the majority of the population is female, representing 52% of the population in urban areas and 53% in rural areas. Both provinces have a broad-based age pyramid, indicative of a young population. Household heads are mostly male (55% and 62% in Huambo and Huila provinces, respectively). The average household size is 4.6 in Huambo and 4.8 persons in Huila province (INE, 2016a). The corridor crosses areas of Ovimbundu and Nhaneca-Humbe ethnic groups, both of Bantu origin. The Ovimbundu, present in the center and south of the country (Huambo and northern Huila provinces), is the ethnolinguistic group more homogeneous and more numerous within the country, their language being the second most spoken language after the Portuguese. Nhaneca-Humbe are confined to the Huila province, with livelihoods based on livestock and agriculture. Small residuals groups of Khoisan area present in the Huila Province, mainly in the municipalities of Matala and Gambos (east of the Lubango substation). These indigenous nomadic groups, hunter-gatheres in the past, have a strong identity and still practice traditional livelihood including gathering of bush food, hunting and craft production. There is the indication that small groups are periodically present in Cacula and Viti-Vivali comunas.

Governance and Administration The governance in the project area, as in the whole country, comprise formal and traditional systems. The formal governance includes the provincial government, followed by the municipal administrations and the comuna administrations. Each comuna comprise several communities (in rural areas) or neighbourhoods bairros (in peri-urban and urban areas). In rural areas, communities are grouped into Ombalas under the traditional governance system. At the community level, traditional leadership plays an important role in local governance. The chief, known as soba, is the local governing authority in rural and some peri-urban areas. In peri-urban areas this leadership role is often taken up by community coordinators (coordenadores), who work as social mobilizers. There can also be bairro coordinators and resident committees (comissões de moradores). Coordinators are appointed by the commune government and are usually chosen from the party local leadership. The role of the soba and the community coordinator is to liaise with commune administrators around community issues. In particularly remote rural areas, where the capacity and resources of local government administration is limited, the relationship between traditional leadership and formal government officials (commune and municipal administrators) is critical. Traditionally, the soba works together with village elders to address various matters at the local level, including land administration and management. The soba is also often supported by a secretary (século).

Land use and Ownership According to the Angolan Constitution, all lands are state-owned and can be classified as public land of public domain or state land of private domain. State land of confidential domain is considered "grantable" land to which property rights may be transferred. Angolan legislation recognizes various land rights and land interest regimes, including the "domain of customary rights", which refers to the collective rights of occupation, possession, management, use and exploitation that families or households in rural communities appreciate about the communal rural lands they occupy and exploit. Rural communal land is considered to be part of the "public domain" and is therefore not assignable unless otherwise determined by the traditional authorities, allowing for alteration and concession of rural community land. The exercise of customary rights is free and, the right holders are exempt from payments and fees of any kind. Most of the Angolan population, including the population living in the surveyed settlements, is not familiar with formal land laws and considers their land rights and obligations governed by principles of customary and

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traditional practices. These principles and practices may differ from place to place, however, they share general characteristics, such as:  Ownership of land: By customary law, land is considered to be possessed by a universal divinity and ancestors of the living occupants. The land is held by the Community (or individuals) and managed by the community leader, Soba.  Soil management and administration: Soba is the main figure responsible for land allocation for individuals and households, establishment of common use areas, definition of communal land rules and associated resources, as well as for the management of land disputes. The soba oversees land transactions and land inheritance. Inheritance is the main source of access to rural land, which can also be accessed by leasing, loans and share cropping; All these types of access were identified throughout the study area. Soba also allocates land to individuals and households, and it will take into account household size and land availability when defining parcel size. In general, in urban / peri-urban areas, access to land is less dependent on inheritance and allocation by Soba and more dependent on the land market. Individuals and families looking for an area initially stay with relatives or rent, and ultimately buy a plot. In areas where the soba is no longer present, land issues are overseen by resident committees, often represented by community coordinators. These entities are informal and have strong ties with political parties, although they are respected by local residents in a similar way to sobas in rural communities. In the surveyed settlements, resident committees work closely with local government institutions in handling land applications. Regarding land tenure and property rights in Angola, women do not have access to land equal to men. In traditional inheritance practices, the land passes to the sons and male relatives of the deceased, i.e. if the male household head dies, his heirs are his children (if any) or other relatives, such as brothers or nephews. Despite being known as the main traditional practice applied in rural areas of Angola, social research has identified cases where land ownership by women is relatively strong, especially in peri-urban areas, where women are the main rights holders (and managers) of agricultural parcels. In these cases, these women are knowledgeable about who owns the rights to each parcel and the agreements between landholders and land users (if shared, rented).

Land use planning and housing There is no detailed land use planning in rural areas although this is one of the objectives of the Ministry of Territorial Planning and Housing (MINOTH). Most of the residences are only located according to family preference, although in some isolated cases the traditional authorities provide some guidance, in order to maintain free access to vehicles. There has been a trend of community mobility resulting on higher population density close to the roads. According to the traditional authorities, this mobility is motivated by the desire of being be more visible by the municipal authorities, in order to be framed within the municipal development plans. Most of the houses in rural and peri-urban areas are built with sun dried or burnt clay bricks, zinc roof and clay floor. Only in comunas of Cacula municipality, the majority of the houses are made with poles and have thatched roofs. In the urban areas the construction materials are more conventional, with a significant number of houses built with cement and conventional bricks, with fibre cement or tile roofing. In the urban centres most of the residences have three rooms (T3) - a living room and two bedrooms, while the kitchen is always located opposite the main residence. For areas far from district and / or communal centres the typologies are mostly adobe and thatched cover, and few houses are made of cement block and brick. In general, these houses comprise a main house (T3), a kitchen, barn or silos and corrals for cattle, pigs and kids.

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Social division of labor Each family member has assigned specific tasks according to age and gender. Man is considered, par excellence, the head of the household, and it is his responsibility to lead the agricultural activity and to represent the family in community events. Activities that require some physical effort are man-made, such as plow, build and / or house maintenance works, care for cattle, cut down medium-sized trees for firewood or charcoal. The woman is the main pillar for the support of the family. She is responsible for all domestic responsibilities (taking care of her husband's and children's clothing, making food, collecting firewood and water, etc.) and for agriculture activities. An activity solely and exclusively done by women is the transformation of corn into flour. Young children are responsible for animal herding, besides collecting water and looking after younger children. Selling activities in informal markets are mostly done by women and children. Women are mainly engaged in the sale of products from the countryside, such as: sorghum, millet, maize, beans, etc., while children are engaged in the sale of plastic bags, the retail sale of farm products, soft drinks and cooked foods

Family subsistence activities The primary source of subsistence is the agriculture, based on traditional practices, which ensure families’ food and a source of income through selling surplus production. The main products grown are maize, beans, sweet potatoes, potatoes, soybeans, cassava, massambala, and various vegetables. As food security strategy, households have farms located in different production areas, such as: Onakas (located in the lowlands along the rivers, used for vegetables along all the year and allow to harvest maize in December), Ombandas (located in low slopes, generally used for potatoes in August and September and vegetables between June and August), Ongongos (located in higher areas completely dependent on rain) and Otchumbos (located close to houses). Maize is the main crop widely grown by households along the corridor. The scale of maize productivity has been increasing in the area between Caála and Caluquembe, with some decline as it approaches Huila's capital headquarters (in localities between Cacula and Lubango municipality), due to the scarcity of rainfall. As an adaptation to the water scarcity, sorghum and millet are alternative crops most grown in the municipalities of Caconda, Caluquembe and Cacula. Indeed, sorghum and millet are cultivated by most families in order to provide family support in case of drought in the agricultural year. The planting of sweet potatoes also fits this objective mainly in the localities between the communes of Catata (municipality of Caála) and Uaba (municipality of Caconda). Agricultural activity is based on animal traction, i.e. using oxen and plow. The average cultivated area per family in each agricultural season (September-May) is about 3 hectares, which corresponds to 6 working days with a paired-ox plough as per working day (from 6 am to 11 am) the pair of oxen can clear the land in an area ranging from 1/3 - ½-hectares. Poultry farming is practiced by all rural families, despite in small-scale, being extremely important as an additional income source. Families living close to the national road also practice small trade of agriculture products and charcoal, mainly in the localities along the road. The rural market located at km40 in the commune of Hoque is the main market existent along the corridor, with a regional role in the trade of agriculture products (such as maize, sorghum, millet, potato, beans and various vegetables). Cattle trade is also an important source of income. In communal headquarters there are families that are led by heads of households who are civil servants, such as teachers, nurses, local government officials and others. These, although having a monthly salary for their professional activity, also practice agriculture, due to poor wage coverage in relation to basic family needs. The civil servants are a support for the poorest, as they can offer jobs to them, even if temporary.

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Industries and commerce Industrial activity is still in the recovery phase both in Huambo and Huila provinces. The most predominant industries are metalworking, chemistry, building materials, textiles, clothing, leather and footwear, food, beverages and tobacco, wood and furniture. Regarding the railway network, the province has a strategic position and benefits from the Benguela Railway Line (CFB), which connects the provinces of Benguela, Huambo, Bié and Moxico. There are small milling industries dedicated to the transformation of maize into flour, located in several settlements along EN120 (not less than 100 meters radius from EN120). It shall be also noted the presence of small Chinese-led industries engaged in the production of residential building bricks that supports the market of building material. Formal commercial activity is limited to the villages, mostly made by foreigners (Chinese and Mauritanians).

Infrastructure and Services According to the 2016 Census, only 15% and 16% of households in the Huambo and Huila Province respectively, have access to electricity from the public grid, corresponding mainly to the urban population of the cities of Huambo and Lubango. Along the TL corridor, in addition to these cities, only the headquarter of the municipality of Caála is linked to the national electricity grid. The small towns of Cuima and Catata (Huambo Province) and Caconda, Cusse, Caluquembe, Ngola and Cacula (Huíla Province) have small electricity grids supplied by fuel generators, working irregularly or even inoperable, due to maintenance problems and/or lack of resources to by fuel. To be noted that communities within the comuna of Cuima (Caala municipality) are not connected to the national grid, although having Gove hydropower plant that feeds the Huambo substation. Alternative power sources for homes without electricity are electric generator, candle, traditional lamp (operated with oil or diesel) and flashlight being the latter the most used (with batteries or solar panels). Most of the electric generators are inoperative due to the rise in fuel prices in the national market. About half of the households (50.1%) have access to appropriate sources of drinking water, with the majority of Huambo and Caála populations having access to water (INE, 2016a). Most of the population access water through wells (cacimba, manually dug water point). In communities with deeper underground water, such as those located between Cacula and Hoke (outside headquarters) water is collected in river valleys (chimpakas). Rivers are also used for cattle as well as for bathing and washing. Development Workshop (DW) and World Vision (WV), through their water and sanitation programs, have been intervening in the communities of Caála municipality in the construction of manual pumps water points. For the sustainability of water points Water and Sanitation Groups are created in the communities to ensure proper use and maintenance of the water points. Along the LT corridor, only in the cities of Huambo and Lubango most households have toilets inside home (58% and 50% in Huambo and Huila comunas, respectively). The comunas of Calima and Caála, close to Huambo city have sanitation rates of 31% and 44%, while in the remain comunas the rates are between 10% and 20%, excepting for the comunas with more rural characteristics, such as Uaba, Cusse, Ngola, Cacula, Vite- Vivali, Chituti and Hoque, where the rates are even lower. Only 28% of the households dispose solid wastes in appropriate places, i.e. in containers or buried. Waste is disposed on open air by 66% of households in Huambo province, with 76% from rural areas, compared with 52% among urban areas. Periodically there are cleaning campaigns in the villages promoted by traditional authorities and religious groups. The health services comprise hospitals, health centers and health posts. There are municipal hospitals in Caála, Caconda, Caluquembe, Cacula and Lubango. At the level of Comuna’s headquarters there are health centers offering inpatient services ranging from 30 to 40 beds. In addition, some communities have health posts, mainly those located at strategic points, which are usually established according to distances. There are communities that use the services provided by local nurses.

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The most common diseases in communities have been Malaria and Acute Diarrheal Diseases (ADD). There are communities, especially in the municipality of Cacula and Caconda, who complain of dermatological diseases such as scabies. Health education programs are carried out on time, by technicians from health centers and posts, especially in case of an endemic outbreak in the area. The health sector face challenges due to lack of health facilities, professionals and medicines. Another problem is the lack of electricity, which has made it difficult to perform medical examinations whenever necessary. There are no non-governmental organizations (NGOs) supporting the health sector in the municipalities of Caconda, Caluquembe and Cacula, as well as in the communes of Catata, Cuima and Hoke. In terms of education, average literacy rates in the Huambo and Huila provinces are respectively 60% and 51%, although there are differences between urban and rural areas and according to gender. In urban areas literacy rates reach about 80% of the population aged 15 or over, while in rural areas only 44% are found in Huambo province and 36% in Huila Province. An average of 77% and 64% of men can read and write in Huambo and Huila provinces respectively, compared to only 45% and 40% women. There is a greater proportion of men with primary education completed compared to women. This difference is not significant in the urban centres of Huambo, Lubango and Caluquembe, but is almost double in the rural comunas of Cuima, Catata, Uaba and Cusse. During the meetings held in communities it was clear the willing on children access to education as a way to improve life. Traditional leaders have raised concerns related on the need of building schools and having teachers in their villages. At communities’ level usually only primary education are available, although there are villages without any school requiring long walks to have access to lessons in classrooms or even under trees. Higher education levels (including secondary level) usually are only available in comuna or municipal headquarters. There are cases of schools built by private companies under social responsibility programs, as in the village of Ucuepungo where traditional leaders required the construction of a school to a mining Chinese company. In general, there is poor school performance as students have to reconcile academic activities with other field activities, essentially herding.

Vulnerable Groups Vulnerability is related to the ability of individuals and groups to adapt to socioeconomic or bio-physical change. Vulnerable individuals and groups are therefore more susceptible to negative impacts or have a limited ability to take advantage of positive impacts. Vulnerability is a pre-existing status that is independent of the Project and may be reflected by an existing low level of access to key socio-economic or environmental resources or a lack of access to information and decision making. In the Study Area, vulnerability has been identified as widespread and linked to the following factors:  Crop farmers, particularly households with especially low incomes and high land dependence for food security and income: Low income households have fewer resources on which to rely and are less likely to have savings and / or access to alternative sources of income. Low income households can be found throughout the Study Area, and are prevalent in the rural settlements where agriculture is the primary livelihood activity and most of the produce is used for subsistence. In the municipality of Cacula, subsistence agriculture production is the main source of food. These settlements are therefore the most vulnerable in terms of food security. Households may also be reliant on very small agricultural land plots for a significant proportion of their subsistence / income generation and may be more disproportionally affected by any land take and resulting loss of income. This includes those households whose farming seasons are disrupted or who may lose fruit trees or ancillary agricultural structures such as “casas de lavra”.  Female and / or elderly or child headed households. These households are likely to have fewer resources on which to rely and are less likely to have savings and / or access to alternative sources of income. They are also likely to have less access to information and decision making and may not understand or be able to exert their rights.  Households with disabled household members, chronic patients (including with HIV/AIDS) or high number of dependents. Those who lack physical mobility or who have mental health issues may be

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vulnerable to changes and have more difficulties adapting to new contexts. With relation to the transmission line, displacement impacts related to restriction on land access or need to replace housing could be particularly challenging.  Households or settlements that have already been displaced. Displacement directly affects the social and economic dynamics of a community. Further threat or actual displacement will be particularly difficult, including psychologically difficult in this area.  Nomadic people (Khoisan). In the municipality of Cacula, there are groups of families of Khoisan ethnicity, that are not integrated in the society, having their livelihoods based on hunting and harvesting of wild fruits, completely dependent on natural resources. In the Study Area, most affected households will fall into the first category of vulnerability, i.e. they are crop farmers often with low incomes and high land dependence for food security and income. The other groups above referred, would require special attention during resettlement.

SOCIO AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS ON THE PAP The anticipated physical and economic displacement impacts caused by acquisition of land inside the 60 m Right of Way (RoW) will be further understood and quantified through the land and asset survey inventory and household survey which will be undertaken as part of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) implementation. At this stage, it is estimated that approximately 2,160 ha of land will be temporarily affected and 1,585 ha of land will be permanently affected. This includes agricultural plots, as well as plots where residential and non- residential structures are located. It is also anticipated that approximately 150 structures are currently located within the 45 meters wide corridor of the transmission line and 60% of the area (approximately 1,260 ha) is used for agricultural activity. The Lubango Substation is about 27 km northeast of Lubango city centre and 38 km east of Bibala municipality (Namibe province). The area of the substation platform to be built is about 62,000 m2. It will be fenced with access restricted to authorized persons. Three alternative sites for the Lubango substation were considered within a radius of 5 km. The site identified in the 2015 ESIA was dismissed because, in meanwhile, it was allocated, by the Provincial government for the future Lubango’s industrial pole. Two alternative sites were analysed southwards of the road: a first one located in a flatter area than the initial site and without houses, although close to a school and a church, a second one at a bushland area (already modified), being the latter selected due to less social negative impacts. Additional information on the project can be found on the 2015 EIA and 2019 Addendum reports. In addition, the project design includes lightning arrestors: aircraft signalling, bird diverters and vibrations dampers. Temporary Works Infrastructure:

Access Roads: Due to the proximity to other power lines (particularly in Huambo), and as the corridor is running in close vicinity of main provincial roads (from Huambo to Lubango), it is expected that existing access roads can be utilized. Few if any new access roads will be required which will be defined during the topographic survey. For existing access roads, the four-meter right of way will be cleared and access roads re-established/constructed. For new access roads the servitude will be respected and, once the works are finished, the access will be closed and affected areas restored to the original condition. Temporary Tower Laydown and Assembly Areas: An area of 25 x 25 meters on each site (an estimated 870 towers to be installed) will be demarcated as temporary tower laydown and assembly area along the 350 km from Huambo to Lubango. The tower structure will be assembled and erected on the ground indicated for it. The total area of clear ground to accommodate the footprint tower is 7 x 7 m (which will be equivalent to the permanent land take). Contractor Camps: At this stage the number of construction camps cannot be determined; however, due to the extension of the transmission line and nature of the project, at least three batches of approximately 115

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km will be assigned for the construction phase. Each batch will be assigned to a different construction company and each construction company will require 2 contractor camps. In addition to these six construction camps, two additional ones will be constructed, one where the Lubango substation will be built and another close to the Belém do Huambo substation to support the interconnection work. Land Take by the Towers Siting: The anticipated maximum area where temporary land restrictions for the Project will apply for the erection of the towers is 54 ha (approximately 543,750 m2) during the construction phase, reducing to a maximum permanent land take of 4 ha for the siting of the towers (approximately 42,630 m2) during the operational phase as land required for temporary tower site working areas are released. The maximum temporary land restrictions during the construction phase and the permanent land take during the operation phase for the towers are detailed in Table 3. Land Take by the Transmission Line Corridor: The anticipated maximum area where temporary land restrictions for the Project will apply is 2,100 ha (approximately 21 km2) for the line corridor during the construction phase, reducing to a maximum permanent land take of 1,575 ha (approximately 15.75 km2) line corridor during the operational phase as land required for permanent maintenance area of 22,5 m each side of the transmission line. The maximum temporary land restrictions during the construction phase and the permanent land take during the operation phase are detailed in Table 3. Table 3: Anticipated Maximum Land Restrictions and Land Take by the Project Land Take Restrictions / Land Component Unit Size Area Take Temporary land restrictions Temporary TL right-of-way (60 m wide) 350 km line length 2,100 ha Restrictions Temporary tower site working 870 tower sites. Average 54.38 ha Temporary Land Take area (25x25m) 25x25 m per site Lubango substation 62,000 m2 6 ha Temporary Land Take Total 2,106 ha Permanent land take 870 tower sites. Average Permanent tower footprint (7x7m) 4.26 ha Permanent Land Take 7x7 m per site Maintenance corridor (45 m wide) 350 km line length 1,575 ha Permanent Land Take Lubango substation 62,000 m2 6 ha Permanent Land Take Total 1,581 ha

During construction and operation of the transmission line, a number of restrictions based on safety-related requirements will apply to houses and other structures located inside the 60 m RoW. Approximately 150 structures have been identified throughout. However, the final number of structures to be removed will be confirmed once the topographic survey is conducted and route alignment is defined. The categorization of structures by types of structures (residential and non-residential) will be undertaken during the topographic survey.

Figure 3: Land restrictions associated with the project.

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The construction of the Project will result in short and long term socioeconomic impact including physical and economic displacement (including loss of several different types of socioeconomic assets and goods) of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and Project Affected Communities (PACs). Below the main impacts are described: Loss of Dwellings. Out of the 150 structures that will need to be removed, as stated above, it is expected that these will include residential structures, some of which may also be potential secondary residences as opposed to primary residences. Based on feedback collected during the Addendum stakeholder meetings, weekend houses belong to individuals residing in urban areas who use these houses on weekends to work the land. In addition, based on observation during the field survey, primary residences may also be classified into temporary and permanent structures. Zinc is the main material for temporary houses although it is also used for permanent housing in some settlements. Families live in zinc houses while they save money to buy better quality construction material to build their permanent houses. The permanent structures are closer to the cities such as Huambo and Caála or in the municipality headquarters. The displacement will consist in the removal of individual structures rather than clusters. As such, RNT will seek to replace the lost residential land plots within the same settlements (in-fill resettlement), as sobas and community representatives reported that alternative land is available in the affected settlements. Given that households can relocate within existing settlements they should be able to continue to access the same livelihood resources, and no related economic displacement impacts are expected. However, it is noted that there may be circumstances where households decide to move location or where vacant land might not be found due to the intensive agriculture in the area. Loss of Non-Residential Structures Loss of Ancillary Agricultural Infrastructure: The construction of the transmission line may also result in the displacement of agricultural farms and temporary ancillary structures on agricultural plots. These may include small poultry houses, fenced areas for cows and goats and small farming structures referred to as “casas de lavra”, which are small shacks used by farmers as shelters for animals and grain storage and are usually located next to farming land. Loss of Economic Structures and Related Livelihoods: In the event that factories are to be displaced, the owners and employees may experience a temporary loss of income and employment due to removal and relocation of these structures. Should the factories not be relocated close by, workers may lose their employment. Lack of employment opportunities is an issue throughout the socioeconomic study Area, so workers may struggle to find alternative employment. Similarly, the loss of a local market will affect those that use it as a location of trading, and also as a space for social interaction. Depreciation of Land and Property Values: Land in rural areas is mainly communal and falls under customary rights. This land is considered part of the “public” domain in which land ownership rights are not transferrable (“non-conferrable”) and therefore communal land cannot be sold. As such, impacts from changes to land values post construction will not apply to rural areas along the transmission line route. In contrast, changing land values in relation to peri-urban or urban land is more likely an issue as land in these areas may be rented or acquired through purchase. Potential impacts on the land values in peri-urban areas (e.g. Huambo and Caála) will be linked to the health and safety requirements restricting construction of new houses or buildings within the 60 m TL RoW. Peri-urban areas in the study area are mostly located in the municipalities of Huambo and Caála (in Huambo Province) and municipalities of Caluquembe and Caconda (in Huila Province) where residential housing has been identified. Access to land in these areas is mostly dependent on the land market as there is very limited vacant land, particularly close the road and main settlements. Building and development in these areas will be restricted which may affect long-term urban development planning at the municipality level (including the satellite cities planned for Huambo). In the immediate future, building restrictions will affect local landowners in these municipalities as the value of their land might decrease. Residential areas inside the 60 m RoW represent approximately 13.5 ha of the total area inside the RoW (120 traditional houses made of clay bricks and zinc Executive Summary – RAP of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 15

roof and occupying approximately 75 m2 each and 30 conventional houses made occupying approximately 105 m2 each). Residential land in peri-urban areas represents an even smaller area. Loss of Agricultural Land: About 60% of the 350 km transmission line will pass close to settlements and through agricultural areas resulting in the loss of access to agricultural land as follows:  Permanent loss of access to the 45 m protection zone (1,575 ha) of which approximately 60% (945 ha) is used for agriculture.  Temporary loss of access to the 870 temporary tower sites working areas of 25 x 25 m (54 ha) during construction.  After construction the areas outside the permanent tower footprint areas (average 7x7 m per tower) will be reinstated, with a permanent loss of access 4 ha of land. The number of agricultural plots and households that will be affected cannot be determined at this stage due the complexity of land tenure and sharing practices. It is known that sometimes households share plots and partial plots may be affected. It is also noted that some households may only lose partial plots, but the residual plot remaining may not be viable. This is to be confirmed during the topographic survey and route alignment. Loss of Crops and Trees: The loss of access to land associated with the 60 m TL footprint corridor, temporary tower working areas, and maintenance corridor, will result in the loss of permanent crops (such as fruit and eucalyptus and pine trees, maize, beans, cassava fields) and also seasonal crops if households are not given the opportunity to harvest before land clearance for construction. The permanent loss of seasonal crops inside the 60 m right-of-way which is less than 60% (1,260 ha) of the agricultural land available in the Study Area. Agricultural land (both trees and crops) inside the TL footprint corridor represents approximately 10% (126 ha) of the agricultural land inside the Study Area, the area with crop trees will significantly smaller. The loss of seasonal crops inside the temporary tower sites working areas during construction, estimated to be approximately 54 ha of the agricultural land in Study Area. Seasonal crops: The main crops cultivated in the Study Area include maize, potato, beans and cassava, etc. Other crops also include fruits and vegetables such as tomatoes, onions, aubergines, carrots, pumpkins and peppers. The loss of seasonal agricultural production for the establishment of the temporary tower sites working areas within the 60 m TL RoW will be temporary over a period of 30 months, while the loss will be permanent for seasonal crops located inside the footprint of the 8 m maintenance road. This corresponds to a temporary loss of access to 280 ha of land for seasonal crops during construction and a permanent loss of 2,100 ha during operations. Cultivation of seasonal crops will be otherwise allowed in the 60 m footprint corridor (but not in the 45 m protection zone), outside the tower sites working areas, and after mine clearance. Land productivity may take time to fully re-establish and seasonal crops may take three to six months to reach maturity depending on the crop. This means that once the land is reinstated after the construction phase, land users may not experience an immediate return to their initial levels of productivity and income generation. Water scarcity in the region should also be seen as an obstacle for the re-establishment of agriculture. Crop trees: Crop trees found in the Study Area include fruit trees (mango, banana and papaya) and to a lesser extent, cashew trees. Other fruit trees include orange, lime and tangerine. The loss of crop trees due to the establishment of the temporary tower sites working areas will be temporary. It is currently assumed that there will be permanent loss of trees within the 20 m TL footprint corridor (including the 8 m maintenance road) as well as the permanent tower footprint areas. Loss of Access to Communal Natural Resources: Along the TL corridor the vegetation is very modified and even degraded, especially in the northern section (Huambo Province). Large areas are without any woodland or bushland due to high anthropogenic pressure (agriculture, livestock, logging, firewood collection and charcoal production) while grass coverage is highly degraded by overgrazing. Scattered patches of bushland and vegetation regeneration can be observed, mainly in areas far from the road and human settlements. From Caluquembe southwards some woodland patches can be found, mainly in scattered mountains, such as N’gola Executive Summary – RAP of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 16

Mountain, where the woodland is almost in a natural state, with very few human interferences. When approaching the city of Lubango, the vegetation becomes again more modified. There is a trend of continued degradation due to the strong pressure for coal production and unsustainable agricultural practices. The level of miombo woodland domain clearance as well as some other mixed vegetation (including the eucalyptus and pine plantation) required inside the 45 m TL footprint corridor will vary between municipalities, but in total approximately 210 ha (i.e. 20% of the footprint corridor) will be cleared permanently. In addition, all trees inside the 25x25m temporary tower sites working areas during construction will need to be cleared, which corresponds to approximately 54 ha (some of which overlaps with the footprint corridor). Some households may lose access to some grazing areas for farm animals during construction due to the establishment of the maintenance road, tower sites working areas and access roads. However, animal grazing is usually undertaken over a wide area; therefore, farmers with restricted access will be able to find alternative land. Many households in the study rea collect firewood and charcoal, both used as important sources of energy and in some cases as an additional source of income. The harvesting of baobab fruits is also widely practiced both for self-consumption and for commercialization, particularly in the Huambo municipalities. Some bush meat hunting is also performed as a complementary source of food for household consumption but is in decline. Baobab trees specifically are very common and spread out throughout the Study Area. Baobab trees are not planted by anyone and therefore do not belong to a specific person or household unless they are located within a demarcated area assigned by the soba to a particular household for cultivation, or within private property land as it may be the case in urban and peri-urban areas. However, baobab trees located on cultivated land parcels are not very common as it takes up too much space on a small parcel. Impacts to Social Resources Loss of Community Cohesion: As the assessment process to date has identified that there most likely is sufficient replacement land available in the settlements to undertake an ‘in-fill’ resettlement, those requiring physical relocation should be able to maintain their existing social ties. However, effective stakeholder engagement and appropriate house design will be required so as to not impact on social cohesion and create sentiments of unfair treatment. Loss of Access to Infrastructure and Services: There are no communal buildings, schools, health facilities or places of worship in the TL 60 m RoW, and thus access to the existing facilities will not be impacted. However, there are a few of these infrastructures in the close proximity of the corridor, which will be confirmed in the context of the topographic survey. Loss of Access to Cultural Heritage Resources: It is expected that existing access tracks will be utilized during construction, with few new access roads required particularly when the transmission line route is away from the National Road. Disturbance of access to cultural resources identified in the vicinity of the TL RoW is expected to be limited, and restored for the operational phase. This will be confirmed during the topographic survey. RNT will engage with communities to identify and resolve any access concerns and operate a ‘chance find’ procedure whereby work will be suspended if a new site is identified during construction until appropriate management measures have been determined. Level of Displacement Impact at a Household Level: Each affected household will have an individual set of circumstances that will determine the level of impact experienced from physical and/or economic displacement. While the specific understanding related to economically displaced households is yet to be determined, this information will be collected through the asset inventory and household survey during the RAP and will serve as a basis to better understand the likely level of impact at a household level.

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LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR RESETTLEMENT The Project livelihood restoration process will adhere to the legislative requirements of Angola and the African Development Bank (AfDB) Integrated Safeguards System. This section provides the legal background and legislative process in Angola with respect to land acquisition, resettlement and livelihood restoration, and a comparison with relevant international good practice. Excluding regulations that are administrative in nature, the most relevant legislative requirements related to land acquisition and livelihood restoration and resettlement relevant to this Project include:  Constitution of the Republic of Angola, 2010: defines that land is originally State property and can be transferred to individuals or legal persons, for their rational and effective use. This shall not prejudice the possibility of expropriation for public use, with fair compensation in accordance with the law as per relevant legislation  Decree No. 58/07, General Regulation Land Concession (“Regulamento Geral de Concessão de Terrenos”), 2007: Establishes the legal framework for the concession of free lands within Angola. It does not apply for private property lands.  Expropriation Law No. 2.030 (“Lei das Expropriações”), June 22, 1948: states that immovable assets and related rights may be expropriated for public utility purposes as set out in this law and through payment of fair compensation.  Law No. 9/04 Land Law (“Lei de Terras”), 2004: establishes fundamental land rights principles.  Presidential Decree No. 117/16 Regulation for Resettlement Operations, (“Regulamento de Operações de Realojamento”), 2016: regulates and approves resettlement operations in the process of relocation of a group of people living in a given territory, households, residing in areas of requalification and urban reconversion, in accordance with the principles governing the Public Administration, ensuring the continuation of the public interest and the protection of the rights and interests of citizens.  Law No. 3/04 for the Spatial Planing and Urbanism (“Lei do Ordenamento do Território e do Urbanismo”), 2004: establishes the instruments for urban and rural territorial space management.  Decree No. 43.894 Regulation for the Occupation and Concession of Land. (“Regulamento da Ocupação e Concessão de Terrenos nas Províncias Ultramarinas”), 1961: Indicates that in case of expropriation the landowner should be informed six months in advance  Decree No. 41/04 Regulation for the Licensing and Security of Electric Facilities (“Regulamento para o Licenciamento e Segurança de Instalaçoes eléctricas”), 2004: the law requires the project proponent to compensate the owners, tenants and beneficial owners whenever the establishment of power lines results in losses.  Decree No. 46 847 Regulation of the Protection of High Voltage Transmission Lines (“Regulamento de Protecção das Linhas de Transmissão de Alta Voltagem”), 1966: regulates safety and security of high voltage transmission lines. Institutional Responsibilities in Government Law No. 13/2016 (Basic Law of Administrative Territorial Organization), Law No. 14/2016 (Framework Law of Toponymy) and Law No. 16/2016 (Lei de Bases da Organização Administrativa do Território) provide information on organizational roles and responsibilities for administering land, including the need to consult with traditional leaders and the rights for information provision. The authorities responsible for authorizing the transmission or constitution of land rights will vary according to the land category, land rights affected and the size of the area to concede. For the project, it is considered likely that responsibility may remain with municipal and communal authorities and local Sobas. However, this should be confirmed with RNT and the municipal and provincial authorities. In some instances, depending on the size and scope of the Project, Municipal Commissions (Comissão Municipal) may be established at the municipality level to support the Project in coordinating engagement Executive Summary – RAP of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 18

activities and the land acquisition and compensation process with traditional leadership and local communities. The municipal commission is composed of the commune administrators, first rank sobas, and municipal technicians or specialists in land issues. The establishment of such commissions is a prerogative of the municipal administration. Land Acquisition and Resettlement Process in Angola Land concession in Angola is governed by two processes: one is the formal land concession process documented in the Land Legislation (Law No. 9/04) and Land Concession Regulation (Decree No. 58/07), which generally applies to land with private property, or surface rights (regardless of land size). The other is the informal process, which is undocumented, and applies primarily where acquisition involves parcels of land held with customary land rights or useful civil domain rights. The informal process is generally administered by the sobas or commune with support from the municipality as needed. In the context of the Project, both the formal and informal processes will apply, with the formal process likely to apply mainly in urban and periurban areas, and where businesses are affected. The rights to the land will be confirmed through the topographic and asset inventory processes. The formal land concession process starts with the submission of the request by the interested party and is followed by community disclosure and consultation and the provisional demarcation of the land, consideration of the application and approval/rejection, followed by the definitive demarcation, after which a concession contract is usually signed and the concession title granted. The final step is the registration of the right in the land registry. The informal process follows very similar steps, the main difference is who administers the process. In the case of the formal process, it is administered primarily by the Municipal administration in collaboration with the soba; whereas the informal process is administered mainly by the soba himself. Compensation Process According to the Expropriation Law, “immovable assets and related rights may be expropriated for public utility purposes through payment of fair compensation”. Fair compensation shall be determined based on the actual value of the expropriated property as determined by a specialised land valuator, always calculated assuming the value of “perfect property” or “perfect ownership” and including any additional related prejudice or costs. In the event that rights other than the right of “perfect ownership” are expropriated, compensation shall be determined for the prejudice and losses resulting from the deprivation of such rights. The capital gain resulting from public works or improvements, or any other circumstance initiated by the affected person or third party after the declaration of the expropriation for public utility, shall not be taken into consideration. The declaration is always published in the government gazette or Diário do Governo. In fact, the “cut-off” date for compensation is established as soon as the parties are informed that the Project has been approved and is going forward (that is, final demarcation). Compensation is paid for crops and trees and physical structures. Compensation rates for loss of agricultural crops, and trees are established by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. As for land, compensation for loss of land rights only occurs in the case that affected people have a land ownership title, either as a result of a private ownership right or surface right. In this case, compensation is paid for permanent land take; compensation for temporary loss of access is not considered in the law. Decree n.º 58/07 (Land Concession Expropriation) also states that the expropriating entity may alternatively concede to the expropriated party a parcel of land in the same judicial situation, appropriate similar use. Compensation in cash or in kind is generally subject to negotiation and agreement between the expropriating entity and the affected party. In the case of land used under customary rights or useful civil domain rights, individuals do not have formal land titles. As such, these individuals may not be entitled to compensation for the loss of land rights or access to land. Instead, alternative land is usually assigned to the affected households. If land is available within the community, the soba will decide on the reallocation. In the absence of available land, the municipal administration may intervene in deciding which alternative land to provide. It should be noted however that the

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legislation is not clear on compensation for the loss of customary land rights; the issue is therefore open to negotiation.

Physical Resettlement Process The steps of the physical resettlement process as per Decree No. 117/16 consist mainly in 1) presenting the authorisation request to the provincial authorities; 2) carrying an assessment phase where the municipal administration conducts a site visit and property evaluation in collaboration with the expropriating entity and the soba of the affected communities; 3) granting of the authorization by the provincial authorities based on the findings of the assessment; 4) provision of compensation and physical resettlement; and finally 5) the demolition of the structures. All the costs associated with the physical resettlement of affected households are borne by the Project proponent, including the cost of building new properties on alternative land. The building of new houses has to take into consideration the distance to and from schools, health centres, etc. The size and number of replacement housing required for each household is determined based on the household size and property type. According to Presidential Decree No. 117/16, the expropriation entity (i.e. the municipal administration or provincial government) may also provide a financial compensation to the household as an alternative to a new property. In the context of this Project, RNT is responsible for payment of the compensation. A gap analysis was undertaken between national requirements and African Development Bank (OS2) requirements, which led to the development of mitigation strategies for land access, resettlement and livelihood improvements. The analysis of the discrepancies between the OS2 requirements and national regulations show that Angolan legislation is still very limited in many of the aspects related to resettlement and improving the livelihoods of project affected persons. Below the main gaps identified:  The applicable laws do not require action to avoid or minimize physical and/or economic displacement.  No explicit requirement for a project design mechanism to avoid or minimize physical and/or economic displacement and for paying attention to poor and vulnerable.  The applicable laws make no provision for use of dedicated planning tools such as a Resettlement Actin Plan or Livelihood Restoration Plan for managing land acquisition and resettlement issues/impacts.  No requirement to compensate transaction costs are provided. No guidance on resettlement/livelihood options and alternatives are available in the national legislation.  The national legislation only refers to the need of fair compensation to the affected communities. Other than stating that compensation should be paid when land is expropriated in the public interest, the current legislation does not expand on issues related to compensation, in terms of the principles, forms, eligibility, valuation, adequacy, procedures, timing and responsibilities.  The applicable laws focus, primarily, on land and land-based features such as crops and structures. It does not consider loss of access or impeded access to common property or natural resources that contribute to maintaining livelihood status.  There is no specific information on how to manage person who invades the area after the cut-off date.  Presidential Decree no. 117/16 on Regulation of Resettlement Operations provides procedures for physical displacement and general requirements for sites selection. However, no clear provision in applicable laws for timing and for payment of moving allowances. No provision is made for security of tenure at resettlement sites. The divergences are in relation to the following aspects:  Avoidance or minimization of resettlement: not considered by law, but required by OS2;  Illegal occupants and tenants: not eligible for compensation by legislation while OS2 advocates for resettlement assistance;

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 Replacement while OS2 requires the adoption of the market value and full replacement costs and national legislation presents some unfair compensation rates;  Livelihood improvement: it is implicit that people should get the same level they had before implementation while OS2 requires livelihood improvements (higher threshold), particularly for women and vulnerable people.  Economic impacts: the value of the infrastructure and for the loss of income for a period that it takes for the reconstruction of the affected structure. OS2 specifically requires compensation for economic impacts and linked to improved livelihoods.

COMPENSATION PLAN The eligibility criteria and the method of determining losses and their compensation consider the applicable regulations in Angola as well as AfDB’s principles as per the ISS. All households, groups or communities with structures and/or assets, who legally make use of land within the RoW, or who live or depend on the resources in the ROW for subsistence, will be compensated or assisted. National legislation defines two primary forms of land rights applicable to the Project: (i) private property rights (urban land); and (ii) customary rights (i.e. rural community land). Both types of rights are legally recognised, but individuals or households with customary land rights are not entitled to any compensation in cash for the loss of access to the land they occupy. Rather, customary land owners are provided with alternative land. All land users losing crops or trees due to the Project are eligible for compensation for the loss of crops and trees. Similarly, owners (customary or private right holders) of residential structures are also eligible for the provision of replacement housing or alternatively for compensation in cash. In addition to customary right holders and private property right holders, individuals or households residing on and/or cultivating land for which they do not hold any customary rights or legal property rights, are not formally recognised as right holders under Angolan law. In practice however, it is understood that they are compensated in the same way as customary right holders, i.e. alternative land and compensation in cash for the loss of assets. Compensation for resettlement of physical households will be managed through two broad categories, namely structures of less than 45 m and those between 45 and 60 m. All other assets such as crops and trees as well as public infrastructure, burial sites and other sites of socio-cultural importance, will be compensated in accordance with the guidelines outlined in Table 4. Livelihood activities will be restored and transitional hardships/disturbance fees will also be provided as further described below.

Table 4. Proposed compensation methodology.

Loss Category Type of Assistance / Compensation Loss of Houses Households with houses with a size smaller than 75 m2. Replacement with Compensation must main house with 3 rooms per household, one exterior kitchen and one exterior be in kind with two bathroom and toilet. The area of the three structures must add up to a minimum approaches to be of 75 m2. adopted for houses Households with a size larger than 75 m2. Compensation will be cash at the full which are smaller market replacement value of the structure, allowing the affected PAP to than 75 m2 and construct the same structure in a different place. An option of standard those that are larger replacement structure plus monetary compensation for the difference in value with a house with a may be offered to the affected PAP. minimum of 75 m2, Auxiliary Structure. Loss (partial or total) of auxiliary structures such as lavra built in a plot of houses, will be compensated in kind whenever possible. When not possible, the 30x20 m in peri auxiliary structure must be compensated for monetarily at full replacement urban areas cost.

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Loss Category Type of Assistance / Compensation and 1 ha in rural Structure under construction. Loss (partial or total) of structures under areas. construction will be compensated monetarily at the full market replacement value of the structure, allowing the PAP to construct the same structure on a different plot of land. The loss of standing crops (agricultural products) during the agricultural season Loss of crops will be compensated with monetary compensation (see Table 6-3 and 6-4) Loss of Trees with Economic Value Monetary compensation based on the production potential and type of trees. (Fruit Trees and Native Trees) Compensation in kind and in cash when it is not possible at the full Loss of Business replacement value. Loss of income during any transitional period should also Activities be compensated. Compensation in kind. When not possible, cash compensation, including value Religious temples of the structure and the land. Sacred Places Negotiated costs for spiritual rituals to transfer a sacred site to a new location. Cemeteries and Cost for exhumation and translation of remains. Cost for traditional ceremonies Graveyards also covered by project proponent.

Cut-off date: the purpose of the cut-off date is to avoid speculative claims within the project area by persons seeking for compensation. People moving into the project area, after the cut-off date will not be entitled to assistance. Improvements made to homes or other structures by existing residents after the cut-off date are also not eligible for compensation4. According to Angolan legislation, the cut-off date for eligibility is established after the declaration of the expropriation for public utility, i.e. after the expropriation approval has been made public and affected parties informed. After this date any circumstance initiated by the affected person is not taken into consideration and therefore not eligible for compensation. To align with international requirements and international best practice, the project will establish the cut-off date for eligibility as the last day of the socio-economic surveys in the context of RAP implementation.5 Eligible Groups According with the socio-economic studies undertaken as part of the Addendum report, there are twelve categories of affected individuals who will be exposed to losses as a consequence of the Project’s land acquisition process, and thus will be eligible for compensation and/or other resettlement assistance. Table 5 presents the categories of project affected persons that are currently known to exist in the study area and the eligibility conditions. Additional groups may be identified during the asset inventory and census, and these will be included in the RAP Annexes to be developed. In some cases, one household may fall into more than one category either because one or more individuals in the households suffer more than one loss. For instance, a household member may: (i) be a house owner with customary ownership rights over the residential plot; (ii) hold customary rights over a plot of agricultural land; and (iii) cultivate crops on a land. Accordingly, they would fall into three categories: (i) House Owner with Customary Land Right; (ii) Agricultural Land Owner with Customary Land Right; and (i) Crop Cultivator. Table 5: Categories of Affected People.

4 If there is a significant time lag between the completion of the socio-economic census and implementation of the RAP, provisions will need to be made for population movements as well as natural population increase and expansion of households, which may include a repeat census. 5 The Project will accommodate individuals or groups who were not present at the time of registration but have a legitimate claim to membership in the affected communities. Executive Summary – RAP of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 22

Primary Secondary Category Description Category Members of this group currently live in a house located inside the 45 m footprint corridor and are holders of useful Category 1 customary rights to the residential plot. These households House Owner with live in rural areas where the land is primarily held under Customary Rights the customary land rights regime. Some of these owners (Rural Community will lose their primary place of residence while others will Land) lose secondary residences (i.e. weekend houses or quintas).

Members of this group currently live in a house located inside the 45 m footprint corridor and are holders of Category 2 private property rights for the land and/or property itself, House Owner with meaning they hold a legal title deed. These household live Private Property primarily in urban areas and sometimes in peri-urban areas Rights closer to urban centres. Some of these owners will lose

House Owners House their primary place of residence while others will lose secondary residences (i.e. weekend houses or quintas). Members of this group currently live in a house located Category 3 inside the 45 m footprint corridor and do not hold any House Owner on customary rights or private property rights to the State Land of the residential plot. These households may be found primarily Public domain with in periurban areas. Some of these owners will lose their no legally recognised primary place of residence while others will lose rights secondary residences (i.e. weekend houses or quintas). Members of this group are recognised by the community Category 4 leaders (soba) as holding a useful customary right over the Land Owner with affected agricultural land within the TL RoW. This right is Customary Right granted directly by the soba, who is responsible for (Rural Community safeguarding land in the greater interest of the people and Land) allocates land directly to households and individuals.

Members of this group hold private property rights for the Category 5 affected land inside the TL RoW, meaning they hold a Landowner with legal title deed for the land. These private property Private Property landowners may potentially reside outside of the TL RoW Right and will be identified accordingly during RAP Land Owners implementation. Category 6 Land User on State Members of this group not hold any customary rights or Land of the Public private property rights for the affected land inside the TL Domain with no RoW. legally recognised rights Category 7 Members of this group cultivate crops/trees on the plot(s) Crop / Tree

along the TL RoW. They may solely use, or share usage Cultivator with or of the plot, which they may recognise, or not recognise as without legally their own. recognised rights This group refers to the households that use land for which Category 8 (Land Users) they have no ownership right to grow crops, generally Crop / Tree using plots in different areas that have the characteristics Farmers / Cultivators / Cultivators Farmers Cultivator under required for each type of crop. This practice is often

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Primary Secondary Category Description Category Sharecropping encouraged by the sobas. When shared, the parcel Agreement continues to be ‘owned’ only by the household that was previously defined by the soba as right holder; shared use does not imply shared customary ownership. Members of this group own livestock that they use mainly Category 9 for subsistence. Animal husbandry along the surveyed Owners of Other settlements consists mainly of chicken, goats, pork and (Non-Residential) cows. Most families in rural areas have animals that can Moveable Assets free to roam around settlements.

Category 10 Members of this group are individuals who have built

- Owners of Other structures (e.g. fences, walls, warehouses, casas de lavra, (Non-Residential) etc). Physical Assets Members of this group are owners of businesses such as sidential sidential Category 11 re work camps, warehouses, concrete plants that are located Owners of Affected Owner of Non Owner inside the 45 m TL footprint corridor and that will need to

Immoveable Assets Immoveable Economic Structures be removed for the construction of the line.

Category 12 Employees of Members of this group are the employees of the businesses Affected Economic located inside the 20 m TL footprint that will need to be Structures removed for the construction of the line.

Economic Economic Structures

Employees Employees of Affected of Affected

7.5 Valuation of Assets and Determination of Compensation This section provides an overview of the approach used to value assets and resources that will be lost due to the project. Each asset type is described, providing the Angolan legislation approach and any adjustments or top- ups that are required to meet international good practice standards and ensure that the asset is adequately replaced or that compensation received is equivalent to the full replacement value of assets lost.

Crops and Trees As per national legislation, compensation for crops and economic trees is based on the compensation rates established by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The latest crop rates available were established in 2018, but a 2015 version provides more detailed crop rates, taking into account crop maturity and size. Below some examples from the 2018 rates. These rates are understood to be calculated using current market rates with values provided in US Dollars per hectare of crop. (see table 6) Table 6: Government Compensation Rates for Crops and Trees (2018)6 Culture / Production Price Production Price No. No. Culture / Tree Tree (USD/hectare) (USD/hectare) 1 Corn 424.4 8 Mango Tree 477.3 2 Bean 296.4 9 Papaya Tree 447.2 3 Cassava 375.6 10 Banana Tree 447.2 4 Potatoes 449.9 11 Orange Tree 467.6 5 Eggplant 388.8 12 Lemon Tree 451.9 6 Tomato 377.1 13 Pineapple Plant 436.1

6 Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Ministério da Agricultura e Florestas), 2018 Executive Summary – RAP of the Huambo-Lubango 400 kV Transmission Line 24

Culture / Production Price Production Price No. No. Culture / Tree Tree (USD/hectare) (USD/hectare) 7 Pepper 387.3 14 Avocado Tree 450.1

Physical Structures Physical structures that will need to be moved and compensated for include residential structures, non- residential ancillary structures associated with agricultural livelihoods (such as small farms or casas de lavras), and non-residential economic structures such as cement factories and markets. The Angolan Expropriation Law (Law No. 2.030) states that fair compensation shall be determined based on the actual value of the expropriated property as determined by a specialised land valuator and including any additional related prejudice or costs. As stated previously, any capital gains resulting from improvements made in the last five years or after the declaration of the expropriation for public utility (i.e. cut-off date) is not taken into consideration. Specifically, in the context of residential structures and the physical resettlement of households, the cost of constructing replacement properties on alternative land further away from the 45 m TL footprint corridor is borne by RNT. The size and number of replacement housing required for each household is determined based on the household size and property type (assuming two persons per room) as shown in Table 7. When there are no property types for the household composition, particularly for larger households, the affected household may receive two houses instead of one. Table 7: Classification of Replacement Housing7

Household composition Property Type (number of people) (Number of rooms) 2-3 T2 4-6 T3 6-7 T4 8 or more T5

According to Presidential Decree No. 117/16, financial compensation may also be provided as an alternative to new structures. For residential structures, financial compensation will be calculated by local valuation experts based on the type of property, also taking into account the construction value by square meter (cost of construction) as well as additional costs after negotiation with the property owner. It is assumed that the same approach also applies to non-residential structures. The preferred option for this Project, and in line with AfDB requirements is compensation in kind, providing support to provide with fit-for-purpose replacement housing and structures. On urban land, security of tenure (i.e. land property titles) will also be provided. RNT will support households through an assisted self-build process, whereby households will be supported to identify housing construction contractors, to sign off the housing design and ensure building quality. RNT will release funds based on stages of construction. In kind-compensation for residential housing will be strongly preferred by RNT, whilst compensation for non- residential structures in cash will be provided as an option. However, even for residential structures, there may be situations when cash compensation is more appropriate. A household wishing to receive cash will need to demonstrate that they have an alternative residential property or that they will benefit from moving away from

7 Presidential Decree 117/16 on Regulation of Resettlement Operations (“Regulamento de Operações de Realojamento”).

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the settlement (e.g. for work purposes) and that they have the capability to provide an alternative home for their household at the alternative location. In the event that some affected households opt for the compensation in cash, RNT will provide compensation for both residential and non-residential structures at full replacement cost (without taking depreciation into account). This takes into consideration the following:  The market value of the structure based on the valuation of a certified valuation expert. This should also cover the cost and time required for building replacement structures on alternative land (including cost of materials and labour costs).  Transaction cost associated with acquiring and registering alternative property. This is mostly applicable for non-residential structures such as factories.  Disturbance allowance for ‘disturbance’ or any other matter not directly based on the loss considered.  Loss of associated income resulting from the physical relocation of non-residential economic structures such as factories and markets.

Land In Angola, land values per square metres varies according to location and are determined by the municipal administration in conjunction with the Ministry of Urbanism and Housing. In some areas the value is set at 3 USD/m2 (mainly in rural areas) while in other areas it may reach up to 30 USD/m2 (in peri-urban areas). Compensation for loss of land rights is only legally required in the case that affected people are legal landowners with ownership titles (i.e. private property right or lease right holders). Private property right holders also negotiate to receive a parcel of land for similar use (e.g. in the case of a loss of surface right lease). The choice of compensation is decided through negotiation between the expropriating entity and with the affected household. In contrast, individuals in rural communities are customary right holders who do not have formal land titles, as they have not paid any surface rights for the land they use or reside on. As such, these individuals are not entitled to monetary compensation for the loss of land rights or access to land as per Angolan law. Instead, alternative land is usually assigned to the affected households. It should be noted however that as the legislation is not fully clear on compensation for the loss of customary land rights, the issue is therefore open to negotiation. As for individuals or households who do not hold any customary rights or private property rights for the land they reside on or cultivate, practice as per national legislation is to compensate them the same way as customary right holders through provision of alternative land. In accordance with AfDB’s ISS requirements, and considering the importance of land for subsistence and income generation, the preferred option is to provide for fit-for-purpose alternative land that has a combination of productive potential, locational advantages, and other factors at least equivalent to that being lost. For rural land under customary ownership, should there be any cases where fit-for-purpose alternative land is not available, RNT will need to work individually with the affected household to develop a specific livelihood restoration plan. For peri-urban land, compensation in cash households will have the option of selecting cash compensation where they can demonstrate that their livelihoods will not be impacted by the loss of land. In this case, compensation in cash for the permanent loss of land will be provided which will include a disturbance allowance in accordance with international best practice. In addition to compensation in kind or in cash for loss of land, crops and trees, and physical structures, good practice requires that affected households are also provided with a ‘disturbance’ allowance. This is not considered within Angolan Law but the purpose of this allowance is to compensate affected households for the inconvenience associated with resettlement and defray the expenses of a transition to a new locale, such as lost work days

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For commercial structures such as factories and markets, a disturbance allowance will be paid to the owner of businesses consisting of six months lost profit based on a review of financial statements or other financial accounting. For employees of business that are relocated, they will be paid a disturbance allowance of six months lost earnings. This relatively long duration has been applied due to the paucity of income earning opportunities in the Study Area. Reestablishment of agricultural production on a new land plot after displacement requires land clearing, planting, digging holes, fertilizing, plugging etc. Labour costs should be part of the compensation package. All households needing to utilise new plots of land will be paid a disturbance allowance to cover labour and potential rental of a tractor.

Communal Resources Many households in the Study Area collect firewood and charcoal, both used as important sources of energy and in some cases as an additional source of income. In practice, communal resources are normally compensated for as part of a communal compensation package which usually consists of a nursery or tree planting campaign for the community. Common practice is to provide communal compensation in the form of support for the development of a nursery or a replanting initiative. If affected communities consider these losses important and present any related concerns during the RAP socioeconomic surveys, RNT will commit to replacing the lost trees and providing support for them to mature.

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES RNT will have the overall responsibility for the RAP development and implementation although, it will be required the engagement of several stakeholders in order to achieve an efficient implementation mechanism, inclusive and participatory. The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) to be embedded in RNT will have a major role in all this process. Table 8 presents the entities that will be involved, identifying its roles and responsibilities.

Table 8: Implementation Team Roles and Responsibilities.

Entity Role Responsibility  Coordinate, manage, supervise and fund the update and implementation of the RAP;  Procure all goods and services needed for implementation of the RAP;  Participate in all resettlement public participation process activities at provincial level;  Interact with government authorities, including as needed to ensure the delivery of land (including issuance of title deeds) for the PAPs;  Participate, whenever convened, in the meetings of the Provincial and Municipal RNT-PIU Proponent Resettlement Coordination Groups;  Pay the agreed compensations and the cost of providing all in-kind compensation and assistance;  Facilitate the monitoring and evaluation actions of the physical resettlement implementation process by the monitoring commissions and committees;  Manage of the grievance mechanism;  Monitor and evaluate the implementation of the resettlement process. Independent RAP Updating &  Update the RAP; Entity Implementation  Promote and conduct all resettlement public participation process activities at (to be provincial and municipal level, in articulation with RNT;

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Entity Role Responsibility contracted  Organize and supervise on behalf of RNT the process of identifying and allocating by RNT) alternative sites for farm plots and clearing land;  Supervise the construction of new structures;  Facilitate the signing of the compensation agreements;  Organize the compensation payments;  Facilitate the physical resettlement of affected families, assisting with the transfer of property to the new house prior to initiation of construction activities;  Implement the proposed livelihood restoration plan;  Monitor and following up of all resettled families verifying with them their participation in activities that promote their rapid recuperation of livelihoods and reestablishment of social networks.  Monitor the use of grievance channels and assisting affected and host families to make effective use of them.

Provincial  Validate the resettlement plan; Resettlement RAP Validation &  Coordinate and promote the active involvement of municipal administrations in the Coordination Monitoring encroachment activities and RAP implementation; Group  Participate in the external mediation of grievances.  Promote the involvement of comunas’ administrators and other local and traditional authorities in the RAP implementation  Participate in public participation process activities Municipal Resettlement  Participate in the inventory and valuation of assets RAP Monitoring Coordination  Facilitate the identification of replacement land Group  Issue ownership documents in relation to the replacement housing and farmland;  Participate in the external mediation of grievances  Monitor the implementation of livelihood restoration activities Local authorities Representatives of  Participate in all resettlement process activities in the communities & leaders of affected communities  Inform the communities about the resettlement process affected communities  Ensure that all PAP take part in the census and asset survey

ARBITRATION / GRIEVANCE MECHANISM According to Article 14 of the Expropriation Law, in the absence of an agreement, the compensation value shall be determined through arbitration made by three arbitrators: one appointed by the expropriating party, one by the expropriated party (affected party), and a third one by the relevant Municipal Court. In case that an agreement is not reached, the Land Law identifies three forms of conflict resolution mechanisms for land rights related conflicts:  Community justice: Traditional dispute settlement addressing disputes over community land in accordance with local customs of the communities. If the dispute is not resolved through this mechanism, it is then referred to mediation or conciliation in the courts.  Courts: Resolution through mediation or conciliation, where mediation involves the intervention of a third party mediating the resolution process and proposing recommendations and solutions, while conciliation involves a negotiation process with assistance of a third party responsible for helping the conflicting parties reach an agreement.

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 Arbitration court: Arbitrators acting as judges help resolve the conflict. Usually composed of three arbitrators representing each side and a third one representing the State. Grievance Redress Committees will be established at the municipalities affected by the Project. Their roles will be to act to resolve grievances that have not been closed out by the RAP implementor with RNT supervision. The permanent members of the GRC will include the Municipal Administrator or his/her representative (to be chairperson), an officer responsible for land issues, an officer responsible for Social Affairs and representatives from RNT and contractor. Co-opted members will include a settlement chairperson and one elder (both from the settlement/community to which a complainant belongs). The complainant will have the right to bring one other person to support him/her present his/her case to the GRC. Decisions will be reached by consensus. If a consensus cannot be reached a decision will be made by majority voting (excluding the chairperson). In the event of a tie then the chairperson’s casting vote is final. The RNT will determine how grievances can be submitted, which can include: • Locating grievance boxes in well-known and publicly accessible locations. Complainants can submit a written grievance; • Via designated RNT’ Contractor’s employees, such as the Community Liaison Officer (CLO), who are regularly in contact with local stakeholders- presented orally (for example during a stakeholder engagement event) or in writing; • Via email or via a dedicated website; and • By telephone/SMS to a dedicated telephone number (cell number). In its disclosure of the Grievance Mechanism RNT will explain the means to be used to submit a grievance and take immediate action to ensure that these means are in place and working. Once a grievance is received, it will be recorded and registered. Based on its significance and livelihood implication, each grievance will be assigned a categorization (low, medium or critical priority). Following assignment of a grievance to an appropriate RNT employee or team, an investigation will be conducted into the grievance, during which field investigation as well as consultation with the complainant and RNT representatives may be carried out. The assigned individual or team will work in collaboration with the Community Liaison Officer (CLO) to identify action(s) to resolve the grievance as appropriate. The CLO will communicate the outcome of the investigation to the complainant and request feedback on the proposed action to close out the grievance. All grievances must be responded to within five working days of being received, even if the response is just a summary of what is planned and when it is likely to be implemented, or an explanatory note clarifying why action is not required.

MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE EXECUTION The objectives of monitoring the land acquisition, compensation and resettlement process will be to:  To provide feedback on land acquisition, compensation and resettlement implementation in order to allow the timely adjustment of implementation arrangements; and  To demonstrate that the land acquisition, compensation and resettlement process is being managed in line with objectives and desired outcomes. The resettlement process will be monitored through:  An internal monitoring system undertaken by the Resettlement Implementation Team and reported to the RNT-PIU team, and reported to the Resettlement Coordination Groups (RCG);  An external monitoring system operated by an independent third party consisting of external audits.

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This section provides an introduction to the key elements of the monitoring plan that will be required. A detailed plan will be developed during the preparation phase of the resettlement. Performance monitoring is an internal management function to measure physical progress against milestones established in the RAP. Performance milestones for this Project might include:  Grievance redress procedures in place and functioning to an agreed timeframe;  RAP annexes prepared;  Compensation payments disbursed;  Replacement houses constructed;  Replacement land provided;  Livelihood restoration plans for vulnerable households in place;  Acquisition, compensation and resettlement activities completed; and  Identification of emerging issues and potential problems with need to be managed. Internal monitoring will be initiated during the Preparation Phase of the RAP and continue until the resettlement is deemed closed in accordance with a third-party closure audit. During this period, the intensity of the process will vary; during and immediately after the construction period, monitoring requirements will be higher (e.g. quarterly) than later in the process (e.g. six monthly). Monitoring reports will be required for internal purposes to ensure that the RAP finalisation and implementation is on track, to identify and resolve emerging issues and to provide status reports to external groups such as financing partners. Monitoring reports will be completed by the Resettlement Implementation team and provided to internal Project Management and also to the Resettlement Coordination Groups to review and discuss issues identified and corrective actions. When necessary the RCGs will refer issues raised to the Resettlement Review Committee, either for information or for decision-making as the need may be. Immediately after the construction period is finalised, a mid-term audit will be undertaken by an external third party. A close out audit will be undertaken once all resettlement measures have been completed to confirm that the resettlement activities have been implemented and that livelihoods have been restored. This will include a survey of a sample of the affected people (minimum 25% of affected people). The key objective of these external audits is to determine whether Project efforts to restore / improve the living standards and livelihoods of the affected people have fully executed and their objectives have been met.

BUDGET Key information required for budgeting purposes, such as the numbers of affected households, and value of affected assets are not known at this stage. However, this section provides a budget estimation based on a number of assumptions and experience. The total budget estimated for the RAP is USD 11,275,204. The resources for the implementation of the RAP and compensation are mobilized as part of the counterpart funding and will be borne by RNT. In the case where the budget results in a higher amount than the estimated in this document, RNT is responsible for covering the cost of resettlement. The EPC will be responsible for compensation / resettlement costs of any accidental damages on structures or farmlands resulting from construction activities.

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Table 9: Budget Components and Structure.

Item Estimate (USD) Estimate Assumptions Compensation and Assistance

Building Compensation . Assume that 20% are conventional houses (T3, between 150 to . Design and Supervision 150,000 300 m2) and the remaining are traditional houses (T3, smaller . Conventional Houses 1,575,000 than 75 m2). . Land Title in Periurban Areas 9,000 . Includes obtaining Land Title in periurban areas (USD . Traditional Houses 2,400,000 300/plot) and rural areas (USD 150/plot). . Land Title in Rural Areas 18,000 . Includes transport during relocation and demolition of . Transport During Relocation 30,000 buildings within the right-of-way. . Demolition of Structures 15,000 . Assumes land plot for conventional house to be 30 x 20 m. . Assumes land plot for traditional house to be 100 x 100 m. Agricultural Activities . Assume 60% (1260 ha) is agricultural (crops) of the 350km of . Crop Compensation excluding Trees 1,134,00 the TL along a corridor of 60 m. . Compensation for Fruit Trees 336,000 . Average compensation rate for annual crops (according to . Compensation for Eucalyptus and Pine 4,500 Government compensation rates) approximately USD 500/ha. Trees 126,000 . Assumes that 2,5 km x 60 m (15 ha) of eucalyptus and pine . Replacement of Agriculture Land Title 378,000 trees will be lost. . Land Preparation . Assumes cost for replacement of land title to be USD 100/plot of 1 ha each. . Assumes land preparation costs to be USD 300/plot of 1 ha each. Graves and Sacred Places . Graves 120,000 . Assumes 1 group of graves per municipality. . Sacred Places 30,000 . Assumes 1 group of sacred places per municipality. Subtotal 1 6,325,500

Full RAP and RAP implementation

. Preparation of Final RAP 500,000 . Assumes a lump sum for the preparation of the full RAP . Support to Vulnerable Families 316,275 including surveys. . Livelihood Restoration Activities 1,897,650 . Assumes of 5% of Subtotal 1 to support vulnerable families. . RAP Implementation 1,265,100 . Assumes of 30% of Subtotal 1 to support livelihood restoration activities. . Assumes of 20% of Subtotal 1 for the implementation of the RAP. Subtotal 2 3,479,025

Other items to include (to be determined) .. Mid-Term Audit 20,000 . External consultants . Close-out Audit 40,000 . External consultants Subtotal 3 Total (Subtotal 1 + 2) 3,479,025 . Contingencies 1,470,679 . Assumes of 15% of Total. GRAND TOTAL 11,275,204

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