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Predictability and role relations in Thai Songthama Intachakra Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University

Abstract Exchange of honorifics is regarded as an important linguistic phenomenon in Thai society. It serves to promote interpersonal harmony among interactants with different statuses, or between those speakers interacting in formal settings. As a matter of principle, conventionalised use of honorifics is more often than not encouraged. However in real-life conversation, speakers may not always avail themselves of these forms. Therefore, projecting accurately whether particular honorifics will be called for, and which positions in a conversational turn they might be employed, is a very difficult task. This paper reports on a study that makes inquiries into the idiosyncrasies of honorifics in Thai, drawing upon two sets of data from formal interactions. Parts of the findings are testimony to the fact that conventions of honorifics are not adhered to for various reasons, and that occurrences of honorifics mixed with other less formal speech styles are commonplace in many of the examples investigated. A working hypothesis I put forward is that: despite breaching traditional norms of honorifics, speakers indulging in dropping honorifics, or replacing them with otherwise conventional speech, do so within an allowable unit, which consists of language devices they are deemed appropriate to the institutional, and other (possible) role relations, they assume and negotiate with the hearer at the moment of speaking. Approaching how and why honorifics, and their informal alternatives, can co-exist in this way not only allows us to consider this practice from an objective perspective, but also to make sense of the management of the often dynamic, and overlapping, social relations through style mixing most typical among many younger generation Thais.

Keywords: honorifics, predictability, role relations,

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°¥µŠ¥n Šª·É ¥¦´ œÂ¨³‡œ¦»n œÄ®¤»n Ĝª—ªŠ˜n nµŠÇ) ¤„č´ ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝª· ™· š¸ ˜É¸ nµŠÅž‹µ„®¨„„µ¦´ š‡ª¦ÁžÉ¸ Ȝ ÁžÈœ˜œªo nµ µŠ„o ¨³È (drop) ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ˜· 宜nŠ °Š‡µ¡Î —š¼ ‡ª¦É¸ /­µ¤µ¦™ ž¦µ„’™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ŗ· o ®¦°Å¤º „n ­¨È ´ (switch) ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ „· ™´ °¥‡o µ°Î ɜǺ šÉ¸ nŠ°„ ¦³—„µ¦Ä®´ Á„o ¥¦˜¸ š· œÉ¸ o°¥Åž„ªµœn œ´Ê ²¨² ­µ®¦Î „µ¦«´ „¬µ‡¦¹ Šœ´Ê ʸ ŸÁ ¼o ¥œ¥¸ — ¹ °­o ŠÁ„˜š´ Á¡É¸ Š„¨·É nµªÅž µŠ˜o œœo ʸÁžÈœš˜É¸ Š´Ê Ĝ°œ—´ ´ ¦„ Ÿ¼Á o ¥œ‹³‡¸ œ®µ‡o 嘰Ä®„o ‡´ ε™µ¤‡°º “„µ¦Ä™o o°¥‡ÎµÄ®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ °ŠµªÅš¥Äœž· ‹‹´ »œ´ ÁžÈœÅž˜µ¤ÂÂŸœ/¦¦š—“µœš´ ¸Á‡¥¥É —™¹ °¤µÂ˜º n—ŠÁ—´Ê ¤°¥· nµŠÅ¦µŠo 1 ¦ª¤šŠ®µ„„µ¦Ä´Ê o ™o°¥‡ÎµÄ®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ š· É¡¤¸ ¨¸ „¬–³˜´ nµŠÅž‹µ„¦¦š—“µœš´ ɚ¦µÃ—¥š¸ ª„´É œœ´ ´œÊ „µ¦Ä™o o°¥‡Îµ Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ¨³¨· ¨µ£µ¬µÄœÂ°¸ ɜǺ ‹³¤¨¸ „¬–³°¥´ nµŠÅ¦µŠo ” ‹µ„œ´œŸÊ ¼Á o ¥œ‹³œ¸ ε °‡o œ¡o —Š„¨´ nµª¤µ°£ž¦µ¥Äœ¤· »¤¤°ŠÁ¦É°Š„µ¦‡µ—„µ¦–º rŗ o (predictability) ¨³‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ rÁŠ· šµš (role relation) Á¡É°­³šº °œªo ™· ž’¸ · ˜´ ¨³¤· »¤¤°Š °ŠŸÄ¼o £µ¬µÁ„o ¥ª„ɸ „µ¦Ä´ ™o °¥‡o µÎ Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ¨³„µ¦‹· —„µ¦‡ªµ¤­´ ¤¡´ œ›´ r¦³®ªnµŠ»‡‡¨Äœ»¤œ£µ¬µÅš¥Â®nŠ¥»‡Ã¨„µ£ª· ˜œ´ r š„ɸ µ¨Î Š—´ µÁœÎ ·œ°¥ –³œn¼ ʸ

2. ‡ªµ¤¦o¡¼ ºœ“µœÊ Ĝ˜°œš ɸ 2 œÊ¸ ŸÁ ¼o ¥œ‹³­¦¸ ž„¦°‡ªµ¤‡» —š· čɸ Ĝ„µ¦«o „¬µ™¹ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · ˜µ¤—ª¥o œÎµÁ­œ°®¨„„µ¦Á„´ ¥ª„ɸ ™´ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ£µ¬µÅš¥Á¡· É°Ážº Ȝ‡ªµ¤¦¡¼o œ“µœ„ʺ n°œš‹³„¨É¸ nµª™Š¹ °¤o ¨š¼ čɸ Ĝ„µ¦«o „¬µÂ¨³¦µ¥ŠµœŸ¨„µ¦«¹ „¬µÄœ˜°œ˜¹ n°Ç Ş®¨Š‹µ„œ´ œ´Ê 2.1 „¦°‡ªµ¤‡·—Äœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ™o°¥‡µÄ®Î oÁ„¸¥¦˜· ™ŠÂ¤¹ ªo µn »¤œ£µ¬µ‹³Ä®‡ªµ¤­o µ‡Î „´ ‡ªµ¤Á­¤°£µ‡ °Š‡œÄœ­´ Š‡¤¤µ„Á¡´ ¥ŠÄ—¸ „˜µ¤È ˜n»¤œ£µ¬µš»„®nŠ„¤È ¦³„µ¦Ä¸ ™o °¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ š· ¤É¸ ‡ªµ¤Ž¸ Ž´ o°œ¤µ„®¦°œº o°¥ ˜nµŠ„œ°°„Åž´ (Irvine, 1992; Okamoto, 2004; Pan & Kádár, 2011) ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ¤· Ä®¸ Á®o œÈ °¥Äœ¦n¼ ž£µ¬µ®¨µ„ž¦³Á£š¼ (Áœn ‡µÁ¦Î ¥„ µœ¸ (address term) ‡µœÎ 宜oµÉ°º /‡µ¦³Î »˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ (title) ‡µÎ »¦»¬­¦¦¡œµ¤ ‡µœµ¤Î ¨³‡µ„¦Î ¥µ· ) ¨³­µ¤µ¦™Á„— · œÅ—ʹ šo ŠÄœ¦³—´Ê ®œ´ nª¥‡µÎ ¦³—‡´ µÎ ¨³¦³—Ã‡¦Š­¦´ µŠž¦³Ã¥‡o ¨³šŠ—´Ê ª¥„µ¦ž¦o Áž¨´ ¥œ¦É¸ ž£µ¬µÄœÂ˜¼ nµŠÇ Ĝ¦³—£µ¬µ´ Á®¨µœn ʸ

1 ‹¦Š°¥· šn¼ ­É¸ Š‡¤Åš¥¤´ ŗ· ¤o ÂŸœ„µ¦Ä¸ £µ¬µšo ™É¸ „˜¼ °ŠÁ¡o ¥Š¸ »—Á—¥ª¸ ­¤µ„ÄœµŠ„¨· »n¤°µ¡®¦¸ °„¨º »n¤ª•œ›¦¦¤¦´ nª¤ (co-culture) °µ‹¥—™¹ °¦¦šº —“µœš´ ɘ¸ nµŠ„œ´ ¦ª¤šŠ°µ‹¤´Ê ª¸ ™· ž’¸ · ˜´ Ĝ„µ¦Ä· o£µ¬µšÉÁž¸ ȜšÉ¥°¤¦¸ Å—´ o˜nµŠ„œ°°„Åž´ ­µ®¦Î Äœš‡ªµ¤œ´ ʸ Ÿ¼Á o ¥œ„¸ 宜—Ä® o “ÂŸœ” ¨³ “¦¦š—“µœ´ ” Á„¸É¥ª„„µ¦Ä´ o™o°¥‡ÎµÄ®oÁ„¥¦˜¸ ”· ®¤µ¥™Š¹ ®¨„„µ¦Ä´ o™o°¥‡ÎµÄ®oÁ„¥¦˜¸ š· ɞ¦µ„’Äœ®œ¸ ´Š­°º ˜Îµ¦µ ¨³ÂÁ¦¥œÄœ¨¸ „¬–³°´ ɜǺ šÉ¤¸ »nŠ„¨nµª™Š®¨¹ „„µ¦Ä´ o™o°¥‡Îµ Ä®oÁ„¥¦˜¸ ĜÁ· Š„· 宜—„‘Á„–” r (prescriptive) ŽÉŠ®¤µ¥™¹ Š®¨¹ „„µ¦š´ ɪ¸ nµ „µ¦Äo™o°¥‡ÎµÄ®oÁ„¥¦˜¸ Áž· Ȝ­ŠÁ„·É — · ʜÁ­¤°¹ Ĝ¦šš· ÁžÉ¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦Â¨³/®¦°Á¤º °ŸÉº ¦¼o ª¤„µ¦ž’n ­· ¤¡´ œ›´ ¤r ‡ªµ¤­¸ ¤¡´ œ›´ šr ÁžÉ¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦ ŸÁ ¼o ¥œ ° °¡¦³‡¸ »–Ÿš¦Š‡¼o »–ª»•· ¡‹µ¦–µš‡ªµ¤š· ŗɸ Áœo oœ¥ÊµÄ®Î °›o µ¥®¨· „„µ¦Á®¨´ µœn ʸĮo —Á‹œ´

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„µ¦«„¬µÁ„¹ ¥ª„ɸ ™´ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ£µ¬µ˜· µŠÇn ¤„‹³°µ«´ ¥Á„–”´ šr ‹É¸ µÂœ„ÁžÎ oµ®¤µ¥ °Š„µ¦Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ °°„Áž· Ȝ 3 ž¦³Á£š‡°º Ÿš¼o ŸÉ¸ ¡¼o —­œšœµ°¥¼ —n¼ ª¥o (addressee) Ÿš¼o ŸÉ¸ ¡¼o —°¼ µŠ™o Š¹ Ĝž¦³Ã¥‡ (referent) ¨³ŸÁ®¼o œÁ®˜È »„µ¦–r (bystander) (Comrie, 1976) Ĝš‡ªµ¤œÊ¸ ŸÁ ¼o ¥œ¸ ‹³„¨µª™n ŠÁŒ¡µ³™¹ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · 2 ž¦³Á£šÂ¦„Ášµœn œ´Ê Á¡¦µ³ÁžÈœž¦³Á£š °Š™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · šž¦µ„’Äœ ɸ °¤o ¨­¼ ªœÄ®n n °Š„µ¦«„¬µ‡¦¹ Šœ´Ê ʸ Þ¦—¡‹µ¦–µ­· ªœšn ɸ —Á­¸ œÄ˜o Ĝž¦³Ã¥‡Äœo ˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ (1) ¨³ (2) ŽŠÂ­—Š¦³„µ¦ÄÉ¹ ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · 2 ž¦³Á£šÂ¦„œÊ¸Äœ£µ¬µ°Š„§¬´ ­ªœšn ɸ —Á­¸ œÄ˜o Ĝšo Š´Ê 2 ˜ª°¥´ µŠœn ʸ‹³‹—Áž´ Ȝ‡µÁ¦Î ¥„ µœÁ¸ œ„n œ´ ˜n˜nµŠ„šÈ µ®œÎ oµš‡œ¨³ž¦³Á£š„ɸ œ´ (1) What would you like, sir? (2) Dr Roberts, here’s your book. „µ¦Á¦¥„‡¸ ­œšœµn¼ “sir” Ĝ­ªœšn µ¥ °Š˜o ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ (1) ‹—Áž´ Ȝ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ÿ· š¼o ŸÉ¸ ¡¼o —­œšœµ¼ °¥¼n—ª¥o (addressee honorific) ×¥šªÅžÂ¨´É ªo ‡µªÎ nµ “sir” Ĝ„¦–¸œÊ¸šµ®œÎ oµš­É¸ É°‡ªµ¤­º »£µ¡ (‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœšµŠ„µ¦) ˜n°Ÿ¼¢o ŠŸ´ ¼Ä—„o Å—È šo ÉÁž¸ ȜÁ¡«µ¥ œ°„Á®œº°‹µ„£µ¬µ°Š„§¬Â¨´ ªo °œ»£µ‡ šµ¥ž¦³Ã¥‡o (sentence final particle) “‡¦´ ” ¨³ “‡n³” Ĝ£µ¬µÅš¥ ¦ª¤šŠ„µ¦Ÿ´Ê œ®œ´ nª¥‡µÎ ­ªœšn µ¥ °Š‡o µ„¦Î ¥µ—· ª¥¦o ž¼ “-masu” Ĝ£µ¬µÉž¸ »œn (Shibatani, 1998, p. 344; Cook, 2011, p. 3656) ®¦°—º ª¥¦o ž¼ “-yo”/”-supnita” Ĝ£µ¬µÁ„µ®¨ ¸ (Brown, 2011, pp. 23-25) ¨ªœÁžo Ȝ ™°¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ ž¦³Á£šÁ—· ¥ª„¸ œœ´ ʸ ×¥¤‹¸ »—Áœoœ°¥¼nš ¸É “„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡” ˜n°Ÿ¼¢o Š´ Á¤É°º ¡‹µ¦–µ˜· n°¤µ ‡µœÎ 宜oµÉ°º /‡µ¦³Î »˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ (Ánœ “Dr” ¨³ “professor”) ¨³‡µÁ¦Î ¥„µ˜¸ · (Áœn “grandma”) ‹—Áž´ Ȝ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ÿ· š¼o ŸÉ¸ ¡¼o —°¼ µŠ™o ŠÄœž¦³Ã¥‡¹ (referent honorific) ­ªœ˜n œo °Š˜ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ (2) ž¦µ„’‡µÁ¦Î ¥„ µœ¸ “Dr” œÎµ®œoµ»‡‡¨šÉ¤¸ œµ¤­„¸ »¨ªnµ “Roberts” „¦–¸œÊ¸ ÁžÈœ™o°¥‡ÎµÄ®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ÿ· ¼šo ɟ¸ ¼¡o ¼—°oµŠ™Š¹ ×¥¤‹¸ »—Áœoœ°¥n¼š ɸ “„µ¦¦³»™Š­™µœ³šµŠ­¹ Š‡¤š´ É­¸ Š °Š¼ Ÿ¼šo ə¸ ¼„°oµŠ™ŠÄœ™¹ o°¥‡Îµ” „¨nµª‡°º „µ¦¤°µ¸ ¡Áž¸ Ȝ¡š¥®¦r °„µ¦¤º ‡¸ »–ª»•¦³—· ž¦´ µÁ°„· ‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ‡°º ‡µªÎ nµ “sir” Ĝ˜ª°¥´ nµŠšÉ ¸ (1) Ťnŗo¤®œ¸ oµšÉ¸ÁžÈœ˜ª´ nŠÊ¸»‡‡¨ (personal deixis) ÁœÁ—n ¥ª„¸ ™´ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ÿ· š¼o ŸÉ¸ ¡¼o —°¼ µŠ™o Š¹ °œÉ¹Š‡µªÎ µn “addressee” ¨³ “referent” šœÉ¸ „£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦´ —r µœ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ č· Á¦o ¥„¸ ™o°¥‡µÄ®Î oÁ„¸¥¦˜ · 2 ž¦³Á£šÂ¦„¤‡ªµ¤š¸ Ž´ o°œ„œÄœµŠ„¦–´ ¸2 „¨nµª‡°º Ťnªnµ‹³Äo«¡š´ r ´ ˜´ ė· Ÿ¼ošÉŗ¸ o¦Á„´ ¥¦˜¸ ‹µ„Ÿ· ¼o¡¼—Äœš»„„¦–¸„ȇ°º Ÿ¼ošÉŸ¸ ¼o¡¼—­œšœµ°¥n¼—oª¥ (Ÿ¼o¢Š´ ) ÁnœÁ—¤· Œ³œ´œÁ¡Ê É°Á¨º ¥Š‡ªµ¤­É¸ ­œš´ É°µ‹Á„¸ — · œ‹µ„„µ¦ÄÊ¹ ‡o ε«¡š´ šr Éž¨˜¦Š˜¸ ª¤µ‹µ„£µ¬µ°´ Š„§¬´

2 ®œoµš„µ¦Ä®É¸ Á„o ¥¦˜¸ š· Š´Ê 2 ž¦³Á£šœÊ¸‹³¦¦‹„œ´ (converge) ÁnœÁ¤É°¤º „µ¦Ä¸ ­¦¦¡œµ¤o »¦»¬š ɸ 2 Ĝ¦ž¥„¥¼ n°Š (Shibatani, 1998: p. 344) ¨„¬–³Á´ œœn ʸŤž¦µ„’Äœ£µ¬µ°n Š„§¬¥´ »‡ž‹‹´ »œ´ ˜n¥Š‡Š¤´ č¸ Ĝ®¨µ¥£µ¬µšo ŠÄœŽ´Ê „脘³ª¸ œ˜„¨³Ž´ „脸 ˜³ªœ°°„´ ¥„˜ª°¥´ nµŠÁnœ Ĝ£µ¬µ ¦ŠÁ«­´É „µ¦Ä‡o µªÎ nµ “vous” ŽŠÁžÉ¹ Ȝ­¦¦¡œµ¤»¦»¬š ɸ 2 Ĝ¦ž¥„¥¼ n°ŠÂšœ„µ¦Ä‡o µªÎ nµ “tu” ŽŠÁžÉ¹ Ȝ­¦¦¡œµ¤»¦»¬š ɸ 2 Ĝ¦ž­œ¼ ·š­œ¤/ÁžÈœ„œÁ°Š´ (Ĝž¦³Ã¥‡Ánœ “Je voulais vous voir devant mon départ.”) ­°šÉº Š‡ªµ¤´Ê ­£µ¡Â¨³„µ¦¥„¥» °ŠŸn š¼o ŸÉ¸ ¡¼o —°¼ µŠ™o ŠÄœž¦³Ã¥‡Åž—¹ ª¥Äœ –³Á—o ¥ª„¸ œ´

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—Š„¨´ nµª Ÿ¼oÁ ¥œ‹³Á¦¸ ¥„™¸ o°¥‡ÎµÄ®oÁ„¥¦˜¸ ž¦³Á£šÂ¦„ª· nµ “™o°¥‡ÎµÄ®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Áœ· oœ‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡” ¨³ž¦³Á£š˜n°¤µªnµ “™°¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ Áœ· oœ„µ¦¥„¥n°Š” ×¥°µ«¥ÂœªšµŠ °Š¦µªœ´ r (Brown, 2015, p. 44-45) ŽÉ¹ŠÁ¦¥„™¸ o°¥‡µÄ®Î oÁ„¸¥¦˜·šŠ´Ê 2 ž¦³Á£šœÊ¸ÁžÈœ£µ¬µ°Š„§¬ª´ nµ “polite style” ¨³ “deferential style” ˜µ¤¨µ—Î ´ 2.2 ®¨„„µ¦Á„´ ¸É¥ª„™´ o°¥‡µÄ®Î oÁ„¸¥¦˜·Äœ£µ¬µÅš¥ œ„£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦´ ®¨µ¥šr nµœÅ—­—Š‡ªµ¤Á®o œÅªÈ ªo µn £µ¬µÅš¥Â¨³£µ¬µšÅ¤É¸ čn n£µ¬µ ˜³ªœ˜„®¨µ¥£µ¬µ´ (Ánœ £µ¬µÉž¸ »nœ £µ¬µÁ„µ®¨ ¸ £µ¬µªµ £µ¬µšÁ˜· ¨³£µ¬µŽ¼¨)¼ ˜nµŠ¤¦³ °Š™¸ o°¥‡µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ š· Ɏ¸ Ž´ o°œ¤µ„„ªnµ£µ¬µ˜³ªœ˜„×¥š´ ªÅž´É (—¼ Shibatani, 1998; Ide, 2005; Khanittanan, 1988; Irvine, 1992) ¦ª¤šŠÅ—´Ê Á­œ°­¤¤˜o “µœª· µn £µ¬µÅš¥ ¤„µ¦Ä¸ ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Áž· oµ®¤µ¥šŠ´Ê 2 ž¦³Á£š—Š„¨´ nµª (Shibatani, 1998, p. 346; Keating & Duranti, 2006, pp. 147-148) œ„ª´ µ„µ¦—· µœ„µ¦Äo £µ¬µÅš¥Å—o ˜o Š ´Ê °­o ŠÁ„˜Á„´ ¥ª„ɸ ™´ °¥‡o µÎ Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ū· Ážo Ȝ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„ °„š¸ Š„µ¦«´Ê „¬µšµŠ£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦¹ Á„r É¥ª„¸ ¦³™´ °¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ · Ĝ£µ¬µÅš¥„¤È °¥¸ °¥n¼ µŠ®¨µ„®¨µ¥n „¦³œœ„´Ê —È ‡ªµ¤¦¸ ­¼o ªœÄ®n nšÁ¦µÅ—ɸ ¦o š¦µÁ„´ ¥ª„ɸ ™´ °¥‡o µÎ Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ£µ¬µÅš¥¤· „¤´ ‹¸ »—Áœoœ°¥nš¼ ¦³‡É¸ 坻¦»¬­¦¦¡œµ¤ (—„µ¦ššªœª¦¦–„¦¦¤‹µ„¼ Šµœª‹· ¥—´ µœœo ʸÁšµšn ŸÉ¸ µœ¤µÄœn ­ª—» ¸ ¨³„Š„µ‹œ·É r (2556) šŠœ´Ê ʸÁ¦µ­µ¤µ¦™­¦»ž¨„¬–³ÁŒ¡µ³´ °Š¦³™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ£µ¬µÅš¥· (ÁŒ¡µ³šÄÉ¸ Ĝ®¤o ­µ¤n¼ œ´ ) Ĝ£µ¡„ªµŠÅ—o —o Š˜´ n°ÅžœÊ¸ ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Áœ· oœ‡ªµ¤­£µ¡» ™o°¥‡ÎµÄ®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Áœ· oœ‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡š¸É¤„µ¦„¨¸ nµª™Š¹ n°¥‡¦ŠÄœ´Ê »¤œ£µ¬µÅš¥‡°º ¨„¬–³£µ¬µ‹´ „°œ»£µ‡šµ¥ž¦³Ã¥‡o ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³°¥nµŠ¥Š·É “‡³” “‡n³” ¨³ “‡¦´ ” °ª³Ž³‡· · ¨³°Š‡µ£· ¦¤¥· r (Iwasaki & Ingkaphirom, 2005, pp. 179-185; Áž¦¥Áš¸ ¥„¸ ´ Smyth, 2002, pp. 126-129) ‹µÂœ„ž¦³Á£š°œÎ »£µ‡šµ¥ž¦³Ã¥‡°°„Ážo Ȝ 4 ž¦³Á£š˜µ¤¦³—‡ªµ¤Áž´ Ȝ šµŠ„µ¦ °Š­™µœ„µ¦–r °œ»£µ‡š¸ É œ˜¹Ê œ—o ª¥Á­o ¥Š¸ “‡” (Ánœ “‡³” “‡n³” “‡¦´ ” ¨³ “‡´ ”) ­³š°œ‡ªµ¤Ážo ȜšµŠ„µ¦­Šš¼ ­É¸ —» °œ»£µ‡š ɸ œ˜Ê¹ œ—o ª¥Á­o ¥Š¸ “±” (Ánœ “±³” ¨³ “±n³”) ˜µ¤—ª¥o °œ»£µ‡š ɸ œ˜Ê¹ œ—o ª¥Á­o ¥Š¸ “‹” (Ánœ “‹³o ” ¨³ “‹p³”) ÁžÈœ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Áœ· oœ‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡Ánœ„œ´ ˜n­—Š‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœšµŠ„µ¦Äœ¦³—¨—®¨´ œ„´É œ¨Š¤µÂ¨³´ nŠ°„‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœ„œÁ°Šš´ Á¡É¸ ¤ ·É œÊ¹ ­ªœn °œ»£µ‡š ɸ œ˜Ê¹ œ—o ª¥Á­o ¥Š¸ “ª” (Ánœ “ª³” “Áª¥o ” ¨³ “ê¥o ”) ÁžÈœ°œ»£µ‡š°¥É¸ n¦³—¼ ¨´ nµŠš­É¸ »— ŽÉŠ¹ ­—Š‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœ„œÁ°Š­´ Šš¼ ­É¸ —» ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Áœ· oœ„µ¦¥„¥°Šn ®œoµššÉ¸ ™É¸ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Áœ· oœ„µ¦¥„¥n°Š˜nµŠÅž‹µ„™°¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ Áœ· oœ‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡ ‡°º „µ¦Šn ™Ê¸ Š­™µœ³šµŠ­¹ Š‡¤ °ŠŸ´ š¼o ŸÉ¸ ¡¼o —­œšœµ°¥¼ —n¼ ª¥Ä®o ­o Š˜µ¤š¼ ‡ª¦ÁžÉ¸ Ȝ ¨³Á¤°‡Éº ­œšœµn¼ ¤‡ªµ¤Å¤¸ Ášn nµ„œ—´ µœ°o 圵‹ (asymmetrical power) °µ‹ÄÁ¡o É°¥„¥º °ŠŸn ¢¼o ŠÄ®´ ¤o ˜¸ 宜nŠšµŠ

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­Š‡¤­´ Š„ª¼ µŸn ¡¼o —„¼ Å—È o Á¦µÁ¦¥„™¸ °¥‡o εÁnœœÊ¸ªµn ¦žÂ­—Š‡ªµ¤Á‡µ¦¡¼ (respectful form ®¦°º subject honorific) œ°„‹µ„‡µÎ »¦»¬­¦¦¡œµ¤ (°µš · “šnµœ”) ¨³‡µÁ¦Î ¥„ µœ®¦¸ °‡º µœÎ 宜oµÉ°º / ˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ (°µš · “¨»Š” “—µ· ” “®ª®œ´ oµ”) ¨ªo ¦žÂ­—Š‡ªµ¤Á‡µ¦¡¥¼ Šž¦µ„’Äœ‡´ µ„¦Î ¥µ· (°µš · “¦ž¦³šµœ´ ” ¨³ “„¦µÁ¦¥œ¸ ”) ¨³„¨ª›· ­¸ °­µ¦Éº (°µš · “ °¡¦³‡»–” ¨³ “ °ž¦³šµœÃš¬”) ÁžÈœ˜œo (Áž¦¥Áš¸ ¥„¸ ´ Khanittanan, 1988, pp. 355-360) °œÉ¹Š„µ¦„¨nµªÄ®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ÿ· ¢¼o Šš´ ¤É¸ ¸ ­™µœ³­Š°µ‹„¦³š¼ µÂ°Î °¤—o ª¥¦o ž™¼ n°¤˜ª´ (humble form ®¦°º object honorific) „Å—È o °œ´ ®¤µ¥™Š¹ „µ¦šŸÉ¸ ¡¼o —°¼ µŠ™o Š˜œÁ°Š—¹ ª¥‡o µÁ¦Î ¥„š¸ ­³šÉ¸ °œ£µ¡ °Š˜o ªŸ´ ¡¼o —Á°Šª¼ µn Ť¤n ‡ªµ¤­¸ µ‡Î ´ ˜¨°—‹œ¤°µª¸ »Ã­ ‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™ ¨³/®¦°ž¦³­„µ¦–º r˜nµŠÇ ŤnÁšnµÁš¥¤„¸ Ÿ´ ¼¢o Š´ (— ¼ Okamoto, 1999, pp. 52-54; Tokunaga, 1992, p. 129) ¦ž™¼ n°¤˜ªš´ ¤É¸ Ÿ¸ č¼o o n°¥‡¦ŠÄœ£µ¬µÅš¥Ã—¥¤µ„¨´Ê ªo ÁžÈœ‡µ‹Î µ¡ª„‡Î µÁ¦Î ¥„˜œÁ°Š¸ (Ánœ “®œ¼” ¨³ “œo°Š”) ³š³œ· · (Shibatani, 1998, p. 343) „¨nµªªnµ „µ¦Ä‡o µÁ¦Î ¥„˜œÁ°Šª¸ nµ “Ÿ¤” (šœ„µ¦Ä­¦¦¡œµ¤o »¦»¬š ɸ 1 “Œœ´ ”) „šÈ µ®œÎ oµššÉ¸ ɸ „¨µª™n Š°¥¹ œn¼ ʸÁœ„n œ´ „µ¦°£ž¦µ¥Á„· ¸É¥ª„¨´ „¬–³šµŠ£µ¬µš´ ¸É­—Š„µ¦Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ š· ¸ÉŸ¼Á o ¥œœ¸ εÁ­œ°Åž µŠ˜o oœÁžÈœÁ¡¥Š„µ¦Â‹„‹Š¡°­¸ ŠÁ žÁš´ nµœ´œÊ ˜µ¤®¨„¨´ ªo „µ¦Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ£µ¬µÅš¥· ­µ¤µ¦™„¦³šµ—Î ª¥o °ŠšµŠ„µ¦­n °­µ¦°Éº ɜǺ „¥È °¤Å—n o Áœn °ª‹œ£µ¬µ´ (°µš · „µ¦¡œ¤¤°Å®ªº )o ¨³ž¦¨„¬–´ r£µ¬µ (paralinguistics) (°µš · „µ¦Äšo µœ°ŠÁ­Î ¥Š¸ ) œ°„‹µ„œ´œÂ¨Ê ª¥o Š¤´ „¨Å„¸ ¨³‡ªµ¤ŽŽ´ °œ °Š™o °¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ£µ¬µÅš¥Äœž¦³Á—· œ°È ɜǺ š¦°Ä®É¸ ¤o „µ¦‡¸ œ‡ªo µÄ®o o ¨„Ž¹ ʊĜ°œµ‡˜¹ °µš · ‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ ¨³‡ªµ¤Á®¨r É°¤¨º ʵ¦³®ªÎ nµŠ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ž¦³Á£šÁœ· oœ ‡ªµ¤­£µ¡Â¨³Áœ» oœ‡ªµ¤¥„¥°ŠÄœ£µ¬µÅš¥n ˜¨°—šŠž´Ê ‹‹´ ¥Â¨³‡´ µœn ·¥¤š­É¸ ŠŸ¨˜n n°„µ¦Ä®¦o °º „µ¦Å¤nč™o °¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ · Ÿ¼Á o ¥œ‹³„¨¸ nµª™Šž¦³Á—¹ œÁ®¨È nµœ¸ÊµŠÁžo Ȝ‡¦Š‡¦µªÁ¡´Ê É°Ä®º ‡ªµ¤o „¦³‹µŠ„n Ÿ¨„µ¦«´ „¬µÄœ˜°œš¹ ɸ 4 Ĝ¨µ—Î ˜´ n°Åž

3. o°¤¨¼ ¦·š ¨³„µ¦˜¸‡ªµ¤ ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ¤· „Á„´ — · œÄœ¦Ê¹ šš· ¤É¸ ‡ªµ¤Áž¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦ —Šœ´ œŸ´Ê Á ¼o ¥œ‹¸ ŠÁ®¹ œªÈ µn „µ¦ Á„ È °¤o ¨šµŠ£µ¬µ‹µ„­™µœ„µ¦–¼ rš¤É¸ ‡ªµ¤Áž¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦‹³­ŠŸ¨Ä®n ŗo ¤µŽo Ɋ„µ¦Ä¹ £µ¬µšo ɸ ‹—Áž´ Ȝ™°¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ ŗ· °¥o nµŠÁžÈœ¦ž›¦¦¤¤µ„š¼ ­É¸ »— Ÿ¼Á o ¥œÁ¨¸ °„šº ‹³Á„ɸ  È °¤o ¨‹µ„¦¼ š· „µ¦­°­µ¦šÉº ŠÂš´Ê ¤É¸ „µ¦­œšœµÃ˜¸ ˜°o (interactive conversation) ¦³®ªµŠn »‡‡¨¤µ„„ªµn 1 ‡œ œÅžÊ¹ ¨³Âš¤É¸ „µ¦¡¸ —˜¼ n°ÁœÉº°Š (continuous talk) ×¥»‡‡¨‡œÁ—¥ª¸

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°¤o ¨Á®¨¼ µœn ʸœÎµ¤µ‹µ„ 2 ®¨nŠ °¤o ¨Â®¨¼ nŠÂ¦„Å—¤µ‹µ„‡¨o Š ´ °¤o ¨¼ “Mr O Corpus” »—£µ¬µÅš¥3 ŽŠÉ¹ œš´ „„µ¦ž’¹ ­· ¤¡´ œ›´ Áœr oœ£µ¦„‹· (task-based interaction) ¦³®ªnµŠ„¨»n¤‡n¼ ­œšœµ 2 ž¦³Á£š ŗ„o n „¨»¤n »‡‡¨š‡É¸ »œÁ‡¥„o œÂ¨³¤´ ­™µœ³—¸ µœ°o 圵‹Ášnµ„œ´ ¨³„¨»n¤»‡‡¨ šÅ¤É¸ ‡n »œÁ‡¥„o œÂ¨³¤´ ­™µœ³šµŠ°¸ µœµ‹˜Î nµŠ„œ´ „¨»n¤‡n­œšœµš¼ Š´Ê 2 ž¦³Á£šœÊ¸ (ŽŠž¦³„°Åž—ɹ ª¥o ‡œn¼ ·­˜¦³—· ž¦´ µ˜¦· ‹¸ µœªœÎ 10 ‡ n¼ ¨³‡n°µ‹µ¦¥¼ „r œ´ ·­˜¦³—· ž¦´ µ˜¦· ‹¸ µœªœÎ 10 ‡)n¼ ŗ™o ¼„ „µ®œ—ĮΠ—o µÁœÎ ·œ„‹„¦¦¤˜· nµŠÇ ¦ª¤„n œ®¦´ °„º š´ ¤ŠµœÁ„¸  È °¤o ¨¼ ˜ª°¥´ µŠ n °¤o ¨š¼ čɸ „µ¦«o „¬µ¹ ‡¦Šœ´Ê ʸœÎµ¤µ‹µ„ÁŒ¡µ³„µ¦­œšœµ¦³®ªnµŠ°µ‹µ¦¥„r œ´ ·­˜Äœ –³š· ¦É¸ nª¤„œÁ¦´ ¥Š£µ¡„µ¦¸ ˜r ¼œ ‹µœªœÎ 15 £µ¡š‡¨³„ɸ œÅª´ Ä®o ˜o n°„œÁž´ ȜÁ¦°Š¦µªšÉº Á„µ³Á„ɸ ¥ª„ɸ œ´ (—¦¼ žš¼ ɸ 1)

¦žš¼ ¸É 1 ˜ª°¥´ µŠ£µ¡„µ¦n ˜r œš¼ čɸ Á¡o °Á„ɺ  È °¤o ¨¼ “Mr O Corpus”

œ°„‹µ„œœÁ¡´Ê °Ä®Éº „µ¦ªo Á‡¦µ³®· ¤r ¤¸ »¤¤°Šš„ªÉ¸ µŠ o œÊ¹ ŸÁ ¼o ¥œ‹¸ ŠÄ¹ o °¤o ¨ž¦³„°‹µ„°¼ „®¨¸ nŠ®œÉ¹Š š¤É¸ ‡ªµ¤Áž¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦Äœ¦³—Áš´ ¥Á‡¸ ¥Š„¸ œÅ—´ o °¤o ¨¼ »—®¨Šœ´ ʸŗ¤µ‹µ„„µ¦¦µ¥Šµœ o µªn „µ¦ ­¤£µ¬–´ r „µ¦¦nª¤Á­ªœµ ˜¨°—šŠ„µ¦­œšœµÁ¡´Ê É° °º /Ä®¦o „µ¦š· ž¦µ„’Äœ­¸É É°­µ¦¤ª¨œº ž¦³Á£šÃš¦š«œ´ r¨³ªš¥· » ŽÉŠÂ¡¦¹ n£µ¡/„¦³‹µ¥Á­¥Š‹µ„Á ˜„¦¸ »ŠÁš¡² ¨³ž¦¤–”¨¦³®ª· nµŠ Á—°œ¤„¦µ‡¤º ¡.«. 2555 ¨³Á—°œ¡§¬£µ‡¤º ¡.«. 2557 ŸÁ ¼o ¥œÁ¸ É°ªº µn Ĝ¦š„µ¦¡· —®¦¼ °º „µ¦­œšœµš¤É¸ ‡ªµ¤Áž¸ ȜšµŠ„¨µŠÄœ¦³—žµœ„¨µŠ´ (semi-formality) šÁ¨É¸ °„«º „¬µš¹ Š´Ê 2 ®¨nŠœÊ¸ Ÿ¼¦o nª¤„µ¦ž’­· ¤¡´ œ›´ œr nµ‹³Å¤n¤ ¸ °‹o µ„Î —š´ ‹³˜É¸ °Š„¨o nµª®¦°‹³˜º °ŠÅ¤o n„¨nµª­ŠÄ—¤µ„Áš·É nµ„Äœ´ ¦š„µ¦­œšœµš· ¤É¸ ‡ªµ¤Áž¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦Äœ¦³—­´ Š¼ (high formality) (Ánœ ¦³®ªµŠ„µ¦ž¦³„°n ¡›· „¦¦¤šµŠ«µ­œµ¸ „µ¦¡‹µ¦–µ‡—· Ĝ¸ œ«µ¨´Ê ¨³„µ¦„¨nµª­œš¦¡‹œ» r) (Heylighen & Dawaele, 1999, p. 3) Œ³œ´œ‹Ê ŠÁž¹ ·—ð„µ­Ä®Ÿo ¼¦o nª¤„µ¦ž’­· ¤¡´ œ›´ ‹r Š¤¹ šµŠÁ¨¸ °„šº ‹³ž’ɸ · ˜´ ˜µ¤®¦· °Å¤º n ž’· ˜´ ˜µ¤· ¦ª¤šŠÁ‹¦‹µ´Ê /˜n°¦°Š„œÁ„´ É¥ª„¸ ®¨´ „„µ¦Ä´ ™o o°¥‡ÎµÂ­—Š„µ¦Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ˜µ¤š· ÉÁ®¸ œÈ ­¤‡ª¦Å—¤µ„„ªo µÄœ¦n šš· ¤É¸ ‡ªµ¤Áž¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦­Š®¦¼ °œº o°¥Åž„ªµœn œ´Ê °˜„¨ŠÁo °Š˜Êº œo 2 ž¦³„µ¦šŸÉ¸ ¼Á o ¥œÄ‡¦¸ n °Â‹ŠÅªo „o n°œš‹³¦µ¥ŠµœŸ¨„µ¦«É¸ „¬µ¤¹ ¸ —Šœ´ ʸ ž¦³„µ¦Â¦„ °¤o ¨„µ¦Ä¼ ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ š· ‹³œÉ¸ εÁ­œ°Äœ˜°œš ɸ 4 ÁžÈœŸ¨„µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®· šr ɸ

3 °¤o ¨¼ “Mr O Corpus” »—£µ¬µÅš¥™„¼ œš´ „×¥Á‡¦¹ °ŠÃ­˜šÉº «œ´ ¼ž„¦–rš‡–³°É¸ „¬¦«µ­˜¦´ r ‹»¯µ¨Š„¦–r¤®µªš¥µ¨· ¥´ Á¤°Á—ɺ °œ„º »¤£µ¡œ›´ r ¡.«. 2555 „µ¦Á„ È °¤o ¨œ¼ ʸŗ¦o š´ »œ­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„ Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ž¦³‹µžÎ ¸ ‡.«. 2012-2013 (®¤µ¥Á¨ š»œ 23320090)

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œÎµ¤µ‹µ„­™µœ„µ¦–r„µ¦­É°­µ¦Á¡º ¥Š¸ 2 ®¨nŠ˜µ¤šÅ—ɸ °›o µ¥Åž · µŠ˜o œo —Šœ´ ´œ‹Ê ŠÅ¤¹ n°µ‹Äo Á¡É°­¦º »ž‡ªµ¤Å—ªo nµ ÁžÈœ˜ªÂšœšµŠ£µ¬µš´ ‡¦°‡¨É¸ »¤„µ¦Â­—Š™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ­· Š‡¤Åš¥´ ×¥¦ª¤Å— o ˜n„¦³œœ„´Ê —È ¸ °¤o ¨Á®¨¼ nµœÊ¸„­µ¤µ¦™­³šÈ °œÄ®o Á®o œ™È Š­£µ¡„µ¦Ä¹ £µ¬µšo Á„ɸ — · œ‹¦Ê¹ Š· ¦ª¤šŠ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥Â¨³„µ¦Áž¨´Ê É¥œÂž¨Š °Š¦³™¸ o°¥‡ÎµÄ®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ­· Š‡¤Åš¥Å—´ Ĝo ¦³—®œ´ ɹŠ ž¦³„µ¦˜n°¤µ ™ŠÂ¤¹ ªo µŸn Á ¼o ¥œ˜¸ ŠÄ‹š´Ê ‹³°µ«É¸ ¥®¨´ „„µ¦Ä´ ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ °Š· »¤œ £µ¬µÅš¥¤µ˜¦“µœÁžÈœ‹»—°µŠ°o ŠÄœ„µ¦˜· ‡ªµ¤ ¸ °¤o ¨¼ šªnµ “®¨„„µ¦´ ” š„¨É¸ nµª™ŠÄœš¹ œÉ¸ ʸ°µ‹ÁžÈœ ­Šš·É µªÅš¥Â˜É¸ n¨³¦µ¥¥°¤¦Â¨³¥´ —™¹ °¤µ„®¦º °œº o°¥Â˜„˜nµŠ„œ°°„Åž´ °¥µŠÅ¦„n ˜µ¤È Á¡É°Ä®º o „µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®· —r µÁœÎ ·œÅžÅ— o ŸÁ ¼o ¥œ‹¸ ŠÁ®¹ œ‡ª¦šÈ ‹³„ɸ µ®œ—‡Î µœÎ ·¥µ¤ °Š®¨„„µ¦Ä´ ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · ĜšœÉ¸ ʸĮ®¤µ¥™o Š¹ ÂŸœšÁžÉ¸ Ȝšš¦µ„ɸ œÄœ®¤´ ¼nµªÅš¥Ã—¥¦ª¤ ŽÉŠ¹ œÊ¸ εĮ˜o n¨³»‡‡¨Äo £µ¬µšÁ®¤µ³­¤„ɸ ´ (1) ¦³—‡ªµ¤Áž´ ȜšµŠ„µ¦ °Š¦šÄœ –³œ· œ´Ê ¨³ (2) ­™µœ³ °ŠšŠ´Ê Ÿ°¼o ɜ¨³ °Š˜œÁ°Šº (×¥ÁŒ¡µ³˜µ¤¦³—°´ 圵‹Â¨³‡ªµ¤°µª»Ã­) ®¨„„µ¦®¦´ °ÂÂŸœÄœšº œÉ¸ ʸ ®¤µ¥¦ª¤™Š‡¹ nµœ·¥¤š­É¸ µ‡Î °´ ɜǺ Ĝ„µ¦ž’­· ¤¡´ œ›´ Ĝ­r Š‡¤Åš¥´ Ánœ „µ¦Ä™o °¥‡o εš­É¸ »£µ¡/ ÁžÈœšµŠ„µ¦ (¦ª¤™Š„µ¦š¹ „šµ¥´ „µ¦„¨µª˜°n „µ¦ °Ãš¬ ¨³„µ¦ °‡»–Äœ¦žÂš¼ Á®¤µ³­¤É¸ ) „µ¦Äœo ÊεÁ­¥Šš¸ ¦É¸ ɜ®º ¼ „µ¦Ä£µ¬µ„µ¥šo Á®¤µ³­¤É¸ „µ¦Á¨¥Š„µ¦„¨É¸ nµª‡µ®¥µ‡µ¥Î „µ¦Á¨¥ŠÉ¸ „µ¦¡— ¼ —‹´ Š®ª³´ „µ¦Á¨¥Š„µ¦Ã˜É¸ Á™o ¥Š®¦¸ °ªº ‹µ¦–· r°¥nµŠÃ‹nŠÂ‹Šo „µ¦Å¤n™°‡ªµ¤Á®º œ °Š˜œÈ ÁžÈœÄ®n ÁžÈœ˜œo (Œ˜¦µ´ ¨³‡–³, 2522, œ. 207-210; ¦Š¦°Š´ , 2546, œ. 103-105; œ·˜¥µ, 2558, œ. 95-107)

4. „µ¦ž¦µ„’™o°¥‡µÄ®Î oÁ„¸¥¦˜· Ĝ˜°œš ɸ 4 œÊ¸ Ÿ¼Á o ¥œ‹³œ¸ εÁ­œ°Ÿ¨„µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®· „µ¦ž¦µ„’™r °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Á¡· ɰčº o ÁžÈœ °¤o ¨Á¼ Šž¦³‹· „¬´ r„n°œš‹³°£É¸ ž¦µ¥„µ¦ž¦µ„’Äœ¨· „¬–³˜´ nµŠÇ ¦nª¤„ž¦³Á—´ œÁ¦È É°Š„µ¦º ‡µ—„µ¦–rŗ °Š™o o°¥‡ÎµÄ®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ¨³‡ªµ¤­· ¤¡´ œ›´ rÁŠšµšÂŸ­¤š· ¸É„ε®œ—ŪÁ¡o ɺ° „µ¦«„¬µ‡¦¹ Šœ´Ê ʸĜ˜°œš ɸ 5 ˜n°Åž 4.1 „µ¦ž¦µ„’˜µ¤ÂÂŸœ „µ¦ž¦µ„’ (™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ )· ˜µ¤ÂÂŸœ®¤µ¥™Š¹ „µ¦šŸÉ¸ ¡¼o —č¼ ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · ž¦³Á£š˜nµŠÇ Á®¤µ³­¤„¦³—´ ‡ªµ¤Áž´ ȜšµŠ„µ¦Â¨³­™µœ³ °ŠŸ¢¼o ŠÂ¨³ °Š˜œÁ°ŠÄœ‡¦´ Šœ´Ê œ´Ê ¨³®µ„¦š„µ¦¡· —Áž¼ Ȝ˜n°ÁœÉº°Š/Ã˜˜°o „µ¦Ä™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ „· ¥È Š‡ŠÁž´ ȜŞ°¥µŠn ‡ŠÁ­œ‡Šªµo ­µ®¦Î „µ¦«´ „¬µ‡¦¹ Šœ´Ê ʸ „µ¦Ä™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ˜µ¤ÂÂŸœÃ—¥¤µ„¨· ª¤o „Á„´ ¥ª ɸ °Šo „¦´ ž£µ¬µ‹¼ µ¡ª„°œÎ »£µ‡ ‡µÁ¦Î ¥„ µœ¸ (®¦°‡º µœÎ 宜oµÉ°º /˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ) ¨³„µ¦„¨nµª˜°‡n­œšœµ¼ šŸÉ¸ ¡¼o —¼ /ŸÄ®¼o Á„o ¥¦˜¸ č· ŗo ™o „˜¼ °Š˜µ¤®¨o „„µ¦š´ ‡ª¦ÁžÉ¸ Ȝ

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˜ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 1 ¨³ 2 œÎµ¤µ‹µ„ °¤o ¨„µ¦ž’¼ ­· ¤¡´ œ›´ Áœr oœ£µ¦„‹Äœ –³š· °µ‹µ¦¥É¸ „r ´ œ·­˜Â˜· n¨³‡n¼ž¦„¬µ„¹ œÁ¡´ É°˜º n°£µ¡„µ¦˜r ¼œÄ®°°„¤µÁžo ȜÁœÊº°Á¦É°ŠÁ—º ¥ª„¸ œ´ š­œšœµšœÉ¸ 夵 ­—ŠÄœšœÉ¸ ʸÁžÈœªŠÂ¦„ °Š„n ‹„¦¦¤· ŽŠŸÉ¹ ¦¼o ª¤„µ¦­œšœµÂ˜n n¨³‡n„¼ 娊š´ µ‡ªµ¤‡Î »œÁ‡¥„o £µ¡´ „µ¦˜r œÄœ°¼ ¦· ¥µ™˜· nµŠÇ „n°œš‹³¦É¸ ª¤„n œ—´ µÁœÎ ·œ„‹„¦¦¤˜· n°£µ¡˜n°Åž

˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ¸É 1 1 œ·­˜· : Á¦¥Š¦¸ ž„¼ n°œ /„Å—È ‡o n³\ 2 °µ‹µ¦¥:r /Á¦¥ŠÁ¦¸ ¥Š¸ \ 3 œ·­˜· : Á—¥ªÁ¦¸Ì ¥Š„¸ n°œ„Å—È ‡o n³ 4 °µ‹µ¦¥:r Á¦µ‡»¥„œÅ—´ ¤³o 5 œ·­˜· : ŗ‡o n³ [®ªÁ¦µ³Äœ¨´ µ‡°Î ] […] 6 œ·­˜· : °œœ´ ʸ‡°˜„¨º ªÄo ¤n ¥´Ê ‡³ (.) °q° °œœ´ ʸ‡°°º œœ´ ʸč¤n ¥´Ê ‡³ 7 °µ‹µ¦¥:r ‡¦ª¼ µn (.) ‡¦˜¼ °ŠÄ®o ®œo ¼ participate „n°œ 8 œ·­˜· : [®ªÁ¦µ³´ ] 9 °µ‹µ¦¥:r Á—¥ª„¸Ì n°œÁ—¥ª„¸Ì n°œ Á—¥ª‹³„¨µ¥Áž¸Ì Ȝ‡¦š¼ µ‡œÁ—Î ¥ª¸ 10 Á—¥ªÁ‡¸Ì µ‹³Å¤o ž¦³­‡ªµ¤­n µÁ¦Î ‹È [¡—„¨¼ ª®´Ê ªÁ¦µ³´ ] 11 Á—¥ª°¸Ì œœ´ ʸ¤œ‡´ —°°„· °q° ŞÁ‹° (-) °µªo (.) °œœ´ ʸ /žËºžËº\ Á—¥ª®œ¸Ì ¼¨°Š—ª¼ µ¤n œÄ´ ž³n 12 œ·­˜· : /‡n³ (.)\ °œœ´ ʸ‡° º µ¤Å—o —o ¤¸ ¥´Ê ‡³‡¦ ¼ (-) °³o šµÅ¤¤Î œ ´ µ¤Å—o ­°Š°o œ´ [®ªÁ¦µ³´ ] 13 °µ‹µ¦¥:r °nµªÂ¨ªo 14 œ·­˜· : °œœ´ ʸ„Å—È ®¦°o ‡³ (-) ¨ª„o °È œœ´ ʸ (.) ¨ª°o œœ´ ʸ‡°°³Å¦Áœº ɸ¥: [®ªÁ¦µ³´ ] 15 °µ‹µ¦¥:r °q°°q°¤œ˜´ °Š¤o ¦¸ °ŠÅ®o „o n°œ /¦°ŠÅ®o \o 16 œ·­˜· : /˜°œ¦°Â¦„\ šÁ¢¨¦É¸ Áž¨¹ nµ‡³‡¦ ¼

˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ¸É 2 1 °µ‹µ¦¥:r ‡n³ 2 œ·­˜· : ‡n³ 3 °µ‹µ¦¥:r ®œ¼°É¸ (.) °³Å¦‡³ 4 œ·­˜· : °®Éº Š· ‡n³ 5 °µ‹µ¦¥:r °®Éº Š· (.) ‡n³ (.) ‡¦°¼ ¨´ ‡¸ n³ (.) ‡¦ ¼ ((¤µ‹µ„£µ‡ªµ· )) ž’¤µ„¦¦¤· ‡n³ 6 œ·­˜· : ‡n³ 7 °µ‹µ¦¥:r °³‡n³ (-) Šœ´Ê (.) ¤µ— ¼ /¦ž¼ \ „œœ³´ /‡³\ 8 œ·­˜· : /‡n³\ (-) /‡n³\ […] 9 °µ‹µ¦¥:r °³ Á°³ Á°³ Á°p³ (.) ž¨ªµ¤n œ´ (.) /˜n° œ¤µÊ¹ \ 10 œ·­˜· : /„¥„ È œ¤µÊ¹ \ ¦Áž¨¹ nµ‡³ 11 °µ‹µ¦¥:r °µÂ¨ª„o ¥„ È œ¤µ°³Ê¹ (( °«°„¨o ɜ¨Š‹µ„غ p³))

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12 œ·­˜· : °»p¥°»p¥ °µ‹µ¦¥¦³ªr Š´ ‡n³ 13 °µ‹µ¦¥:r °»p¥ °q° ŤÁžn ȜŦ‡n³ °‡»–‡n³

ĜšŠ´Ê 2 ˜ª°¥´ nµŠ µŠ˜o œo Ÿ¼Á o ¥œ¡„µ¦ž¦µ„’ °Š°œ¸ »£µ‡šÄÉ¸ ×¥Á¡«®o ŠÁž· Ȝ„µ¦ÁŒ¡µ³ (female-specific particle) Ĝ¦ž¼ “‡³” 4 ŽŠœÉ¹ ·­˜Ä· ŗo Á®¤µ³­¤˜µ¤®¨o „„µ¦´ ץĭŪn Ĝ­o ªœšn µ¥o °Šž¦³Ã¥‡‡µ™µ¤Î (Ánœ Ĝ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 6 ¨³ 14 °Š˜ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 1 ¨³Äœ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 10 °Š ˜ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 2) Á¡É°Á¡º ¤¦³—·É ‡ªµ¤­´ »£µ¡Ä®„o „µ¦­´ É°Á‹˜œµÄœ‡¦º Šœ´Ê ´œÊ œ°„‹µ„œ´œÊ œ·­˜¥· ŠÄ´ o °œ»£µ‡Äœ¦ž¼ “‡n³” ŗ°¥o µŠÁ®¤µ³­¤Án nœ„œ´ „¨nµª‡°º ĭĜ­n ªœšn µ¥ °Šž¦³Ã¥‡°„Á¨o nµ ¦ª¤šŠ´Ê ™°¥‡o µ®¦Î °ª¨º š¸ šÉ¸ µ®œÎ oµš°„Á¨É¸ µn (Áœn Ĝ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 1 ¨³ 3 °Š˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 1 ¨³Äœ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 4 ¨³ 12 °Š˜ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 2) œ°„‹µ„œ´œ‡Ê µªÎ nµ “‡n³” °µ‹ÄÁžo Ȝ‡µÂ¦„ °ŠŸ¨Î —„µ¦­œšœµ„´ È ¥°¤Å—n Á¡o °­Éº °„µ¦˜„¨Š®¦Éº °­º °‡ªµ¤Á ɺ µÄ‹„o ‡´ µ™µ¤®¦Î ° º °‡o —Á®· œ °ŠŸÈ ¢¼o ŠÄœŸ¨´ —„´ n°œ®œoµœœ´Ê (Ánœ Ĝ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 12 °Š˜ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 1 ¨³Äœ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 2, 6 ¨³ 8 °Š˜ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 2) ˜n°¤µ °¤o ¨š¼ ¡Â­—Š„µ¦šÉ¸ œÉ¸ ·­˜Ä· ‡o µÁ¦Î ¥„Ÿ¸ š¼o ¤É¸ ­™µœ³Áž¸ Ȝ°µ‹µ¦¥Å—r °¥o µŠÁ®¤µ³­¤n „¨nµª‡°º „µ¦ Á¦¥„Ÿ¸ ¢¼o Šª´ µn “‡¦”¼ ‡µÁ¦Î ¥„ µœÃ—¥š¸ ªÅžÂ¨´É ª¤o „ž¦µ„’Äœ´ nªŠ˜œ °Š„µ¦­œšœµ®¦o ° °ŠŸ¨º —´ Á¡É°—º Š‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹‹µ„Ÿ¹ ¼šo ™É¸ ¼„Á¦¥„¸ (Ťnž¦µ„’Äœ˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ®¥É¸ ¥„¤µ· ) šªnµ„µ¦„¨nµª‡Îµªnµ “‡¦”¼ ĜnªŠšµ¥­o »— °Šž¦³Ã¥‡„­µ¤µ¦™„¦³šÈ εŗÁo nœ„œ´ ˜n‡ª¦˜°Š„¨o nµª˜µ¤®¨Š°œ´ »£µ‡ “‡³” ®¦°º “‡n³” ¨ªÂ˜o n„¦–¸ °œÉ¹ŠÂ¤‡o µªÎ µn “‡¦”¼ ‹³¤¦¸ ž£µ¬µÁž¼ Ȝ‡µÁ¦Î ¥„ µœ¸ ˜nĜšœÉ¸ ʸ¤šµšÄœ¸ „µ¦­°­µ¦ÁšÉº ¥Áš¸ µ„n °œ´ »£µ‡ ŽŠ®µ„Á„ɹ —˜µ¤®¨· Š°œ´ »£µ‡Ã—¥Âš o (“‡³” ®¦°º “‡n³”) „¥È Š‹³Á¡·É ¤·É ¦³—„µ¦¥„¥´ °ŠÄ®n ­o Š ¼ œÅž°Ê¹ „¸ (—Á¼ nœ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 12 ¨³ 16 °Š˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 1) ĜšµŠ„¨„´ œ´ ‡ÎµÁ¦¥„Ÿ¸ ¼šo ɤ¸ ­™µœ³­¸ Š„ª¼ nµ°µ‹ž¦µ„’Äœ˜ÎµÂ®œnŠÂ¦„ °ŠŸ¨—˜´ n×¥¨Îµ¡Š„´ Å—È o ˜n®µ„Ťn¤¸ °œ»£µ‡ “‡³” ˜µ¤Äœšœš´ ¸ „°µ‹˜È ‡ªµ¤Å—¸ ªo nµ Ÿ¼¡o —Ä®¼ Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ÿ· ¼¢o Š¥´ ŠÅ¤´ n¤µ„¡° (Áž¦¥Áš¸ ¥¸ ¦žÂ„µ¦Ä¼ ˜o n°ÅžœÊ¸: “…č٤‡¦n ”¼ ¨³ “...č٤‡³‡¦n ”¼ „´ “‡¦...”¼ ¨³ “‡¦‡³¼ ...”) ˜µ¤®¨„„µ¦Ä´ £µ¬µÅš¥o Ÿ¼šo ¤¸É °µª¸ »Ã­®¦°­™µœ£µ¡­º Š„ª¼ nµ¤šµŠÁ¨¸ °„šº ‹³„¨¸É nµª ™o°¥‡ÎµÄ®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ®¦· °Å¤º n„Å—È o ץŤn™°Ážº Ȝ„µ¦ —˜´ n°ÂÂŸœ„µ¦ž’­· ¤¡´ œ›´ r˜n°¥nµŠÄ— (Áž¦¥Áš¸ ¥„¸ ´ Shibatani, 1998, p. 347) „¦»–µ­ŠÁ„˜„µ¦Ä´ ¨³„µ¦Å¤o čn ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · °Š°µ‹µ¦¥Äœ˜r ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 1 ¨³ 2 ˜µ¤¨µ—Î Äœ –³š´ ɝ¦¦¥µ„µ«„µ¦­œšœµÁž¸ ȜŞ°¥nµŠ ¦µ¦ÉœÂ¨³Ážº Ȝ¤˜¦· °¥µŠÅ¦„n ˜µ¤ŸÈ ¼šo ¤É¸ °µª¸ »Ã­®¦°­™µœ£µ¡˜º É優µÁžn Ȝ µ¥šn ™É¸ ¼„‡µ—®ªŠÄ®´ o Ťn¨³Á¨¥šÉ¸‹³Äo™o°¥‡µÄ®Î oÁ„¸¥¦˜·„‡´ ¼n­œšœµšÉ¸¤°µª¸ »Ã­®¦°­™µœ£µ¡¤µ„„ªº nµ Á¤¥rœµ¦r—

4 ˜µ¤šÅ—ɸ ššªœÅªo Ĝ˜°œšo ɸ 2.1 œ„£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦´ ŗr Ä®o ‡o µ°›Î µ¥Åª· ªo µn ‡µ°œÎ »£µ‡‹µ¡ª„Î “‡³” “‡³n ” ¨³ “‡¦´ ” ‹—Áž´ Ȝ ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Áœ· oœ‡ªµ¤­£µ¡» „¦³œœ„´Ê —È ¸ ŸÁ ¼o ¥œ¤¸ ‡ªµ¤Á®¸ œªÈ µn °­o ŠÁ„˜ ´ µŠ˜o œ¤o ¸ °‹o µ„Î —´ ÁœÉº°Š‹µ„™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · ˜n¨³¦¼ž°µ‹šÎµ®œoµš¤µ„Åž„ªÉ¸ nµœ´œÊ ÁžÈœ˜oœªnµ °œ»£µ‡ “‡³” “‡n³” ¨³ “‡¦´ ” Ťnŗo¤šµšÁ¡¸ ¥Š­¸ É°‡ªµ¤­º »£µ¡„´ Ÿ¢¼o Š´ ˜nĜ®¨µ¥„¦–¸¥ŠÄ´ ­—Š‡ªµ¤¥„¥o °Š„n ´ »‡‡¨Á®¨µœn ʸŗ°o „—¸ ª¥o

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(Maynard, 1993, p. 179) Ä®š¦¦«œ³Á„o É¥ª„¸ ­µÁ®˜´ » °Š„µ¦Å¤nč™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · (Áœoœ ‡ªµ¤­£µ¡» ) Ĝ£µ¬µÉž¸ »œÅªn —o Šœ´ ʸ‡°º (1) Ÿ¡¼o —°¼ »šµœ®¦°œº ¹„µŠ­Š ·É œ¤µÅ—ʹ o (2) Ÿ¡¼o —¦¦¥µ¥¼ Á®˜»„µ¦–r¦µª„ª´ µn ˜œÁ°ŠÁ µÅž°¥o Ĝ£µ¡šn¼ „ɸ 娊¦¦¥µ¥°¥´ œn¼ œ—´Ê ª¥o (3) Ÿ¡¼o —¡¼ —„¼ ˜œÁ°Š´ (4) Ÿ¡¼o —¦¼ ª¤„n œ­¦´ µŠ™o °¥‡o µÎ (jointly creates utterances) „Ÿ´ ¢¼o Š´ (5) Ÿ¡¼o —Ä®¼ o °¤o ¨š¼ °¥É¸ ¡n¼ œ®¨Êº Š´ (backgrounded information) ¨³ (6) Ÿ¼¡o ¼—¤°Šªnµ ˜œÁ°Š¤‡ªµ¤‡¸ »œÁ‡¥o (familiarity) ¨³ ‡ªµ¤Ä„¨o —· (closeness) „Ÿ´ ¢¼o Š´ œªšµŠ—Š„¨´ nµª­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄ°›o µ¥„µ¦Å¤· čn ™o °¥‡o µÎ Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ£µ¬µÅš¥Å—· Áo nœ„œ´ ˜n®µ„Áž¦¥Áš¸ ¥„¸ ­µÁ®˜´ »š ɸ 1 ™Š¹ 5 ŽŠœÉ¹ nµ‹³™°Ážº ȜÁ¦É°Šº š°œÉ¸ »Ã¨¤Å—¨o ªo ­µÁ®˜»š ɸ 6 ÁžÈœ­Šš·É ŸÉ¸ ¼¡o —Á­¼ ¥ŠšÉ¸ ‹³™É¸ ¼„ž¦³Á¤œÄœÂŠ· ¨¤µ„šn ­É¸ »— ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³ °¥nµŠ¥Š·É Á¤É°¡º ‹µ¦–µ˜µ¤®¨· „„µ¦Ä´ ‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ °Š­· Š‡¤Åš¥ÄœÁ´ Š¥· —¤¹ œ˜´É n°ÂÂŸœ (prescriptive) ¨ªŸo š¼o °É¸ n°œ°µª»Ã­®¦°°º n°œ°Îµœµ‹‡ª¦¤°Šªµn ‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ °Š˜œ„r  ´ µ¥˜¦Š n µ¤o ¤‡ªµ¤Áž¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦°¥¼nÁ­¤°¦³®ªnµŠ„µ¦ž’­· ¤¡´ œ›´ Ĝ¦r šš· Áž¸É ȜšµŠ„µ¦ Ĝ˜ª°¥´ nµŠš ¸É 1 œ·­˜Å¤· ŗn čo ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ· nªŠ„¨µŠ °Š¦¦š—š´ ɸ 6 (“°q°”) ¨³‹µ„nªŠ„¨µŠ °Š¦¦š—´ š ɸ 12 (“°³o ” “šµÅ¤¤Î œ ´ µ¤Å—o ­°Š°o œ´ ”) ¨³ 14 (“¨ª„o °È œœ´ ʸ ¨ª°o œœ´ ʸ‡°°³Å¦Áœº ɸ¥”) ˜n„—È Á®¤¼ °œº ‹³ÁžÈœÅž˜µ¤Á®˜»°œ‡ª¦‡´ °º “°q°” ¨³ ”°o³” ÁžÈœ‡Îµ°»šµœ (­µÁ®˜»š ɸ 1) ­nªœšÉÁ®¨¸ °Ážº Ȝ„µ¦ ­—Š‡ªµ¤‡—Á®· œ„È ˜œÁ°Š´ (­µÁ®˜»š ɸ 3)

˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ¸É 3 1 —Á‹¸ : ‡–» °œ­ª­—´ ‡¸ nµ:: 2 ‡»–°œ: ­ª­—´ ‡¸ nµ:: 3 —Á‹¸ : ­ª­—´ ‡¸ n³ ‡–» °œÅ—¥o œ· —Á‹œ¤´ ¥´Ê ‡³ Á­¥Š„¸ °ŠÇo 4 ‡»–°œ: ‡n³ (.) ŗ¥o œ· /—Á‹œ´ ‡n³\ 5 —Á‹¸ : /ŗ¥o œ· —Á‹œ´ \ œ³‡³ 6 ‡»–°œ: ŗ¥o œ¤· ¥´Ê ‡³ 7 —Á‹¸ : ŗ¥o œ· ‡n³ ŗ¥o œ· ‡n³ 8 ‡»–°œ: ‡n³ ‡n³ 9 —Á‹¸ : ‡–» °œ‡³ ǦŠ„µ¦œÊ¸ÁžÈœ¥ŠÅŠ´ ‡³ÄœÁ¦°Š °ŠÃ‡¦Š„µ¦Éº (.) Á¦°ŠÉº (.) ›¦¦¤µ˜—· —˸ ¸ ÁœÉ¸¥‡n³ „µ¦ž¦µ„’˜µ¤ÂÂŸœ¤Ä®¸ Á®o œÄœ È °¤o ¨‹µ„­¼ °­µ¦¤ª¨œÁÉº nœ„œ´ ŸÁ ¼o ¥œ °®¥¸ ¥„· š­œšœµšµŠªš¥· »¦³®ªnµŠ—Á‹Â¨³Ÿ¸ ¼¦o „µ¦­´ ¤£µ¬–´ rš¸É°¥¼nž¨µ¥­µ¥Ãš¦«¡š´ r¤µÂ­—ŠÄœ ˜ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 3 ­µ®¦Î ˜´ ª°¥´ µŠœn ʸ —ª¥Á®˜o »šŸÉ¸ Á ¼o ¥œÅ¤¸ ­µ¤µ¦™Á n µ™o Š¦µ¥¨³Á°¹ ¥——¸ µœ°o ˜¨´ „¬–´ r °Š‡¼n­œšœµšŠ­°Š´Ê Œ³œ´œ‹Ê ŠÅ¤¹ n°µ‹š¦µÅ—ªo nµ —Á‹Â¨³‡¸ »–°œ¤°µª¸ »Ã­¤µ„œo°¥˜nµŠ„œ´ °¥µŠÅ¦n °„š¸ Š¥´Ê Šœ´ Áž´ ȜÁ¦É°Š¥µ„šº ‹³¦³É¸ »¦³—°´ 圵‹š˜É¸ nµŠ„œ®¦´ °Å¤º °¥n µŠÅ¦ °Šn »‡‡¨šŠ­°Š´Ê ¤„¦³œo œÁ¦µ„´Ê ­µ¤µ¦™°œÈ »¤µœÅ—Äœ¦³—o ®œ´ ɹŠ‹µ„¨¨µ£µ¬µš¸ čɸ Ĝ„µ¦­œšœµªo µn šŠ­°Š¤°Š´Ê

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¦š„µ¦­· ¤£µ¬–´ r¨³‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ r¦³®ªnµŠ»‡‡¨ªnµ ¤‡ªµ¤Áž¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦°¥n¼Äœ¦³—®œ´ ɹŠ ¡‹µ¦–µÅ—· ‹µ„„µ¦šo šÉ¸ Š—´Ê Á‹Â¨³‡¸ »–°œÄ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ž¦³Á£š°œ· »£µ‡Â­—Š‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡ Ĝ (š) š»„˜µÂ®œÎ nŠ °Š„µ¦­œšœµÁšµšn ‹³ÁžÉ¸ ȜŞŗ o ¨³ÄœªŠšn µ¥ °Š¦¦šo —š´ ɸ 1 ¨³ 2 šŠ­°Š°°„Á­´Ê ¥Š°œ¸ »£µ‡ “‡n³” —ª¥„µ¦¨µ„Á­o ¥Š¥µªÁž¸ Ȝ “‡nµ” ŽŠ‹É¹ —Áž´ Ȝ„µ¦Äœo ÊεÁ­¥Šš¸ œÉ¸ »n¤œª¨ ¨³ÁžÈœ¤˜¦· ­µ®¦Î Ÿ¨´ —„µ¦­œšœµš´ ¤É¸ ‡ªµ¤¥µª‡¸ n°œ µŠ¤µ„o „¥È Š¤´ „µ¦Ä¸ °œo »£µ‡„儝š´ »„ ˜µÂ®œÎ nŠÅ—°¥o µŠÁ®¤µ³­¤n ÁžÈœ˜œªo µn Ĝ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 9 —Á‹Ä¸ °œo »£µ‡®¨Š‡´ µÁ¦Î ¥„ µœ¸ (“‡»–°œ‡³”) ®¨Šž¦³Ã¥‡‡´ µ™µ¤Î (“¥ŠÅŠ‡³´ ”) ¨³®¨Š­´ ªœšn µ¥ °Š­o ªœ ¥µ¥ž¦³Ã¥‡n (“ÁœÉ¸¥‡³n ”) °œÉ¹Š‹µ„˜ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 3 ¤ž¦³Á—¸ œÁ¡È ¤Á˜·É ¤°· „ž¦³Á—¸ œ®œÈ ɹŠšÉœ¸ nµ ‡—ª· nµ ĜµŠ„¦–¸ ‡n­œšœµÄ¼ ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ŗ· ˜µ¤ÂÂŸœ®¦o °Å¤º n Þ¦—­ŠÁ„˜Äœ¦¦š´ —š´ ɸ 3 š—ɸ Á‹‹Ÿ¨¸ —´ „µ¦­œšœµ—ª¥„µ¦„¨o nµªªnµ “Á­¥Š„¸ °ŠÇo ” ‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœÅžÅ—¤o °¥¸ n¼ 2 ž¦³„µ¦‡°º —Á‹¤°Šª¸ nµ Á›° „ε¨Š„¨´ nµª™°¥‡o µœÎ ʸ„˜œÁ°Š´ ®¦°Å¤º „n °µ‹¤°ŠªÈ µn ˜œÁ°Š¤‡ªµ¤‡¸ »œÁ‡¥Â¨³­œo ·š­œ¤„Ÿ´ ¢¼o Š´ ‹ŠÅ¤¹ ‹n µÁžÎ Ȝ ˜°Š¨Ššo µ¥—o ª¥°œo »£µ‡®¦°™º °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ¦· ž°¼ ɜǺ Ĝšµœ°ŠÁ—Î ¥ª„¸ œ´ Á¤É°¤°Šº ¥°œ„¨o Åžš´ ˜É¸ ª°¥´ µŠšn Š­°Š„´Ê n°œ®œoµœœ´Ê ŸÁ ¼o ¥œ¡ª¸ µn ¤˜¸ 宜nŠ°ÉœÇº Ĝ„µ¦­œšœµšœÉ¸ Áž´ Ȝ Á¦°Š¥µ„šÉº ‹³É¸ µ—ªÊ¸ µn ÁžÈœ„µ¦Ä™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ˜µ¤ÂÂŸœ®¦· °Å¤º n ®¦°‹³™º °Ážº Ȝ °¥„Áªo œo ŗ o Ĝ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 12 °Š˜ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 2 œ·­˜„¨· nµªÁ˜°œªº nµ “°µ‹µ¦¥¦³ªr Š‡´ n³” ¨³Äœ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 1 °Š˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 3 —Á‹„¨¸ µªšn „šµ¥ª´ µn “‡»–°œ­ª­—´ ‡¸ nµ” „µ¦„¨nµªªµn “°µ‹µ¦¥”r ¨³ “‡»–°œ” ĜšœÉ¸ ʸšµ®œÎ oµšÁžÉ¸ Ȝ‡µÁ¦Î ¥„ µœ¸ ˜µ¤®¨„¨´ ªo Ÿ¡¼o —­µ¤µ¦™Á˜¼ ¤°œ· »£µ‡ “‡³” ˜µ¤®¨ŠÅ—´ šo œš´ ¸ ‡µ™µ¤šÎ Á¦µ¥É¸ Š‡Š˜´ °Š¦°‡o µ˜°°¥Î „n¼ ‡È °º ‹µÁžÎ Ȝ®¦°Å¤º šn „µ¦ž’ɸ · ˜´ ˜µ¤ÂÂŸœ„µ¦Ä· ™o °¥‡o µÎ Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ °¥· nµŠÁ‡¦nŠ‡¦—„´ 宜—Ä®Ÿo ¼¡o —˜¼ °ŠÄo ™o °¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝš· »„˜ÎµÂ®œnŠšÁžÉ¸ ȜŞŗ °Šo ž¦³Ã¥‡®¦°™º °¥‡o ε œ°„‹µ„œ´œ¥Ê Š¤´ ž¦³Á—¸ œšÈ ÁžÉ¸ Ȝ‡ªµ¤¥»nŠ¥µ„Äœ„µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®· Ş„ªr nµœ´œ‡Ê °º Á¦°Š„¨ªÉº ›· šµŠ£µ¬µš¸ ‡ª¦Â¨³Å¤É¸ ‡ª¦Än Á¤o °­œšœµ„ɺ Ÿ´ š¼o ŸÉ¸ ¡¼o —‡ª¦Ä®¼ Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³°¥µŠ¥n Š·É ¦³®ªnµŠ‡¼nœ·­˜Â¨³°µ‹µ¦¥· 5r ÁžÈœ˜œªo nµ ™°¥‡o µ °ŠœÎ ·­˜Äœ¦¦š· —š´ ɸ 1 ¨³ 3 Ĝ˜ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 1 ¤ªo µ‹³¨Ššn µ¥—o ª¥°œo »£µ‡šÁ®¤µ³­¤É¸ ˜nšªµ™n °¥‡o µšÎ œÉ¸ 宜oµ¤µ„n°œœœ‹´Ê —Áž´ Ȝ„µ¦­°Á‹˜œµÉº ‹µ¡ª„„µ¦­Î Š®¦´É °„µ¦°œº »µ˜ ŽŠÅ¤É¹ °¥n Ĝªn¼ ­· ¥š´ ŸÉ¸ œ¼o o°¥‡ª¦„¨µª„n Ÿ´ Ä®¼o nĜ¦š °Š­· Š‡¤Åš¥´ ž¦³Á—œÁ¦È É°Š‡ªµ¤Á®¤µ³­¤ °Š„¨ªº ›· £µ¬µÁ¡¸ ɰ­—Š„µ¦Ä®º Á„o ¥¦˜¸ œ· ´ªnµ¤‡ªµ¤Ž¸ Ž´ °œ¤µ„o —ª¥Á®˜o »šÉ¸ »‡‡¨˜nµŠª¥Â¨³˜´ nµŠ°»—¤„µ¦–r°µ‹¤‡ªµ¤‡¸ —Á®· œšÈ ˜É¸ nµŠ„œ‡œ¨³ ´ ª„´Ê ÁžÈ ȜŞŗ o

5 ÁšnµšŸÉ¸ µœ¤µn œ´„£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦Å¤r ŗn «o „¬µ™¹ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ¤· »¤¤°Š„¨ª›· šµŠ£µ¬µÁš¸ nµÄ—œ´„ Á¦É°Šœº ʸÁžÈœž¦³Á—œ­È µ‡Î ´ šÉ­µ¤µ¦™„¸ n°Ä®oÁ„—š· «œ‡˜´ ĜŠ· n¨¦³®ªnµŠŸ¼šo É¥¸ —¤¹ œÄœ®¨´É „„µ¦Ä´ o™o°¥‡ÎµÄ®oÁ„¥¦˜¸ ˜µ¤ÂÂŸœÂ¨³Ÿ· ¼šo ÉŤ¸ nÁ ¤Šª—o ®¦°Å¤º ˜¦³®œn ´„ÄœÁ¦É°Š—º Š„¨´ nµªÅ—×¥Šo µ¥n °µš · ‡œ¦»nœÄ®¤nĜ­Š‡¤Åš¥¤´ „Ť´ š¦µªn nµ Ĝ„µ¦„¨nµª˜° „µ¦˜°˜„¨Š ×¥šªÅž´É ®¦°„µ¦˜°‡º ε °‡»–„Ÿ´ š¼o ¤É¸ °µª¸ »Ã­¤µ„„ªnµ ˜µ¤®¨„„µ¦—´ ŠÁ—´Ê ¤Â¨· oª Ÿ°¼o n°œ°µª»Ã­‡ª¦„¨nµªÂ˜nÁ¡¥Šª¸ nµ “‡³n ” ®¦°º “‡¦´ ” ˜nĜž‹‹´ »œ´ Ÿ°¼o °œ°µªn »Ã­œ·¥¤Ä„µ¦˜°o Ánœ “ðÁ‡‡n³/‡¦´ ” “¥œ—· ‡¸ n³/‡¦´ ” ¨³ “ŤÁžn ȜŦ‡n³/‡¦´ ” ×¥‡—ª· µn Á®¨µœn ʸÁžÈœ„µ¦˜°šÂ­—Š‡ªµ¤­É¸ £µ¡» /„µ¦¥„¥°Ššn Á®¤µ³­¤Â¨É¸ ªo

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4.2 „µ¦ž¦µ„’¡¨ª˜´ Á¤É°­º ŠÁ„˜„µ¦ž’´ ­· ¤¡´ œ›´ r‹µ„¦š„µ¦­· É°­µ¦šº ¸ÉčÁžo Ȝ °¤o ¼¨Äœ„µ¦«„¬µ‡¦¹ Šœ´Ê ʸ ˜n°Åž°„¸ šÎµÄ®Á®o œªÈ nµ „µ¦Ä™o o°¥‡ÎµÄ®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ť· nŗÁ„o — · ¹œ˜µ¤ÂÂŸœÁ­¤°ÅžÊ °„š¸ Š´Ê ž¦µ„’„µ¦–r—Š„¨´ nµªÅ¤Å—n ­o ¤¡´ œ›´ „r ­µÁ®˜´ »®¦° º °¥„Áªo œž¦³„µ¦šo ɸ 1 ™Š¹ 5 ˜µ¤šÁ¤¥É¸ œµ¦r —r Á‡¥Å—°›o µ¥Åª· o (—¼˜°œš ɸ 4.1) Ÿ¼Á o ¥œÁ¦¸ ¥„ ¸ °¤o ¼¨Äœ¨„¬–³œ´ ʸ×¥¦ª¤ªnµ „µ¦ž¦µ„’ ¡¨ª˜´ ŽŠ­µ¤µ¦™‹É¹ µÂœ„°°„ÁžÎ Ȝž¦³Á£š¥°¥Å—n o 2 ž¦³Á£š ‡°º „µ¦Áž¨¥œ™É¸ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · ¨³„µ¦„µ®œ—šµšÄ®¤Î n 4.2.1 „µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œ™o°¥‡µÄ®Î oÁ„¸¥¦˜· „µ¦ž¦µ„’¡¨ª˜¤´ „Ť´ ¤n ¦¸ žÂ¼ (pattern) „µ¦ž¦µ„’šÂœÉ¸ n—´ ‹Šš¹ µÄ®Î Ťo ­µ¤µ¦™n ‡µ—„µ¦–rŗ°¥o nµŠÁžÈœ¦³ªnµ ‹³ž¦µ„’™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ®¦· °Å¤º n ˜¨°—‹œ‹³ž¦µ„’®¦°Å¤º n ž¦µ„’Äœ˜µÂ®œÎ nŠÄ—µŠo ˜nµŠÅž‹µ„„µ¦ž¦µ„’˜µ¤ÂÂŸœšÉ­µ¤µ¦™‡µ—„µ¦–¸ rŗ°¥o nµŠ ¤nœ¥µ„ªÎ nµ™Š‡ªµ¤Áž¹ ȜŞŗšo ‹³ž¦µ„’ °Š™É¸ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ š· ŠÄœÂŠ´Ê ž¦³Á£šÂ¨³˜n 宜nŠ ĜŸ¨—„µ¦­œšœµ´ „µ¦Áž¨¥œ™É¸ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · (honorific shift) ÁžÈœ„µ¦ž¦µ„’¡¨ª˜´ ž¦³Á£šÂ¦„šŸÉ¸ ¼Á o ¥œ‹³„¨¸ nµª™Š¹ „µ¦Áž¨¥œ™É¸ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ®¤µ¥™· Š„µ¦¨³¹ (drop) ™°¥‡o µÎ Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · „µ¦­¨´ (switch) ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ „· ¨´ ¨µ£µ¬µš¸ ­—Š‡ªµ¤ÁžÉ¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦œo°¥®¦°º ‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœ„œÁ°Š´ ®¦°„µ¦Á¡º ¤·É (add) ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · „µ¦ž¦µ„’¡¨ª˜š´ Š´Ê 3 œÊ¸¤œ¸ ¥´ šÁ®¨É¸ É°¤¨º Êε„œ´ ¨³˜nµŠ„¤È ®œ¸ oµšž¦É¸ Ä®´ „µ¦¡o —‡¼ »¥„œ –³œ´ ´œ¤Ê ¦³—¸ ‡ªµ¤Áž´ ȜšµŠ„µ¦ (®¦°º ¦³—‡ªµ¤¥„¥´ °Šn ) ¨—¨ŠÂ¨³/®¦°Á¡º ¤ ·É œÂ¨Ê¹ ªÂ˜o n„¦–¸ (— ¼ Eckert & Rickford, 2001; Jones & Ono, 2008; Cook, 2002) Þ¦—¡‹µ¦–µ˜· ª°¥´ µŠ˜n n°ÅžœÊ¸

˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ¸É 4 1 œ·­˜· : °¤Á®¤º °œº (.) Á®¤°œ°º œœ´ ʸ„°´ œœ´ ʸ¤œ°´ œÁ—´ ¥ª„¸ œ´ (.) ¦Áž¨¹ nµ‡³ [®ªÁ¦µ³Äœ¨´ µ‡°Î ] 2 °µ‹µ¦¥:r °³°q° 3 œ·­˜· : Á®¤°œÂªº µÁ‡n µ°¥µ„ o µ¤¦o Áž¨¹ nµ 4 °µ‹µ¦¥:r č n (.) čžn o³ (.) Á®¤°œ„º ˜¦Šœ´ ʸ¤®œ¸ oµŸµÂ¨ª˜o °Š o µ¤ÅžÄ®o ŗo o (.) čn¤³ 5 œ·­˜· : °¤Êº [®ªÁ¦µ³Äœ¨´ µ‡°Î ] 6 °µ‹µ¦¥:r šœ¸ Ê ¸ (-) °œœ´ ʸ‡° º µ¤ÅžÅ—o ¨o ªo (.) ™„¤³¼ 7 œ·­˜· : °¤Êº

˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ¸É 5 1 °µ‹µ¦¥:r ÁœÉ¸¥¤œÁž´ Ȝ (.) °œœ´ ʸ„°´ œœ´ ʸ¤œ°¥´ ‡œ¨³—n¼ µœ„o œÂ˜´ n°œœ´ ʸ¤œ¤´ ­°Š˜¸ ªž´ o³ 2 œ·­˜· : ¨ªÂ˜o nÁ¦µžo³ (‡³) 3 °µ‹µ¦¥:r [®ªÁ¦µ³´ ¡¦°¤„o Á°µ¤´ °žº ·—®œoµ]

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4 œ·­˜· : ¤˜¸ ª¥´ ¤„Ê· ˜´ ª´ (-) °¤®Êº ¤º (.) ®¦°¤º œ‹³´ (.) ®¦°¤º œ˜´ °ŠÁ—o œÅž„· n°œ Á—œÅž„· n°œ 5 °µ‹µ¦¥:r °¤º 6 œ·­˜· : ¨ªo (.) µ¤Å¤o ŗn o (.) „Á¨¥Á—È œ· /„¨Åž®µÅ¤´ \o [¡¥„®œ´ oµ ¡¦°¤„o ­˜µ°µ‹µ¦¥´ ]r 7 °µ‹µ¦¥:r /„¨Åž®µÅ¤´ \o [¡¥„®œ´ oµ ¡¦°¤„o ­˜µœ´ ·­˜· ] 8 œ·­˜· : Á—œÅž„· n°œ 9 °µ‹µ¦¥:r °œœ´ Ê ¸ °œœ´ ʸ¤µ (.) µ¤œo ɸŗ o (-) ¨ª°o œœ´ ʸ¤œ¥´ ŠÅŠ´ 10 œ·­˜· : °œœ´ ʸœnµ‹³šµ¥­o —ž» o³‡³ 11 °µ‹µ¦¥:r °¤º (.) ¤œ ´ œ¤µÊ¹ 12 œ·­˜· : —°¼ œœ´ Ê ¸ °¥µŠŠn ʸ œnµ‹³ÁžÈœ°¥µŠŠn ʸ ¦°ŠÅ®o o ¨ª„o ‡È —°°„· ¨ª„o Á—È œ¥· °œ„¨o Åž´ 13 °µ‹µ¦¥:r Å°œo ɸ¤œ¤µ´ ¤µ¦°ŠÅ®o o Å°œo ɸ¤œ—´ ®¼ œÂž¨„ž¨„Áœµ³´ [­˜µœ·­˜· ] 14 œ·­˜· : č n °œœ´ ʸ¤œ®´ œÂ—´ Ť¼ °°„ªn µÁžn Ȝ°œÅ®œ´

˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 4 ¨³ 5 œÎµ¤µ‹µ„¦š„µ¦­· °­µ¦Äœ“µœ ɺ °¤o ¨¼ “Mr O Corpus” »— £µ¬µÅš¥ ŽÉŠÂ­—Š„µ¦Áž¨¹ ¥œ™É¸ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ˜· nµŠÇ ­µ®¦Î ˜´ ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 4 Ĝ‹µœªœÎ Ÿ¨—„µ¦­œšœµš´ Š´Ê 4 Ÿ¨— °Šœ´ ·­˜š· ®¥É¸ ¥„¤µœ· ʸ ¤Á¡¸ ¥ŠŸ¨¸ —Á—´ ¥ªš¸ œÉ¸ ·­˜Ä· °œo »£µ‡ “‡³” Ĝ ˜ÎµÂ®œnŠšÁ®¤µ³­¤É¸ „¨nµª‡°º Ĝ˜ÎµÂ®œnŠšµ¥­o — °Šž¦³Ã¥‡‡» µ™µ¤Äœ¦¦šÎ —š´ ɸ 1 Ĝ –³šÉ¸ Ĝ¦¦š—˜´ n°Ç ¤µ ¤„¦–¸ ¸„Êε„Š‡É¹ °º ­ªœšn µ¥­o — °Šž¦³Ã¥‡‡» µ™µ¤Äœ¦¦šÎ —š´ ɸ 3 š°µ‹ÁžÉ¸ Ȝŗo šŠ„µ¦˜´Ê Š‡´Ê µ™µ¤„Î ˜´ ªÁ°ŠÂ¨³„µ¦˜´ Š‡´Ê µ™µ¤„Î °µ‹µ¦¥´ r ˜nĜ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 5 ¨³ 7 ­Šš·É ɜ¸ ·­˜· „¨µª°°„¤µÁžn Ȝ„µ¦˜°‡µ™µ¤ °Š°µ‹µ¦¥Î ĜŸ¨r —„´ n°œ®œoµœœ°¥´Ê µŠÁ®n œÅ—È o —´ ˜nœ·­˜„· Á¨È °„º šÉ‹³Ä¸ o„µ¦°°„Á­¥ŠÄœ¨¸ ε‡°ªnµ “°Ê¤º ” ŽÉŠÁž¹ Ȝ„µ¦˜°ÂÅ¤nÁžÈœšµŠ„µ¦Âšœ„µ¦˜°˜µ¤ ÂŸœ‡°º “‡n³” ®¦°º “čn‡n³” ™—¤µš´ ˜É¸ ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 5 „n°œ°ÉœÄœ¦¦šº —š´ ɸ 2 ¨³ 10 œ·­˜Ä· ‡o µÎ ­°Á‹˜œµ™µ¤ÂÅ¤Éº Ážn ȜšµŠ„µ¦ “žo³” ˜µ¤—ª¥°œo »£µ‡ “‡³” ­ªœÄœ¦¦šn —š´ ɸ 4, 8 ¨³ 12 „µ¦Å¤nž¦µ„’™o°¥‡ÎµÄ®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Á¨¥‹· —Áž´ Ȝ °¥„Áªo œšo É­¤Á®˜¸ »­¤Å— o Á¡¦µ³œ·­˜°µ‹‡· —ª· nµ Á›° „µ¨Î Š¦¦¥µ¥Á®˜´ »„µ¦–r®¦°¡º —„¼ ˜œÁ°Š´ ˜nšªµÄœ¦¦šn —š´ ɸ 6 „µ¦šœÉ¸ ·­˜Å¤· čn ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · Ĝ –³š®É¸ œÅž­˜µ°µ‹µ¦¥´ °¥r —n¼ ª¥œo nµ‹³Â­—Šªµn Á›°„µ¨Î Š­œšœµ„´ °µ‹µ¦¥´ ×¥˜¦Šr ‡¨µ¥„o ´ Ĝ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 14 šœÉ¸ ·­˜˜°‡· µ™µ¤°µ‹µ¦¥Î r ×¥šÅ¤É¸ čn ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ėǷ ‡»„ (Cook, 2011, p. 3658) ¨³±—­´ œ´ (Hudson, 2011, p. 3689, p. 3691) °£ž¦µ¥· ™Š‡ªµ¤Å¤¹ nÁ µ„o œ¦³®ª´ µŠ®¨n „„µ¦Ä´ ™o °¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ ¨³ª· ™· ž’¸ · ˜´ „µ¦Ä· ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ· ¦š„µ¦«· „¬µ °Š¹ ɞ¸ »œn ×¥°›µ¥ª· µn œ´„«„¬µÅ¤¹ ŗn čo ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ „· °µ‹µ¦¥´ ˜¨°—Áª¨µr ¨³°µ‹µ¦¥„r ÄÈ nªnµ‹³Å¤nŗčo ™o o°¥‡ÎµÄ®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ „· œ´ ´„«„¬µÁ¨¥¹ œ´„£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦šr Š­°Šœ´Ê ʸ¨³ šnµœ°ÉœÇº (— ¼ Jones & Ono, 2008) Â‹ŠªÊ¸ µn „µ¦Áž¨¥œ¨É¸ ¨µ£µ¬µ¦³®ª¸ µŠÂÁžn ȜšµŠ„µ¦ ¨³ÂÅ¤Ážn ȜšµŠ„µ¦š¡ª„Á µ«É¸ „¬µœ¹ ´œÁžÊ ȜŸ¨­Áœº ɺ°Š¤µ‹µ„‡ªµ¤‹µÁžÎ Ȝ—µœ„µ¦‹o —„µ¦´ ¦³ °‡ªµ¤o —µœ°o ˜¨´ „¬–´ ršµŠ­Š‡¤´ ®¦°Å¤º „n —È µœ„µ¦¦o ¦´ /¼o ‹˜ª· š¥µÁž· Ȝ­µ‡Î ¤µ„„ª´ µÁžn Ȝ

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„µ¦Â­—Šš«œ‡˜´ ĜŠ· ¨®¦n °‡ªµ¤Ážº Ȝž’ž· „¬´ r˜n°„œ °Š‡´ ¼n­œšœµ Ÿ¼Á o ¥œ¤¸ ‡ªµ¤Á®¸ œªÈ nµ ª›· ¤°ŠÁ®¨¸ nµœ¸Ê­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄ°›o µ¥„µ¦Áž¨· ¥œ™¸É °¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ˜· nµŠÇ šÁ¦µ„¸É 娊´ ¡‹µ¦–µ°¥· ¼nœÊ¸Å—o°¥nµŠ¨Š˜ªš´ Š ´Ê °¤o ¼¨‹µ„ “Mr O Corpus” šÉ¸œÎµÁ­œ°ÅžÂ¨oªÂ¨³ °¤o ¼¨‹µ„ ­°­µ¦¤ª¨œ—ɺ Šš´ ‹³œÉ¸ εÁ­œ°Äœ 2 ˜ª°¥´ µŠ˜n n°ÅžœÊ¸

˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ¸É 6 1 —Á‹¸ : ¡¦°¤¦µ¥Šµœšo »„˜œo ªÃ¤Šœ³´É ‡³ œÉ¸‡°º morning news (.) ¨³—· œ‹´Ê œš¦´ ­r —µ» 2 ™µª¦Á„¬¤: (.) google Á‡µÁžo ·—˜ª´ application Ä®¤œ³n ±³ google maps ­µ®¦Î ´ 3 apple store ‡n³ (.) ®¨Š‹µ„¦³Á—´ ¤š· Á‡¥°¥É¸ Ĝn¼ iphone ™„¨°°„¼ (.) 4 Á¡¦µ³ªµ¤n ¸ °Ÿo —¡¨µ—®¨µ¥°¥· µŠÁ¨¥šn Á—¸ ¥ª¸ (.) ×¥ app Ä®¤œn ʸœ³±³ 5 ¤„µ¦Á¡¸ ¤·É function µŠž¦³Á£š (.) šÂ˜É¸ nÁ—¤Áœ· ɸ¥ÄÅ—o ÁŒ¡µ³Äœo android Ášµœn œ´Ê (.) 6 ŽŠ„ɹ ÁÈ °ªÉº µ‹³Å—n ¦o ‡ªµ¤œ´ ·¥¤‡n³ (.) ×¥: function Ĝ app google map 7 š¤É¸ „µ¦¡¸ •œµÁ¡´ ¤Áœ·É ɸ¥œ³‡³ „°¥È µŠ„µ¦Än Á­o ¥Šœ¸ 嚵Š (.) £µ¡£µ¥Äœ°µ‡µ¦˜nµŠÇ 8 (.) Ĝ panorama (.) ŽŠÉ¹ (.) ˜°Š °¨Šš³Áo ¥œÄ¸ Ĝ¦o „µ¦· street view (.) 9 business photo: £µ¡°µ‡µ¦˜nµŠÇ Ĝ¦žÂ¼ 3 ¤˜· · (.) œ³±³ 10 š­µ¤µ¦™—ɸ ŗ¼ ‹µ„®¨µ¥¤o ¤» ‡n³ ×¥ CEO °Š apple œ³±³ Tim Cook 11 °„ªµn apple ÁœÉ¸¥ (.) ŗšo »¤Ášn (.) Á¡°Â„ɺ Å ž¦o ž¦´ Š» software Ä®—o ¸ œÊ¹ 12 ®¨Š‹µ„š´ ŸÉ¸ č¼o šo ªÃ¨„´É (.) „¡µ„È œ´ (.) °°„¤µ¦°ŠÁ¦o ¥œ¸ (.) 13 Á„¥ª„ɸ ¦³ÂŸœš´ Ä®¤É¸ °Šn apple ‡n³ (.) ¥Š¤´ Á¦¸ °Š °ŠÉº morning news (.) 14 Ä®˜o —˜µ¤œ³· ‡³ (.) °„¸ 1 ªÃ¤Š ´É µŠ®œo oµ„¨¤µÁ‹°„´ œ´

˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 6 œÎµ¤µ‹µ„‡¨Éœªº š¥· ®» Š®œn ɹŠš¤É¸ —¸ Á‹š¸ µ®œÎ oµšÁžÉ¸ ·—Á¡¨ŠÄ®Â„o n­µ›µ¦–œ¢Š´ ĜnªŠ˜nµŠÇ °Šªœ´ ­¨„´ „µ¦‡´ »¥Á¦É°Š­º ¡Á¡Á®¦³Â¨³„µ¦¦µ¥Šµœ ´ µªšn ÁžÉ¸ Ȝš­œÄ‹ °Š­É¸ Š‡¤´ ĜnªŠÁª¨µœ´œÊ ­™µœ„µ¦–r„µ¦­É°­µ¦šº ɟ¸ ¼Á o ¥œœ¸ ε¤µÂ­—ŠÁžÈœ„µ¦¦µ¥Šµœ nµª­œÃ—¥—´Ê Á‹¸ Á¡«®Š· ץŤnŗ¤o „µ¦˜¸ —˜°œ ´ °‡ªµ¤Ä—Ço ˜ŠÂ˜´Ê n˜oœ‹œ‹ °¤o ¨˜¨°—‡ªµ¤¥µªš¼ Š®¤—´Ê 56 ªœµš· œ¸ ʸž¦µ„’­—ŠÄ®Á®o œ„µ¦ÄÈ °œo »£µ‡Â­—Š‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœšµŠ„µ¦¦³—­´ Š¼ “‡³” ¨³ “‡n³” ­¨„´ °œ´ »£µ‡Â­—Š‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœšµŠ„µ¦¦³—„¨µŠ´ “±³” ¨³ “±n³” ¨³„µ¦Å¤Än ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · Ä—Ç ­Šš·É œÉ¸ nµ­ŠÁ„˜„´ ‡È °º ŤÁžn ȜšÂœÉ¸ n—ª´ µn ‹³¤„µ¦Â­—Š„µ¦Ä®¸ Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · – ˜µÂ®œÎ nŠÄ— °Š¦³ °‡ªµ¤—o Š„¨´ nµªµŠo ¨³‹³ž¦µ„’¦ž£µ¬µÂ­—Š„µ¦Ä®¼ Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ž¦³Á£šÄ—· µŠÄœ˜o 宜nŠšÉ¸ ÁžÈœÅžÅ—Á®¨o nµœœ´Ê „µ¦Ä°œo »£µ‡š ɸ œ˜Ê¹ œ—o ª¥Á­o ¥Š¸ “‡” ¨³ “±” ­¨„´ œœ´ Áž´ ȜÁ¦É°Šž„˜º Ĝ¦· š· „ÉŠšµŠ„µ¦Á¹ nœ„µ¦¦µ¥Šµœ nµªœÊ¸ °¥nµŠÅ¦„È— ¸ Á¤É°¡º ‹µ¦–µž¦µ„’„µ¦–· r—Š„¨´ nµª¦nª¤„„µ¦´ Ťž¦µ„’™n °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ®¨µ„®¨µ¥Â®· nŠ (Ánœ „µ¦Å¤Á˜n ¤°œ· »£µ‡ “‡n³” ®¨Šª¨´ ¸ “Morning News” ¨³®¨Šœµ¤­„´ »¨ °Š—Á‹Äœ¦¦š¸ —š´ ɸ 2 ¦ª¤šŠ®¨´Ê Š‡´ µªÎ µn “šÁ—¸ ¥ª¸ ” Ĝ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 4 ¨³

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®¨Š‹µ„š´ —ɸ Á‹„¨¸ nµª°Îµ¨µÁ¡É°­º œ­Ê· »—„µ¦¦µ¥Šµœ µªªn nµ “°„¸ 1 ªÃ¤Š ´É µŠ®œo oµ„¨¤µÁ‹°„´ œ´ ” Ĝ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 14) œ´ªnµ „µ¦¦µ¥Šµœ µª­n œ‡¦´Ê Šœ´Ê ʸ­³š°œ„µ¦Áž¨o ¥œ™É¸ o°¥‡ÎµÄ®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ š· ɤ¸ ‡ªµ¤¸ ¨ÉœÅ®¨Ážº Ȝ°¥µŠ¤µ„n

˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ¸É 7 1 —Á‹¸ : ­ª­—´ ‡¸ ‡´ –» Á°„ 2 ŸÃš¦¼o : ­ª­—´ ‡¦¸ ´ 3 —Á‹¸ : ‡´ ðp³ ªœœ´ ʸš»„­µ¥°°œÂ°¦®œr oµÅ¤‡˜r ŠÂ˜´Ê nŸ¤¤µ‹—˜°œ®„äŠÁ¥´ œÈ 4 ™Š˜°œœ¹ ʸÁžÈœŸµ¥®¤—Á¨¥œ³Áœ¼o ɸ¥ (.) ‡–» Á°„°¥Å®œn¼ (±´ ) ÁœÉ¸¥ 5 ŸÃš¦¼o : [®ªÁ¦µ³Äœ¨´ µ‡°Î ] ‹µ„Á¥ŠÄ®¤¸ ‡¦n ´ 6 —Á‹¸ : °q°Á®¦° (.) ªµªo ÁžÈœÅŠ (.) Á¥ŠÄ®¤¸ Á¥n œ°È p³¥Š´ 7 ŸÃš¦¼o : ±³ (.) (±´ ) Ÿ¤ 8 —Á‹¸ : Á¥œ¦È ¥¹ Š´ (±´ ) 9 ŸÃš¦¼o : °q° (.) ¦­¼o „‹³Áž¹ ȜÁ¤°ªµœœÉº ʸ¨n³‡¦´ (.) Á¡¦µ³Á¡Š¤µ™·É ŠÁ¤¹ °ªµœœÉº n³‡¦´ 10 —Á‹¸ : °q°Á®¦° (.) °³ (.) Á¡Š·É (.) Á¡ŠÁ¦·É ¤Ç·É ‹³Á¥œÇÈ Á¤°ªµœœÉº ʸÁ°ŠÁ®¦°±³ 11 ŸÃš¦¼o : ðn¥ (.) ˜°œœÊ¸®œµª¤µ„Á¨¥‡¦´ 12 —Á‹¸ : œÉ ¸ (.) œÉ¸°¥œn¼ (.) œš­É¸ Šž¼ o³ (.) ®¦°°¥º ĜÁ¤n¼ °Š›¦¦¤—µº

Á¤É°¡º ‹µ¦–µ˜· ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 7 Ĝ¨µ—Î ˜´ n°¤µ ŽÉŠÁž¹ Ȝ„µ¦­œšœµ¦³®ªnµŠ—Á‹Á¡«µ¥Â¨³µ¥Ÿ¸ ¼¤o ¸ œµ¤ªnµ ‡»–Á°„ Ÿ¼Žo ¹ÉŠÃš¦«¡š´ Á r µ¤µ °Á¡¨Š¦³®ªo nµŠš¸¤É „µ¦‹¸ —¦µ¥„µ¦ª´ š¥· » Ÿ¼Á o ¥œ¡ª¸ nµ Ĝ –³šÉŸ¸ ¼Ãš¦Äo o°œ»£µ‡šÉ ¸ œ˜Ê¹ oœ—ª¥Á­o ¥Š¸ “‡” ¨³ “±” ­¨„´ œÅž¤µ£µ¥Ä˜´ o °Á ˜„µ¦Äo ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ˜µ¤ÂÂŸœ· ˜n„µ¦Ä™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ °Š—· Á‹¤¸ ‡ªµ¤Áž¸ Ȝ¡¨ª˜¤µ„¥´ Š„ª·É µn ˜¦ŠšÉÁ¤¸ É°Áž¦º ¥Áš¸ ¥„¸ Ÿ´ ¼Ãš¦Â¨o ªo —Á‹Ä¸ ™o o°¥‡ÎµÄ®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ˜· nÁ¡¥Šž¦³ž¦µ¥¸ ¨³¨³™o°¥‡Îµ Ä®oÁ„¸¥¦˜·n°¥‡¦Š´Ê Ánœ Ĝ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 4, 6, 10 ¨³ 12 ‹³Á®ÈœÅ—oªnµ ¦·š„µ¦­œšœµÄœ ˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 7 ¤¨¸ „¬–³Áž´ Ȝ„µ¦ž’­· ¤¡´ œ›´ Á¡r É°Ä®º ¦o „µ¦· (service encounter) °¥µŠn —Á‹œ„ª´ µn ˜ª°¥´ µŠ„µ¦Än £µ¬µÄœ­o °­µ¦¤ª¨œ°Éº ɜǺ šÅ—ɸ œo ε¤µÂ­—Š„n°œ®œoµœÊ¸ œ°„Åž‹µ„œœ´Ê Ĝ“µœ³ šÁžÉ¸ ȜŸ¼¦o ¦´ „µ¦· ‡»–Á°„¤°¸ 圵‹¤µ„„ªnµŸ¼‹o —¦µ¥„µ¦´ —Šœ´ ´œ˜µ¤­Ê š›· ¨·Í ªo Á µ‡ª¦‹³Å—¦o ´ „µ¦¦„µ¦š· Á¡É¸ ¥¡¦¸ °¤o (—„µ¦Ä®¼ Á®˜o »Ÿ¨š‡¨É¸ µ¥„o œÄœ´ Spencer-Oatey, 1996, p. 10) ž¦³„°„´ ŗ¦o Á„´ ¥¦˜¸ ‹µ„Ÿ· ¼‹o —¦µ¥„µ¦¤µ„„ª´ nµ ˜nĜ„µ¦Ä£µ¬µšo Á„ɸ — · œ‹¦Ê¹ Š· ‡»–Á°„„¨Áž´ Ȝ µ¥šn ɸ ­—Š„µ¦Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ „· Ÿ´ ‹¼o —¦µ¥„µ¦°¥´ µŠ‡ŠÁ­n œ‡Šªµ¤µ„„ªo µn 4.2.2 „µ¦„µ®œ—šµšÄ®¤Î n „µ¦ž¦µ„’™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ¡¨ª· ˜°´ „ž¦³„µ¦®œ¸ ɹŠšŸÉ¸ Á ¼o ¥œ‹³„¨¸ nµª™ŠÄœ„µ¦«¹ „¬µ¹ ‡¦Šœ´Ê ʸ‡°º „µ¦„µ®œ—šµšÄ®¤Î n (role re-assignment) ŽŠ¤É¹ ‡¸ »–¨„¬–³¦´ ª¤„n œ„´ „µ¦Áž¨´ ¥œÉ¸

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™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ š· Á¡É¸ Šœ·É εÁ­œ°ÅžÄœ˜°œš ɸ 4.2.1 šŸÉ¸ nµœ¤µÄœÂŠšn ªÉ¸ µn ­µ®¦Î „µ¦Áž¨´ ¥œ™É¸ °¥‡o µÎ Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · Ÿ¼¡o —­—Š„µ¦¦¼ ¦´ ¼Ÿo nµœ„µ¦Ä£µ¬µ °Š˜œªo nµ šµš®¦°­™µœ³¦³®ªº nµŠ˜œ„´ Ÿ¼¢o ŠÅ¤´ n¤‡ªµ¤Á‡¦¸ nŠ‡¦—¤µ„œ´ ´„ Ĝ –³šÉ­¸ µ®¦Î „µ¦„´ 宜—šµšÄ®¤ n Ÿ¼¡o ¼—­—Š„µ¦¦¦´ ¼o —Š„¨´ nµª°¥nµŠ‹ÎµÁ¡µ³Á‹µ³‹Š˜n°Åž°„¸ ×¥¦³»‡Îµ°oµŠ™Š˜œÁ°ŠÂ¨³¹ /®¦°Ÿº ¼°o ºÉœš¸ÉnŠ°„ ‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ r¦³®ªnµŠ»‡‡¨šÉ¸°¥n¼œ°„Á®œº°Åž‹µ„šµššÉ¸ÁžÈœšµŠ„µ¦˜µ¤ÂÂŸœ °Š ¦š„µ¦­· É°­µ¦Äœ‡¦º Šœ´Ê ´œÊ Ĝ®¨µ¥Ã°„µ­ „µ¦„ε®œ—šµšÄ®¤n¤„Á„´ — · œÄœ˜Ê¹ 宜nŠ Ą¨Á‡o ¥Š„¸ „µ¦Áž¨´ ¥œ™É¸ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · µª­¢r ¸¨— r (Bousfield, 2008, pp. 131-132) „¨nµª™Š¹ „¨ª›· ­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤¸ ­n £µ¡ž¦³„µ¦®œ» ɹŠš¤É¸ ‡ªµ¤‡µÁ„¸ ¥ª„ɸ „µ¦„´ 宜—šµšÄ®¤Äœšn œÉ¸ ʸ ŽŠÉ¹ Á¦¥„Áž¸ Ȝ£µ¬µÅš¥Å—ªo µn “„µ¦Š‡´ Ä®´ Áž¨o ¥œšµšÉ¸ ” (enforce role shift) ×¥®¤µ¥™Š„µ¦š¹ ɸ Ÿ¼¡o ¼—Á¦¥„¦¸ °ŠÄ®o Ÿo ¼o¢ŠÁž¨´ É¥œšµš‹µ„Ÿ¸ ¼šo ÉÁž¸ Ȝ µ¥šn εĮ˜œ­o Á­¼ ¥Ÿ¨ž¦³Ã¥œ¸ rÁžÈœ µ¥šn ɸ Á µ°„Á o µÄ‹Â¨³Á®o œ¡È °Š„o ˜œ´ °¥nµŠÅ¦„—È „µ¦„¸ 宜—šµšÄ®¤nŤŗn ­o É°Á‹˜œµ °ŠŸº ¼¡o —š¼ ɸ ‹³Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n­»£µ¡Ä—Ç ˜n°Ÿ¼¢o Š´ ˜nÁžÈœÁ¡¥Š„µ¦¦³¸ »šµšÄ®¤nšÉ¸ nª¥šÎµÄ®¦¦¥µ„µ«o „µ¦­œšœµ¤‡ªµ¤Áž¸ Ȝ„œÁ°ŠÁ¡´ ¤ ·É œÁšÊ¹ nµœ´œÊ ˜ª°¥´ nµŠšŠ´Ê 5 ž¦³„µ¦˜n°ÅžœÊ¸ÊÄ®¸ Á®o œ™È Š„µ¦¹ „ε®œ—šµšÄ®¤n¦žÂÄ—¦¼ žÂ®œ¼ ɹŠÄœ‹µœªœÎ 2 ¦žÂ¼ °œÅ—´ „o n „µ¦„ε®œ—šµš Ä®¤Ä®n „o ˜œÁ°Š´ (˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 8 ¨³ 10) ¨³„µ¦„ε®œ—šµšÄ®¤Ä®n „o Ÿ´ ¢¼o Š´ (˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 9, 11 ¨³ 12) ˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 8 œÎµ¤µ‹µ„ž’­· ¤¡´ œ›´ Áœr oœ£µ¦„‹‹µ„‡¨· Š ´ °¤o ¨¼ “Mr O Corpus” ­ªœšn ɸ œÎµ¤µÂ­—ŠÁžÈœªŠšn °µ‹µ¦¥É¸ „r œ´ ·­˜„· µ¨Î Š¦´ ª¤„n œ¨´ µ—Î Á¦´ °Š¦µªÁ„ɺ ¥ª„ɸ £µ¡„µ¦´ ˜r ¼œš‡¨³„ɸ œ°¥´ n¼ Ĝ‹µœªœ„µ¦­œšœµšÎ Š´Ê 10 ¦¦š—œ´ ʸ Ť¤n Ÿ¸ ¦¼o ª¤„µ¦­œšœµ¦µ¥Ä—čn ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Á¨¥š· Šš´Ê ɸ °¥µŠœn o°¥œ·­˜­µ¤µ¦™Á¡· ¤°œ·É »£µ‡ “‡n³” ®¨Š„µ¦˜°‡´ µ™µ¤Î (Ĝ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 2 ¨³ 4) ¨³„µ¦ ˜°˜„¨Š (Ĝ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 6) ŗ o ž¦³Á—œšÈ ­É¸ ¤¡´ œ›´ „r „µ¦„´ 宜—šµšÄ®¤nž¦µ„’°¥¼nĜ ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 9 Ĝ­ªœšn °µ‹µ¦¥É¸ „¨r nµª™Š˜¹ ªÁ°Š—´ ª¥‡o εªnµ “¡”ɸ ˜n—ª¥˜¦³®œo ´„ªnµ œ´œ°µ‹ÁžÉ Ȝ šµŠÁ¨°„šº ÉŤ¸ nÁ®¤µ³­¤ °µ‹µ¦¥r‹ŠÅ—¹ ož¦Â„´ o‡Îµ¡¼— °Š˜œÄœšœš´ ¸ ‹µ„œ´œ‹Ê ¹Š„¨¤µÁ¦´ ¥„¸ ˜œÁ°Šªµn “‡¦”¼ šœ

˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ¸É 8 1 °µ‹µ¦¥:r Á­¦‹Â¨È ª„o È (.) ¨ª¤o œ„´ Á—È œ„¨· ´ /(.) —ž³¸ \ 2 œ·­˜· : /č:n č:\n 3 °µ‹µ¦¥:r Á—œ„¨· ¤µÂ¨´ ª¤µÁ‹°Å¤o o (.) ÁžÈœÅžÅ—¤³o 4 œ·­˜· : ŗ::o ¤œ¤´ °¸ œœ´ ʸš¤É¸ œ‡¨´ µ¥‡¨o µ¥„o œ´ 5 °µ‹µ¦¥:r °œÁœ´ ʸ¥®µ °œÁœ´ ʸ¥¥ŠÅ¤´ Á®n œÈ °œœ´ ʸ¥¤Ê· ­—Šªµ‡n —°°„· 6 œ·­˜· : č n /°œœ´ ʸ®µ„n°œ:\ 7 °µ‹µ¦¥:r ÁžÈœÅžÅ—ž³o /Å°Áœo ɸ¥®µÂ¨ª¤µÁ‹°o \ Á°° °³

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˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ¸É 9 1 œ·­˜· : Á°µÁ¨¥‡n³ 2 °µ‹µ¦¥:r °³o (.) „¦³‹µ¥„n°œÂ¨ª„o œÁœµ³´ 3 œ·­˜· : [Á­¥Š„¨¸ ª®´Ê ªÁ¦µ³´ ] 4 °µ‹µ¦¥:r °¥¼o (.) œnµ¦„´ 5 œ·­˜· : œnµ‹³ (.) Á„È (.) Á„Á°µÅ¤È „o n°œžµªn (.) ¡¸É (.) ‡³ 6 °µ‹µ¦¥:r (-) 7 œ·­˜· : °œœ´ ʸœnµ‹³°œ­´ —š» µ¥o (.) žo³ 8 °µ‹µ¦¥:r ÁžÈœÅžÅ—‡o n³ […] 9 œ·­˜· : /Á°µ¤¥´Ê ¡¸É [¡—Á­¼ ¥Š„¨¸ ª®´Ê ªÁ¦µ³´ ]\ 10 °µ‹µ¦¥:r /Á°µ¨³Á°µ¨³\ 11 œ·­˜· : œÉ¸°µ‹µ¦¥¦r Áž¨¹ nµ‡³ (.) /®¦°ªº µn \ 12 °µ‹µ¦¥:r /°µ‹µ¦¥‡r n³\ 13 œ·­˜· : °q°°µ‹µ¦¥ r (.) ‡n³ (.) °Ãš¬—ª¥o (.) œ¹„ªµ¡n ɸ

˜ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 9 ÁžÈœ„µ¦­œšœµ¦³®ªµŠ°µ‹µ¦¥n „r œ´ ·­˜°· „‡¸ n®œ¼ ɹŠ˜ŠÂ˜´Ê nÁ¦¤„·É ‹„¦¦¤· (¦¦š—š´ ɸ 1 ™Š¹ 8) ‹œÁ µ­o n¼ nªŠš„ɸ ‹„¦¦¤„· 娊‹³­´ œ­Ê· —¨Š» (¦¦š—š´ ɸ 9 ™Š¹ 13) ‹³Á®œÅ—È ªo µn ¤„µ¦Áž¨¸ ¥œÉ¸ ™°¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ ×¥œ· ·­˜°¥· ¼n®¨µ¥Â®nŠ ÁžÈœ˜œªo nµ „µ¦Ä°œo »£µ‡š¸ É œ˜¹Ê œ—o ª¥Á­o ¥Š¸ “‡” Ĝ ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 1, 5, 11 ¨³ 13 ˜¨°—šŠ„µ¦¨³™´Ê °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ¦¦š· —š´ ɸ 7 ¨³ 9 šŠœ´Ê ʸĜ ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 5 ¨³ 9 œ·­˜„· 宜—šµšÄ®¤nÄ®„o °µ‹µ¦¥´ —r ª¥„µ¦Äo ‡o εÁ¦¥„ µœ¸ /‡Îµ°µŠ™o Š¹ °µ‹µ¦¥rªnµ “¡É”¸ „¦³œ´œ„Ê ȗ ¸ ‹µ„ °¤o ¼¨šÉ¡¸ „µ¦¦¦´ ¼o °Šœ·­˜Äœ­™µœ³ °Š°µ‹µ¦¥· r¤‡ªµ¤¸ Ťn‡Šš ɸ Ĝ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 11 œ·­˜™µ¤™· Š­™µœ³š¹ Éš¸ ‹¦o Š °ŠŸ· ¼šo ÉÁ›°­œšœµ°¥¸ ¼n—ª¥o 6 ¨³Å—¦o ´ ‡µ˜°Äœ¦¦šÎ —š´ ɸ 12 ªµ‡n ­œšœµ¤n¼ ­™µœ³Áž¸ Ȝ°µ‹µ¦¥ r šŠœ´Ê ʸ¤ªo µÄœ­n ªœ˜n œ °Š¦¦šo —š´ ɸ 13 œ·­˜‹³Ä· °œo »£µ‡ “‡³n ” ŗ°¥o µŠÁ®¤µ³­¤n ˜nĜªŠ®¨n Š °Š¦¦š´ —Á—´ ¥ª„¸ œ´ œ·­˜®· œ„¨´ ¤µÄ´ o ¨¨µ£µ¬µš¸ Ťɸ Ážn ȜšµŠ„µ¦˜n°Åž ץŤž¦µ„’™n °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ėǷ

6 šŠ°µ‹µ¦¥´Ê ¨³œr ·­˜˜· nµŠÅ—¦o Â‹´ ŠÄ®o š¦µ™o Š­™µœ£µ¡ °Š‡¹ ­œšœµ °Š˜œ„n¼ n°œš„ɸ ‹„¦¦¤˜· n°£µ¡‹³Á¦¤˜·É œ o œÊ¹

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„µ¦„ε®œ—šµšÄ®¤Äœ˜n ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 8 ¨³ 9 ¤„Á„´ — · œ¡¦Ê¹ °¤„o „µ¦š´ ŸÉ¸ ¡¼o —­—Š¼ ‡ªµ¤ž¦³®¤µ®¦n °‡ªµ¤Å¤º ¤n œÄ‹Å¤´É šµŠÄ—„n šµŠ®œÈ ɹŠ Ĝ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 9 °Š˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 8 °µ‹µ¦¥r čÁ­o ¥Š¸ “®ªÁ¦µ³®´ ǹ ” ž¦³„°„œ´ ε¤°¤µžº o°ŠšÉžµ„ –³š¸ Ʉ¸ 宜—šµšÄ®¤nÄ®„o ˜œÁ°Š´ (ŽŠ­³šÉ¹ °œšo «œ‡˜´ °Š°µ‹µ¦¥· ªr µn „µ¦„ε®œ—šµšÄ®¤—n Š„¨´ nµªÅ¤Ážn Ȝޘµ¤‡¦¦¨°Š„µ¦Äo £µ¬µ˜µ¤ÂÂŸœ) ¨³Äœ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 5 °Š˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 9 œ·­˜„· 宜—šµšÄ®¤Ä®n „o °µ‹µ¦¥´ r Á›°‹Ÿ¨—„µ¦¡´ ——¼ ª¥‡ªµ¤¨o ŠÁ¨´ „¨nµª‡°º –³š¨ŠšÉ¸ µ¥ž¦³Ã¥‡‡o µ™µ¤Î Á›°„¨nµªªµn “¡”ɸ (Ĝ “µœ³°œ»£µ‡) ˜n‹µ„œœÁ›°®¥´Ê »—„µ¦¡—Åž¼ ª –³´É (ž¦³¤µ– 2 ªœµš· )¸ „n°œš‹³ž¦É¸ Â„´ ‡o µ¡Î —¼ °Š˜œ—ª¥°œo »£µ‡ “‡³” ŽŠÁžÉ¹ Ȝ„µ¦¨Ššµ¥ž¦³Ã¥‡‡o µ™µ¤šÎ ÁžÉ¸ Ȝޘµ¤ÂÂŸœ¤µ„„ªµn Á¤É°Áž¦º ¥Áš¸ ¥„¸  ´ °¤o ¨‹µ„¼ “Mr O Corpus” ¨ªo ŸÁ ¼o ¥œ¡ª¸ µn „µ¦„ε®œ—šµš Ä®¤n‹µ„ °¤o ¨Äœ­¼ É°­µ¦¤ª¨œ¤º „Áž´ ȜŞ—ª¥‡ªµ¤¦µ¦o ɜ¤µ„„ªº nµ ¨³Å¤nž¦µ„’„µ¦˜n°¦°Š (negotiation) ¦³®ªµŠšµš˜µ¤ÂÂŸœÂ¨³šµššµŠÁ¨n °„°º ɜǺ °¥µŠn —‹´ ŠÁ®¤o °œ„º ´ °¤o ¨‹µ„¼ “Mr O Corpus” ˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 10 œÎµ¤µ‹µ„„µ¦°£ž¦µ¥Äœž¦³Á—· œÁ¦È É°Š„µ¦­°Á º µo Á¦¥œ˜¸ n°Äœ¦³—ž¦´ µ˜¦· ¸ ­™µœ„µ¦–r„µ¦­É°­µ¦œº ¸Ê¤Ÿ¸ ¼¦o nª¤­œšœµ®¨µ¥‡œ ­nªœš¸ÉœÎµ¤µ ­—ŠœÊ¸ÁžÈœnªŠš¡É¸ ›· „¦®¸ Š­œšœµ„· œ´ ´„«„¬µ¦³—¹ ž¦´ µ˜¦· Á¡«®¸ Š¦µ¥®œ· ɹŠ ×¥ž¦µ„’ „µ¦Ä°œo »£µ‡š ¸É œ˜¹Ê œ—o ª¥Á­o ¥Š¸ “‡” ­¨„´ „µ¦Ä´ ¨o ¨µ£µ¬µš¸ Ťɸ nÁžÈœšµŠ„µ¦°¥¼nž¦³ž¦µ¥ ‹µ„šÄœ„µ¦­œšœµ„ɸ n°œ®œoµœœ´Ê ¡›· „¦Ä¸ ‡o µÁ¦Î ¥„˜œÁ°Šª¸ µn “—Œ· œ´ ” (ŽŠÅ¤É¹ ŗn œo ε¤µÂ­—ŠÄœšœÉ¸ ʸ) ˜nĜ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 4 Á›°„ε®œ—šµšÄ®¤Ä®n „o ˜œÁ°Š—´ ª¥‡o µÁ¦Î ¥„ª¸ µn “¡”ɸ ŽŠ­°—¦É¹ „´ ‡´ µšÎ Á›°É¸ čÁ¦o ¥„œ¸ „«´ „¬µ‡¹ µªÎ µn “®œ¼” ‡µÁ¦Î ¥„¸ »‡‡¨‡nœ¼ ʸ (“¡”ɸ Ĝ“µœ³­¦¦¡œµ¤»¦»¬š ɸ 1 ¨³ “®œ¼” Ĝ “µœ³­¦¦¡œµ¤»¦»¬š ɸ 2) ­³š°œÄ®o Á®o œªÈ nµ ¡›· „¦¤°Ššµš¦³®ª¸ µŠ˜n ªÁ›°Á°ŠÂ¨³Ÿ´ ¦¼o nª¤„µ¦ °£ž¦µ¥¦µ¥œ· ʸªnµ ÁžÈœÁ­¤°œº “¡œÉ¸ o°Š” ®¦°º “¦»œ¡n ¨³¦É¸ »nœœo°Š” šŠš´Ê Á›°Â¨³ŸÉ¸ ¼¦o nª¤„µ¦°£ž¦µ¥· ŤÁ‡¥¦n ‹¼o „„´ œ¤µ„´ n°œ

˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ¸É 10 1 ¡›· „¦¸ : ¤µ™Šœ¹ Êε œ‡n³ (.) ®œ¼ÁžÈœÁ—„šÈ ɸ (.) Á¦¥„¸ (.) Á¦¥„ª¸ µŽn ªÁœ·É ɸ¥¤œÅ¤´ ­n £µ¡¤» ¥´Ê (.) 2 ­¤¥œ´ Ê ¸ (.) ®¦°Ã°Á‡º 3 Ÿ¦¼o ª¤Á­ªœµn : ðÁ‡‡n³ 4 ¡›· „¦¸ : ðÁ‡¤¥´Ê ­¤¥¡´ „ɸ Á¦È ¥„ª¸ µŽn ª·É (.) č¤n ¥´Ê ‡³ (.) ‡°Å¤º čn ªn µÁ¦n ¥œÅ¤¸ Á„n nŠ 5 ˜nªµ±n ¥Ê¹ (.) œ°¥µ„Å—´Ê ð„µ­°o „‡¦¸ Š´Ê œ°¥µ„Á¨´Ê °„°º „‡¦¸ Š´Ê (.) č¤n ¥´Ê ‡³ 6 ˜n‹¦ŠÇ· ®œ¼‡–³®œ¼„ È (.) (ðÁ‡°¥Â¨n¼ ªœ³o ) ¨„¼ (.) œ³‡³

˜n°¤µ˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 11 ÁžÈœ„µ¦¦¦¥µ¥ÁœÊº°®µªµÁ«¦¬“«µ­˜¦· šµŠÃš¦šr «œ´ rÄ®„o „¨´ »n¤œ„Á¦´ ¥œ¸ ¤›¥¤š´ „ɸ 娊Á˜¦´ ¥¤˜¸ ª­°Á ´ µÁ¦o ¥œ˜¸ n°Äœ¦³—¤®µª´ š¥µ¨· ¥´ ›¦¦¤µ˜ž¦³„µ¦®œ· ɹŠ °Š„µ¦ ¦¦¥µ¥ÄœœÁ¦´Ê ¥œž¦³Á£šœ¸ ʸ (®¦°šº ɦ¸ ‹¼o „„´ œ°¥´ nµŠÂ¡¦n®¨µ¥ªnµ “„µ¦˜ª· ”) ‡°º Ÿ¼­°œÁžo Ȝ µ¥n

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˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ¸É 11 1 °µ‹µ¦¥:r Á¦µ¤ÁŠ¸ œ°¥· ­°Š¦n¼ °¥¨o „¼ (.) Á­°˜Êº ª¨³®œ´ ɹŠ¦°¥Á„o µÁ„o µo 2 „µŠÁ„Š˜ª¦´ °¥Á„o µÁ„o µo (.) Ž°Å¦°³Êº (.) ­°Š°¥µŠÅ—n ¤³o 3 œ„Á¦´ ¥œ¸ : Ťŗn o 4 °µ‹µ¦¥:r ­°Š°¥µŠÅ¤n ŗn œ³o ‡´ (.) Á¦µ˜°ŠÁ¨o °„°¥º µŠÄ—°¥n µŠ®œn Ɋ¹ 5 Á¡¦µ³Šœ´Ê (.) Á«¦¬“«µ­˜¦‹r Š­°œÄ®¹ Á¦µ¦o ‹¼o „„µ¦Á¨´ °„º (.) ¦‹¼o „„µ¦‹´ —­¦¦´ 6 œo°Š¨°Š¤ÁŠ¸ œÁš· µ„n œ­°Š‡œœ³´ (.) ‡œœ¹ŠÁ¦¥œÁ«¦¬“«µ­˜¦¸ ¤µr (.) ‡œœ¹ŠÅ¤Á¦n ¥œ¸ Á«¦¬“«µ­˜¦ r (.) ˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ¸É 12 1 ¡›· „¦¸ : ‡¦ ¼ oµ¥‡¦´ (-) ­ª­—´ ‡¸ n³ (.) Áœ· ŠšµŠœ´É Ê ¸ (.) ª¸ ˜š· œÉ¸ nµ¤®«‹¦¦¥´ ¤µ„Çr ­µ®¦Î Á¦µ´ 2  „¦Á´ · : ‡n³ 3 ¡›· „¦¸ : ®œ¼¤¸ ª¸ ˜š· ­É¸ —¥°—¤µ„Ç» Á¨¥ 4  „¦Á´ · : °¡¦³‡–‡» n³ 5 ¡›· „¦¸ : ®œ¼Á„nŠ¤µ„Ç Á¨¥ (.) ‡¦ ¼ oµ¥Á„—¤µ¤· ¸ ª¸ ˜°¥· Ĝ‡¦°‡¦n¼ ªÂÅ®œ¥´ ŠÅŠ™´ Š¤µ°¥¹ n¼ ˜¦ŠœÊ¸Å— o 6  „¦Á´ · : °¤º : ‹¦ŠÇ· Á°n° ˜°œÂ¦„‡¦°‡¦ª„´ ž„˜È —· ‡¸ n³‡–°µ» 7 „‡È °º (.) oµ¥„ È (.) ¤Åž­ªœ­¸ ˜ª´ ¤r ŞÁš¸ ¥ªÁ¨É¸ nœ¤‡ªµ¤­¸ » (.) ˜n˜Éœ¤µªº œœ´ ¹Š 8 ‡»–¡°‡n »–¤„n Á¦È ¤·É (.) š³Á¨µ³„œ´ 9 ¡›· „¦¸ : ˜°œœœ®œ´Ê ¼°¥°µ¥n¼ »ž¦³¤µ–­„Áš´ µÅ®¦n šn šÉ¸ µœÁ¦n ¤Á¨·É „„· œ´ ˜ª°¥´ nµŠ­—š» µ¥Ážo Ȝ„µ¦­¤£µ¬–´ ršµŠÃš¦š«œ´ r¦³®ªµŠ¡n ›· „¦Á¡«µ¥°µ¥¸ »¦µª 60 ž¸ „Ÿ´ Ä®¼o ­o ¤£µ¬–´ rÁ¡«®Š¦µª· 30 ž¸Á«¬ ŸÄ®¼o ­o ¤£µ¬–´ rÁžÈœÁ‹µ °ŠÃ¦ŠÁ¦o ¥œ„ª—ª¸ µš· ¤É¸ ¸ É°Á­º ¥Š¸ ׊—n ŠÄœž¦³Áš«Åš¥´ ĜnªŠ„µ¦­œšœµš®¥É¸ ¥„¤µœ· ʸ ŸÁ ¼o ¥œ¡„µ¦Áž¨¸ ¥œ™É¸ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · š¤É¸ ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥¤µ„¸ ÁžÈœ˜œªo µn Ĝ¦¦š—š´ ɸ 1 „µ¦š¡É¸ ›· „¦Á¦¸ ¥„Ÿ¸ Ä®¼o ­o ¤£µ¬–´ r/ „¦Á´ · ªµn “‡¦ ¼ oµ¥” ˜µ¤—ª¥°œo »£µ‡ “‡¦´ ” ¦ª¤„œœ´ ʸœ´ÁžÈœ„µ¦Á¦¥„¥„¥¸ °ŠÂ¨³¤n ‡ªµ¤Áž¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦

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Áœœn œ˜¨°—Áª¨µ´Ê ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³°¥µŠ¥n ŠÄœ„µ¦¡·É —˜¼ n°ÁœÉº°ŠšŠÂ£µ¥ÄœŸ¨´Ê —¨³¦³®ª´ µŠŸ¨n —´ „µ¦Áž¨¥œ¨É¸ ¨µ£µ¬µ¦³®ª¸ nµŠ¨¨µš¸ ÁžÉ¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦ (¦ª¤™Š™¹ °¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ )· ¨³¨¨µš¸ Ťɸ nÁžÈœ šµŠ„µ¦ŽŠŸÉ¹ Á ¼o ¥œÅ—¸ ‹„‹ŠÅªo Ĝo nªŠ˜œ °Š˜°œšo ɸ 4.2.1 ÁžÈœ­Šš·É ¡Á®É¸ œÅ—È °¥o µŠÂ¡¦n ®¨µ¥n Ánœ„œÄœ£µ¬µ°´ ɺœÇ šÉ¸¤¦³„µ¦Ä¸ o™o°¥‡µÄ®Î oÁ„¸¥¦˜·šÉ¸ŽŽ´ o°œÁnœÁ—¥ª„¸ Äœ£µ¬µÅš¥´ (Keating, 1998, p. 39; Okamoto, 1999, p. 55, 2010, pp. 79-80; Kim, 2015) „¨Å„¨³®œoµšÉ¸ —µœ„µ¦­o É°­µ¦ °Šž¦µ„’„µ¦–º ršŠ®¤—œ´Ê ʸ¤‡ªµ¤œ¸ nµ­œÄ‹ÄœÂŠªn µ„µ¦¤µ„Á„· œ„ª· nµšÁ¦µ‹³É¸ ­¦»ž‡ªµ¤Â˜nÁ¡¥Šª¸ nµ „µ¦‡µ—„µ¦–r„µ¦ž¦µ„’™°¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ ŗ· Ĝ¦³—o ˜´ É宦°Å¤º nŗÁ¨¥o šž¦µ„’Äœ„µ¦«É¸ „¬µœ¹ ʸÁžÈœ„µ¦ —˜´ n°¦¦š—“µœ„µ¦Ä´ £µ¬µšo ­É¸ Š‡¤Á‡¥¤´ ¤µ¸ 5.2 ‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ Ár ·Ššµš Ÿ¨„µ¦ª‹· ¥Äœ‡¦´ Šœ´Ê ʸ­—ŠÄ®Á®o œ™È Š„µ¦Ä¹ ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ®¨µ¥„¦–· ¸š­ªœšµŠ„ɸ ´ ®¨„„µ¦Ä´ ™o °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ˜µ¤ÂÂŸœÄœ£µ¬µÅš¥· ˜nÁ¦µ‹³¡‹µ¦–µž¦µ„’„µ¦–· r—Š„¨´ nµª Ĝ¤¤¤°Š» ž¦ª· ­· ¥´ (objective view) ĜŠėšn ‹³šÉ¸ µÄ®Î Á¦µ­µ¤µ¦™¤°Š„µ¦Áž¨o ¥œ™É¸ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ · ¨³„µ¦„ε®œ—šµšÄ®¤n—ª¥‡ªµ¤Á o µÄ‹¤µ„¥o Š ·É œÊ¹ Ÿ¼Á o ¥œÁ®¸ œ—È ª¥„o ‡´ »„ (Cook, 2008, pp. 9-11, 2011, pp. 3658-3659) ŸŽ¼o ŠÉ¹ ‹ŠªÊ¸ µn Á¦µÅ¤‹n µÁžÎ Ȝ˜°Šªo Á‡¦µ³®· „µ¦Áž¨r ¥œ¨É¸ ¨µ£µ¬µ¸ Ĝ˜nµŠÇ ¦ª¤Åž™Š„µ¦Å¤¹ nč™o °¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ · ץčžo ‹‹´ ¥£µ¥œ°„˜´ ªŸ´ ¼¡o —¼ (external factor) (°µš · ‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœšµŠ„µ¦ °Š¦š· ˜ªÂž¦šµŠ­´ Š‡¤ °Š‡´ ­œšœµn¼ ¨³ž¦³Á—œšÈ ¡É¸ —‡¼ »¥ „œ°¥´ ¼ n ÁžÈœ˜œo ) ÁžÈœÁ„–”Ášr nµœ´œÊ ÁœÉº°Š‹µ„‹³­ŠŸ¨Ä®n ˜o ‡ªµ¤Å—¸ ˜o nÁ¡¥Šª¸ nµ „µ¦Ä£µ¬µšo ɸ ŤÁžn Ȝޘµ¤¦³—‡ªµ¤Áž´ ȜšµŠ„µ¦ (¨³˜µ¤˜ªÂž¦£µ¥œ°„°´ ɜǺ ) ÁžÈœÁ¦É°Ššº Ťɸ Á®¤µ³­¤n ‡»„Á­œ°Ä®¤°Šªo µn ž¦µ„’„µ¦–rÁœœn ʸ°µ‹Á„— · œÁ¡¦µ³‡ªµ¤˜Ê¹ °Š„µ¦ °ŠŸo ¡¼o —š¼ ‹³Â­—Š˜É¸ ª˜œ´ Ĝ¨„¬–³˜´ nµŠÇ ¤µ„„ªnµšÉ‹³Áž¸ ȜÁ¡¦µ³°š›· ¡¨ °Šž· ‹‹´ ¥£µ¥œ°„Á¡´ ¥Š°¥¸ nµŠÁ—¥ª¸ „¦° ‡ªµ¤‡—œ· ʸ¤š¸ ¤µ‹µ„š§¬’ɸ „µ¦­¦¸ µŠ°o ˜¨´ „¬–´ ršµŠ­Š‡¤´ (social constructionism) ŽŠ¤É¹ ®¨¸ „„µ¦´ ‡°º ¨¨µ£µ¬µ®¦¸ °ªº ™· ž’¸ · ˜´ š· ŸÉ¸ ¡¼o —Á¨¼ °„čº ¤o ­¸ ªœn ª¥­³šn °œ£µ¡¨o „¬–´ r °Š˜œ £µ¡¨„¬–´ rĜ šœÉ¸ ʸŤŗn Ážo Ȝ­Šš·É ˜É¸ —˜· ªŸ´ ¡¼o —¤µ„¼ n°œš‹³¤É¸ „µ¦ž’¸ ­· ¤¡´ œ›´ Á­¤°Åžr ˜nÁžÈœ­Šš·É ŸÉ¸ ¡¼o —­¦¼ µŠ o œ®¦Ê¹ °º ˜n°¦°Š„Ÿ´ ¦¼o ª¤­œšœµ –³šn „µ¦ž’ɸ ­· ¤¡´ œ›´ —r µÁœÎ ·œ°¥ n¼ (Holmes, 2003, pp. 88-92; Coupland, 2001; Agha, 2007) ¤Ãœš«œ´ rÁ¦°Š„µ¦­¦Éº µŠ°o ˜¨´ „¬–´ ršµŠ­Š‡¤ ´ µŠ˜o œ­µ¤µ¦™œo 夵°›µ¥„µ¦Ä· ™o °¥‡o µÎ Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ¦· nª¤„¨´ ¨µ£µ¬µš¸ ¤É¸ ‡ªµ¤Áž¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦œo°¥ (®¦°Â¤º ˜o n¨¨µ£µ¬µš¸ Ťɸ n¤‡ªµ¤Áž¸ Ȝ šµŠ„µ¦) šž¦µ„’Äœ„µ¦«É¸ „¬µ‡¦¹ Šœ´Ê ʸŗ°¥o µŠ‡n n°œ µŠ¨Š˜o ª´ Á®œº°­Š°·É ɜėº £µ¬µÅš¥ÁžÈœ£µ¬µ š¤É¸ „µ¦¸ Šn ‡ªµ¤­Ê¸ ¤¡´ œ›´ ¦³®ªr µŠn »‡‡¨š¤É¸ ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥¤µ¸ µœµœÂ¨o ªo ¨³œÁž´ ȜÁ¦É°Šž„˜º · šµªÅš¥É¸ (×¥ÁŒ¡µ³°¥µŠ¥n ŠÄœ¥·É »‡Ã¨„µ£ª· ˜œ´ rš„ɸ 娊—´ εÁœ·œ°¥nœ¼ ʸ) ¤„‹³¦³´ »‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ šr ɸ ˜n¨³»‡‡¨¤˜¸ n°»‡‡¨°Éœ¦° º µŠšo Š˜µ¤šµšš´Ê ÁžÉ¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦ ­¨„´ šµšš´ Ťɸ Ážn ȜšµŠ„µ¦/

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šµš­¤¤˜°¥· ¼nÁ­¤° „¨nµª°„šµŠ®œ¸ ɹŠ‡°º ž‹‹´ »œ¤´ ¦¸ šš· µªÅš¥Ä¸É £µ¬µÂÅ¤o nÁžÈœ šµŠ„µ¦Á¡¤¤µ„ ·É œÊ¹ ¨³™°Ážº Ȝª™· ž’¸ · ˜´ š· Á¦É¸ ¤Áž·É Ȝš¥°¤¦É¸ °¥´ µŠÁ—n nœ—¤µ„„ª´ µÄœ°—n ˜¸ (°µš · „µ¦Á¦¥œ„µ¦­°œÄœ¸ œÁ¦´Ê ¥œ¸ ¨³„µ¦ž’­· ¤¡´ œ›´ ¦³®ªr nµŠŸ¼‡o µ®¦o °¦³®ªº nµŠŸ¼¦o ´ -Ÿ¼Ä®o ¦o „µ¦Äœ· ®¨µ¥„¦–¸¤‡ªµ¤Áž¸ Ȝ„œÁ°Š¤µ„ ´ ʜ¹ ¦ª¤šŠ„µ¦­œšœµŸ´Ê nµœ­É°°º ·œÁš°¦rÁœÈ˜„Ȥ­¸ nªœÁ°Êº°Ä®o »‡‡¨šÉ˜¸ nÁ—¤¤· ‡ªµ¤­¸ ¤¡´ œ›´ ršÉ®¸ nµŠÁ®œ®¦· °°º 圵‹šµŠ­Š‡¤š´ ɘ¸ nµŠ„œ­µ¤µ¦™­´ É°­µ¦„º œÅ—´ o ­³—ª„ œÊ¹ ) »‡‡¨®œÉ¹Š°µ‹¤‡ªµ¤­¸ ¤¡´ œ›´ ršÉÁž¸ ȜšµŠ„µ¦ÁžÈœ “«¬¥· -r °µ‹µ¦¥”r ˜nÁ¤É°­œšœµº „°µ‹µ¦¥´ r ¡ª„Á µ°µ‹˜°Š„µ¦¦¦¥µ„µ«„µ¦­o É°­µ¦šº ŸÉ¸ n°œ‡¨µ¥ ‹Š¤°Š˜œÁ°ŠÁž¹ Ȝ “œo°Š” ®¦°º “¨¼„” µŠo ¨³¤°Š°µ‹µ¦¥ªr nµ ¤šµššµŠÁ¨¸ °„°º ɜǺ Ánœ “¡”ɸ “¤n” ®¦°º “µ˜Ÿ· ¼Ä®o n °ÉœÇº ” µŠo ‹µ„œ´œ‹Ê Š°µ«¹ ¥¨´ „¬–³šµŠ£µ¬µÂ˜´ nµŠÇ Á¡É°­º É°°º ˜¨´ „¬–´ r¦³®ªnµŠ»‡‡¨®¦°º ­Šš·É ŸÉ¸ Á ¼o ¥œÁ¦¸ ¥„Äœš¸ œÉ¸ ʸªµn “‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ Ár Ššµš· ”7 (role relation) š˜œÁ®É¸ œÁ®¤µ³­¤Â¨³È Ť°µ‹Â¥„Ä®n µ—‹µ„„o œÅ—´ Ä®o ž¦µ„’o ‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ rÁ·ŠšµššÉ¸ž¦µ„’Äœ„µ¦ž’·­¤¡´ œ›´ r˜µ¤ o°¤¼¨šÉ¸ÁžÈœ„µ¦Áž¨É¸¥œ ™°¥‡o εĮÁ„o ¥¦˜¸ ¨³„µ¦„· 宜—šµšÄ®¤n¤„Ť´ ŗn ¤o ¨¸ „¬–³Á—´ ¥ª®¦¸ °‡º n¼Á—¥ª¸ ˜n¤ÂœªÃœ¸ o¤ š‹³ÁžÉ¸ Ȝ “‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ Ár ŠšµšÂŸ­¤· ” (hybrid role relation) ŤšµŠÄ—„n šµŠ®œÈ ɹŠÁ­¤° ÁžÈœ˜œªo µn Ĝ˜ª°¥´ µŠšn ɸ 6 ¨³ 7 œ°„‹µ„nªŠš¤É¸ „µ¦ž¦µ„’™¸ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ˜µ¤ÂÂŸœ· ŽŠÂ­—Š‡ªµ¤­É¹ ¤¡´ œ›´ Ár ŠšµšÄœÂ· “ŸÄ®¼o ¦o „µ¦· -Ÿ¦¼o ¦´ „µ¦· ” ¨ªo nªŠš—ɸ Á‹š¸ Š´Ê 2 ¦µ¥ Áž¨É¸¥œ¨¨µ£µ¬µÅžÄœ¨¸ „¬–³°´ ɺœšÎµÄ®o “°œ»¤µœ” ‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ rÁ·ŠšµššÉ¸ÁžÈœÅžÅ—oĜ ¨„¬–³°´ ɜǺ ŗo°„¸ Ánœ ¦³®ªnµŠ “»‡‡¨šÉ°¥¸ n¼Äœª¥Á—´ ¥ª„¸ œ´ ” ¨³ ¦³®ªnµŠ “Á¡É°œšº ÉŤ¸ n­œ·š ­œ¤„œÁš´ µÄ—œn „´ ” ²¨² œ°„‹µ„œœ´Ê „µ¦„µ®œ—šµšÄ®¤Î n (®µ„¤ž¦µ„’¦¸ ª¤°¥n —n¼ ª¥Äœ„µ¦o ­°­µ¦‡¦Éº Šœ´Ê œÇ´Ê ) ‹³nª¥Å °­Š­o ¥Á„´ ¥ª„ɸ ‡ªµ¤­´ ¤¡´ œ›´ Ár ŠšµšÅ—· °¥o µŠn —‹´ ŠÁ o µÅž°o „¸ Ĝ„µ¦œÊ¸ Ÿ¼¡o —¼ “Ê¸ —´ ” ªnµ £µ¬µšÅ¤É¸ nÁžÈœšµŠ„µ¦š˜œÄÉ¸ „o Ÿ´ ¼¢o Šœ´ ´œÁ„Ê —‹µ„‡ªµ¤˜· °Š„µ¦šo ‹³É¸ ­—Š°˜¨´ „¬–´ rĜ‡n¼‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ rÄ— °µš · Ĝ˜ª°¥´ nµŠšÉ ¸ 10 ¡›· „¦„¸ 宜—šµšÄ®¤n Ä®„o ˜œÁ°Š—´ ª¥„µ¦Á¦o ¥„˜œÁ°Šª¸ µn “¡”ɸ ¨³Á¦¥„Ÿ¸ ¦¼o ª¤Á­ªœµªn µn “¨„¼ ” Œ³œœ‹´Ê Š®¤µ¥‡ªµ¤ª¹ nµ œ°„Á®œº°‹µ„šÉÁ›°Â¨³Ÿ¸ ¼o¦nª¤Á­ªœµ¤‡ªµ¤­¸ ¤¡´ œ›´ rÁŠšµš˜µ¤ÂÂŸœÁž· Ȝ “¡›· „¦¸ -Ÿ¼o ¦nª¤Á­ªœµ” ¨³ “Ÿ¼o­¤£µ¬–´ r-Ÿ¼oÄ®o­¤£µ¬–´ r” ¨oª —¸Á‹¥ŠÂ­—Š„µ¦¦´ ¦´ ¼o °ŠÁ›°Á„ɸ¥ª„´ ‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ Ár ŠšµšÂšµŠÁ¨· °„°º ɜǺ °„°¥¸ µŠœn o°¥Äœ‡n˜¼ n°ÅžœÊ¸ °œÅ—´ „o n “¡-ɸ œo°Š” ®¦°º

7 “‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ ”r (relation ®¦°º relationship) ÁžÈœ‡µšÎ ¤É¸ œ¸ ·¥µ¤‡n°œ µŠ„ªo µŠo ŽŠ¤É¹ „®¤µ¥™´ Š¨¹ „¬–³‡ªµ¤Á„´ ¥ª—°ŠšÉ¸ ɸ »‡‡¨¤˜¸ n°„œÃ—¥¦ª¤´ ­ªœ‡n εªnµ “šµš” (role) ¤‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥š¸ ‹É¸ εÁ¡µ³„ªnµœ´œÊ ŽŠ®¤µ¥™É¹ Š­¹ š›· · (right) ¨³®œoµš ɸ (obligation) šÉ¸ »‡‡¨Á®¨nµœ´œ¤Ê ˜¸ n°„œ´ ®¦°‡µ—®ªº ŠÄ®´ o˜nµŠ nµ¥ž’· ˜´ · (°µš · šµšÁžÈœ®ª®œ´ oµ šµšÁžÈœ«¬¥· r) (Áž¦¥Áš¸ ¥„¸ ´ Spencer-Oatey, 2008: p. 15; Merton, 1968: pp. 423-426, 2007[1949]: pp. 449-452) Ÿ¼Á o ¥œ¸ Á¨°„čº ‡o εªnµ “‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ rÁŠšµš· ” Ĝš‡ªµ¤œÊ¸Á¡É°­º É°™º Šœ¹ ´¥šÉš¸ Ž´ o°œ„œ °Šž¦µ„’„µ¦–´ rœÊ¸Äœ„µ¦Äo™o°¥‡Îµ Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ Ĝ£µ¬µÅš¥·

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“¦»nœ¡-ɸ ¦»nœœo°Š” ¦ª¤šŠ´Ê “¤-n ¨¼„” ÁžÈœ˜œo ‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦šÉ‹³ž’¸ · ˜´ ˜œ˜µ¤šµšš· ÁžÉ¸ Ȝ¡›· „¦¸ ¨³‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦š‹³Â­—Š‡ªµ¤­œÉ¸ ·š­œ¤„Ÿ´ ¼¦o nª¤Á­ªœµÅ—¦o nª¤ÁžÈœÂ¦ŠŸ¨„—´ œš´ šÉ¸ εĮÁ›°o č™o o°¥‡µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ­¨· Åž¤µ„´ ¨´ ¨µ£µ¬µÁ¥¸ ¥Š¡É¸ (ɸ ­µª)œo°Š(­µª) (sisterly language) ¨³ ¨¨µ£µ¬µÁ¥¸ ¥ŠÂ¤É¸ n (motherese) (— ¼ Nwokah, 1987; Gleitman et al., 1984 ÁžÈœ˜œo ) ‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ r ÁŠšµšÂŸ­¤¥· Š¤´ Ä®¸ Á®o œÄœ˜È ª°¥´ nµŠ°ÉœÇº °„¸ Ánœ Ĝ˜ª°¥´ nµŠš ɸ 12 šÉ¤¸ „µ¦Ä¸ ™o °¥‡o µÎ Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ­¨· „´ ‡´ εÁ¦¥„ µœÂ¨³¨¸ ¨µ£µ¬µš¸ Ťɸ nÁžÈœšµŠ„µ¦°ÉœÇº ¦³®ªnµŠŸ¼šo ¤É¸ ‡ªµ¤­¸ ¤¡´ œ›´ r ÁŠšµšÂŸ­¤Áž· ȜšŠ´Ê “¡›· „¦¸ - „¦Á´ · ” ¨³ “°µ-®¨µœ” ¨³‡‡ªµ¤­n¼ ¤¡´ œ›´ šr ÁžÉ¸ ȜŞ ŗ°o ɜǺ °„ŞĜ –³Á—¸ ¥ª„¸ œ´ (—„µ¦Ä®¼ Á®˜o »Ÿ¨š‡¨É¸ µ¥‡¨o Š„¹ œÄœ´ Ide, 2012, p. 127) ­¤¤˜“µœš· œÉ¸ nµ­œÄ‹ž¦³„µ¦®œÉ¹ŠšŸÉ¸ ¼Á o ¥œ„¨¸ œ„¦°ŠÅ—´É ‹µ„Ÿ¨„µ¦«o „¬µÄœ‡¦¹ Šœ´Ê ʸ‡°º ¤Ÿo č¼o £µ¬µ‹µ„šo Š´Ê 2 ®¨Š n °¤o ¨‹³Ä¼ „µ¦Áž¨o ¥œ™É¸ °¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ¨³„µ¦„· 宜—šµšÄ®¤n °¥n¼ n°¥‡¦Š´Ê ˜n¡ª„Á µ„¤È ‡ªµ¤˜¦³®œ¸ ´„ªnµ ‡ª¦ž¦Áž¨´ ¥œ¨É¸ ¨µ£µ¬µÄ®¸ °¥o n£µ¥Ä˜¼ o “®œnª¥šÉ¸ ¥°¤¦Å—´ ”o (allowable unit) (ŽŠ—ɹ —ž¨Š¤µ‹µ„Á¦´ É°Šº “allowable contribution” Ĝ Levinson, 1979, pp. 370-371) Ášµœn œ´Ê °›µ¥Å—· —o Šœ´ ʸ ®µ„‡n­œšœµ ¼ µ¥®œn ɹŠ µ¥Ä—®¦n °šº Š´Ê 2 µ¥Â­—Šn „µ¦¦¦´ Ĝ‡ªµ¤­¼o ¤¡´ œ›´ Ár Ššµš˜· n°„œÁž´ Ȝ “°µ‹µ¦¥-r ¨„«¼ ¬¥· ”r “Á‹µœµ¥o -¨„œ¼ o°Š” “¦»œ¡n -ɸ ¦»œœn o°Š” “¤-n ¨„¼ ” “œoµ-®¨µœ” ²¨² Ĝ„µ¦ž’­· ¤¡´ œ›´ ‡¦r Šœ´Ê œÇ´Ê µ¥šn ž¦É¸ Áž¨´ ¥œ¨É¸ ¨µ£µ¬µ‹³˜¸ °Š¦³¨o „¹ °¥Á­¤°ªn¼ µn Á µ®¦°Á›°°¥º Ĝ¦n¼ š„µ¦­· °­µ¦ÁÉº Š­™µ· œ´ ¨³‹³Å¤Än £µ¬µ®¦o °Â­—Š¡§˜º „¦¦¤· °ÉœÇº š¨É¸ ʵÁ­Î œ°°„Åž‹µ„ °Á ˜ °Š®œo nª¥š¥°¤¦É¸ Å—´ œo ´œÇÊ ÁžÈœ˜œªo µn Ÿ¡¼o —‹³Å¤¼ Á¨¥Á™n —Åž· č¨o ¨µÂ¨³„¨ª¸ ›· „µ¦­¸ °­µ¦Ä®Éº —o ¦µª„¼ ª´ µn ˜œÁ°ŠÂ¨³/®¦°‡º n­œšœµ¤¼ ­™µœ³šµŠ­¸ Š‡¤­´ ŠÅž„ª¼ nµ ­µ¤œ´ ®¦°¤º šµšÁž¸ ȜŸš¼o ¤É¸ ‡ªµ¤Ä„¨¸ o —Áž· Ȝ‡¦n¼ „„´ œ®¦´ °Á¡º °œšÉº ­œÉ¸ ·š­œ¤„œ¤µ„´ ÁœÉº°Š‹µ„ „µ¦¨ªŠ¨n ʵ—Î Š„¨´ µª¤n œªÃœ¸ o¤‹³šµÄ®Î Á„o —°· »ž­¦¦‡Å¤Á¡n ¥ŠÂ˜¸ nĜ—µœªo ˜™´ »ž¦³­Š‡ °Š„µ¦­r °­µ¦Éº ÁŠ­™µ· œœ´ œ´Ê ˜n¦ª¤Åž™ŠÄœ—¹ µœ­o ¤¡´ œ›£µ¡ÄœÂš´ ¡É¸ Š¤¹ ¦³®ª¸ µŠ‡n n­œšœµ—¼ ª¥„o œÁ°ŠÂ¨³´ „´ »‡‡¨¦° µŠ°o „—¸ ª¥o ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³°¥µŠ¥n Š®µ„¤·É „µ¦ ¸ — ´ œ®¦º °„µ¦˜º n°˜µœÃ—¥Ÿo š¼o ¦É¸ ­¼o „ª¹ µn ˜œ Ťŗn ¦o „µ¦Ä®´ Á„o ¥¦˜¸ š· Á®¤µ³­¤Â¨³Á¡É¸ ¥Š¡°¸ „µ¦œÎµÂœª‡—Á· nœ„µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®· ž¦³Á£š„µ¦Ážr Ȝ ­¤µ„· (membership categorisation analysis) (Butler & Weatherall, 2006; Hester & Eglin, 1997) Ÿœª„„Âœª‡´ —Á¦· É°Š„µ¦‹º —„µ¦‡ªµ¤­´ ¤¡´ œ›´ r (relational work) (Locher & Watts, 2005) ¤µÄÄœ„µ¦ªo Á‡¦µ³®· ®œr nª¥š¥°¤¦É¸ Å—´ šo ŸÉ¸ Á ¼o ¥œœ¸ εÁ­œ° µŠ˜o œÁžo ȜœªšµŠ®œÉ¹ŠšŸÉ¸ Á ¼o ¥œÁ¸ É°ªº µn ‹³Á„šµŠÄ®· Á¦µÅ—o š¦µ™o Š‡ªµ¤¨¹ ɜ٨ °Š‡ªµ¤­º ¤¡´ œ›´ ¦³®ªr µŠn »‡‡¨Äœ­Š‡¤Åš¥Äœž´ ‹‹´ »œ´ ŗ°¥o µŠ‡¦°‡¨n »¤¥Š ·É œ„ªÊ¹ µšn ÁžÉ¸ Ȝ°¥ n¼

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®¨„„µ¦™´ nµ¥™°— o°¤¨¼ * (.) „µ¦®¥»—¡„ž¦³¤µ–´ 1-2 ªœµš· ¸ (-) „µ¦®¥»—¡„œµœ„ª´ µn 2 ªœµš· ¸ (???) ™°¥‡o µšÎ ‹É¸ Ä‹‡ªµ¤Å¤´ ŗn o ( °¤o ¨¼ ) ™°¥‡o µšÎ čɸ „µ¦‡µ—Á—µo (( °¤o ¨¼ )) ‡µ°›Î µ¥Á¡· ¤Á˜·É ¤· [ °¤o ¨¼ ] °ª‹œ£µ¬µ´ /ž¦¨„¬–´ r£µ¬µ […] ­ªœšn ŸÉ¸ ª¼o Á‡¦µ³®· ¨³Åªr o … / °¤o ¨¼ \ … ™°¥‡o µšÎ Á„ɸ — · œ¡¦Ê¹ °¤„o œÄœŸ¨´ —š´ ˜É¸ n°„œ´ … / °¤o ¨¼ \ … °¤o ¨¼ : „µ¦¡—¨µ„Á­¼ ¥Š¸ °¤o ¨¼ - ™°¥‡ªµ¤šo ‹¨ŠÃ—¥Å¤É¸ ­¤n ¦–¼ r

o°¤¨¼ ™°¥‡o µÄ®Î Á„o ¥¦˜¸ ˜µ¤ÂÂŸœ· * ®¨„„µ¦™´ nµ¥™°— °¤o ¨œ¼ ʸ­ŠÁ‡¦µ³®´ ¤µ‹µ„ñ¨¤­r ¨³­˜r ´ r (Holmes & Stubbe, 2003) Áœ°¦Â¨³µœr (Schnurr & Chan, 2011) ¨³¤¨¨µœ´ ¸ (Mullany, 2011) É°º »‡‡¨Â¨³É°®œº nª¥Šµœ (¦ª¤šŠ´Ê É°„º ‹„¦¦¤ °Š· ®œnª¥Šµœ) Ĝž¦³Áš«Åš¥Äœ˜ª°¥´ nµŠ™°¥‡o εŗ™o ¼„ž¦Áž¨´ ¥œÁ¡¸É É°¦º „¬µ‡ªµ¤Áž´ Ȝ­nªœ˜ª °Š´ »‡‡¨®¦°º ®œnª¥ŠµœšÁ„ɸ ¥ª ɸ °Šœo œ´Ê

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Á°„­µ¦°oµŠ°·Š/ References Œ˜¦µ´ »œœµ‡ ­ª¦¦–» ¸ °»—¤Ÿ¨ ¨³ ª¦¦– ¸ ¡»š›Á‹¦š°Š· . (2522). «¨ž³„µ¦Ä· £µ¬µÄœo ª¸ ˜ž¦³‹· µªÎ œÂ¨³šµŠ›´ »¦„‹· . „¦ŠÁš¡²» : ­µœÎ „¡´ ¤¡· ž¦³„µ¦¡¦r „¹ . œ·˜¥µ „µ‹œª¦¦–. (2558). ž®µ„µ¦Ä´ £µ¬µÅš¥o . „¦ŠÁš¡²» : ­µœÎ „¡´ ¤¡· ¤®µªr š¥µ¨· ¥´ ¦µ¤‡µÂ®ŠÎ . ¦Š¦°Š´ œ·¨ž¦³£­­¦´ . (2546). „µ¦­œšœµ. Ĝ (¤.ž..) „µ¦Ä£µ¬µÅš¥o 2 (œ. 101-108). „¦ŠÁš¡²» : ­µœÎ „¡´ ¤¡· ¤®µªr š¥µ¨· ¥›¦¦¤«µ­˜¦´ .r ­ª—» ¸ œµ­ª­—´ ·Í¨³ „Š„µ‹œ·É r Áš¡„µ‹œµ. (2556). ¦³„µ¦Ä®Á„o ¥¦˜¸ š· ­³šÉ¸ °œ‹µ„‡o µÎ ­¦¦¡œµ¤»¦¬š» ɸ 1 ¨³ 2 Ĝ¦µµ«¡š´ Ś¥r . £µ¬µÂ¨³£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦,r 32, 52-89. Á­µª¨„¬–´ r °œœ˜«µœ˜´ .r (2544). „µ¦Ä£µ¬µÄœ„µ¦¡o —¼ . Ĝ (¤.ž..) „µ¦Á˜¦¥¤Á¡¸ °„µ¦¡ºÉ —¼ ¨³„µ¦Á ¥œ¸ . „¦ŠÁš¡²» : ­µœÎ „¡´ ¤¡· ¤®µªr š¥µ¨· ¥¦µ¤‡´ µÂ®ŠÎ . Agha, A. (2007). Language and social relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bechstedt, H. (2002). Identity and authority in . In Reynolds, C. (Ed.), National identities and its defenders: Thailand today. Bangkok: Silkworm Books. Bousfield, D. (2008). Impoliteness in interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Brown, L. (2011). and politeness in second language learning. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Brown, L. (2015). Revisiting “polite” –yo and “deferential” –supnita speech style shifting in Korean from the point of view of indexicality. Journal of Pragmatics, 79, 43-59. Butler, C., & Weatherall, A. (2006). “No we’re not playing families”: Membership categorisation and children’s play. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 93, 441-470. Cook, H. (2002). The social meaning of the Japanese plain form. In Akatsuka, N., & Strauss, S. (Eds.), Japanese/Korean linguistics, Volume 10. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information. Cook, H. (2008). Style shifts in Japanese academic consultations. In Jones, K., & Ono, T. (Eds.), Style shifting in Japanese. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Cook, H. (2011). Are honorifics polite? Uses of referent honorifics in a Japanese committee meeting. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 3652-3672.

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