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Predictability and Role Relations in Thai Honorifics Songthama Intachakra Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University

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Predictability and Role Relations in Thai Honorifics Songthama Intachakra Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University µ¦µµ¦rÅo¨³ªµ¤­¤¡´ ´ Ár ·µ Äo°¥µÄ®Î oÁ¸¥¦·Ä£µ¬µÅ¥ ¦¦¦¤ °·¦´ ³«¨«µ­¦· r ¤®µª¥µ¨· ¥¦¦¤«µ­¦´ r ¥´ n° µ¦Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ Á· Ȧµµ¦r­É¸ µÎ ¦³µ¦®´ ɹĭ¤Å¥´ ¤É¸ Ū¸ Ä®o o ¼o ɸ nµ´ µ­µ³®¦o °º ¼o ­É¸ °­µ¦Éº °¥´ µÁn ȵµ¦­µ¤µ¦¦³°¦¦¤Ä· ª¸ ¦³· µªÎ ¦´ ª¤n Å´ o ª¥ªµ¤¨¤¨o º µ¦Äo °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä®· o ¼ °µ¤¦¦o µ °­´ ¤Á´ È®¨µ¦´ ­¤µÉ¸ Ä· »¤£µ¬µª¦· ´ µ¤°¥· nµ Á¦¦n ´ ¦È · Ân¤È ®¨µ¥Ã°µ­¸ ɸ ­¼o °­µ¦Å¤Éº Ån Äo o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä®· Áo Èŵ¤´Ê ª¥Á®o »Ê¸ µ¦µµ¦rªµn °¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ · °µ¦µÄðµ­É¸ ¨´ nµª³¦µ®¦°Å¤º n ¨³³¦µÄε®nÄÄ­µµ¦r µ¦­É°­µ¦¦º · Á¹ È­·É ɸ µÅÎ ¥µo ªµ¤Ê¸¤¸ »¤»n®¤µ¥³«É¸ ¬µµ¦¦µ °¹ o°¥µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä· £µ¬µÅ¥µ °¤o ¨µ¦¼ ­· ¤¡´ ´ r ¤É¸ ªµ¤Á¸ ȵµ¦µªÎ 2 ®¨n ¨µ¦«¬µÄµÂ¹ n¤»¤­³°o Ä®Á®o È µ¦Ä¹ o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · Ťɸ Án Èŵ¤Â Á ¼o ¥¸ ­¤¤´Ê µÁ¡· °°Éº µ¥ª· · ¸ · ´ · ¨´ nµªªnµ ¤¹ o ¡¼o ³Å¤¼ nÄo °¥o µµ¤Â °µ¦Ä®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ­É¸ ¤µ®ª´ ´ µ¤È Ân¡ªÁ µ¥È Ä´ o °¥o ε Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ · ¦ª¤¨´Ê ¨µ£µ¬µ¸ Ť¸É nÁȵµ¦°ÉǺ åε¹ªµ¤Á®¤µ³­¤ °¨¹ ¬³ªµ¤­´ ¤¡´ ´ r ɸ ®¨µ®¨µ¥¦³®ªµÂ¨³n ¢¼o Á´ È­µÎ ´ ¨µ¦«¬µ¹ ʸ°µ³nª¥µÄ®Î Á¦µ¤°µ¦Äo o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · °Ä¼o £µ¬µÅ¥Ä¥o »´ » ´ ª¥ªµ¤Á o µÄ¨o ªo ¥´ µÄ®¼ Á®o µ¦È µ¦ªµ¤­´ ¤¡´ ´ ¦³®ªr µn »¨¤É¸ ¸ ªµ¤¨ÉÅ®¨º µµ¦Än o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ ¨³¨· ¨µ£µ¬µ¸ Ťɸ Án ȵµ¦­¤­µÅ´ µ­Î µÎ ´ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · µ¦µµ¦rÅ o ªµ¤­¤¡´ ´ Ár µ· £µ¬µÅ¥ Á ¼o ¥Å¸ o εÁ­°ªµ¤Ê¸ÄÂ¥n°ª¥o É°º Honorific unpredictability and hybrid role relations in a changing Thai sociolinguistic landscape µ¦³»¤ The 20th Sociolinguistics Symposium, University of Jyväskylä ¦³Á« ¢·Â¨ r ¦³®ªnµª´ ɸ 15-18 ¤· »µ¥ 2557 Á ¼o ¥ ° °¡¦³¸ »³«¨«µ­¦· r ¤®µª¥µ¨· ¥¦¦¤«µ­¦´ r ¦É¸ »µ °»¤´ ·»­´­»µ¦ÎµÁ­°¨µª·µµ¦Änµ¦³Á«Ä¦´Ê ʸ ¨³ ° °¡¦³»¼oÁ oµ¦nª¤¢µ¦´ εÁ­° ªµ¤ ¦°«µ­¦µµ¦¥r ¦.ª¦¬µ· ð­µr ¨³¼¦o »ª»¡· µ¦µªµ¤­· 宦 ´ °o Á®· Ȩ³ o°µ¤´ nµÇ ɨ¹ ªÂ¨o ªÁo Ȧ³Ã¥rn°µ¦Îµ¤µ¡µÄ®´ Áo ʺ°®µ °ªµ¤Ê¸¤ªµ¤­¤¸ ¼¦r¥ ·É ʹ °µ´Ê ¼Á o ¥¸ ° °»µ­µªª«¦ ¸ ¤®µ¦³¨¼ Įɸ ªµ¤o ª¥Á®¨n °Äµ¦º nµ¥° °¤o ¨Â¨³µ¦ª¼ Á¦µ³®· r °¤o ¨Ä¼ n nµÇ 2268-60_in.indd68-60_in.indd 142142 112/29/162/29/16 112:162:16 PPMM วารสารศิลปศาสตร ปที่ 16 ฉบับที่ 2 (กรกฎาคม - ธันวาคม 2559) JOURNAL OF LIBERAL ARTS 16, 2 (JULY - DECEMBER 2016) Predictability and role relations in Thai honorifics Songthama Intachakra Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University Abstract Exchange of honorifics is regarded as an important linguistic phenomenon in Thai society. It serves to promote interpersonal harmony among interactants with different statuses, or between those speakers interacting in formal settings. As a matter of principle, conventionalised use of honorifics is more often than not encouraged. However in real-life conversation, speakers may not always avail themselves of these forms. Therefore, projecting accurately whether particular honorifics will be called for, and which positions in a conversational turn they might be employed, is a very difficult task. This paper reports on a study that makes inquiries into the idiosyncrasies of honorifics in Thai, drawing upon two sets of data from formal interactions. Parts of the findings are testimony to the fact that conventions of honorifics are not adhered to for various reasons, and that occurrences of honorifics mixed with other less formal speech styles are commonplace in many of the examples investigated. A working hypothesis I put forward is that: despite breaching traditional norms of honorifics, speakers indulging in dropping honorifics, or replacing them with otherwise conventional speech, do so within an allowable unit, which consists of language devices they are deemed appropriate to the institutional, and other (possible) role relations, they assume and negotiate with the hearer at the moment of speaking. Approaching how and why honorifics, and their informal alternatives, can co-exist in this way not only allows us to consider this practice from an objective perspective, but also to make sense of the management of the often dynamic, and overlapping, social relations through style mixing most typical among many younger generation Thais. Keywords: honorifics, predictability, role relations, Thai language 1. ªµ¤Îµ “­ª­´ ¸ µo · n°°³Å¦³ ¥ÉÁ°­µ¦µº ʸÁ¨¥” Á ¼o ¥Å¸ ¥o ¡· µ®´ · (°µ¥»¦µª 30 ¸) Ä®nª¥µ¦µµ¦Â®n®É¹ÄÁ ¦¤¨¨· nµªo°¥µÎ n°Áɺ°Ê¸µ¥´ ¼o®É¹ (°µ¥»¦µª 60 ¸) ª¥o ÊεÁ­¥¸ Áɸ Ȥ¦Â¨³¦°¥¥· ¤ ³Ê· µ¥É¸ ¼o ʸÁÁ · µ¤µo · n°¦µµ¦Ä °µµ¦ °®nª¥µ¨´ nµª µ¦¨nµªµ¥Â¨³µ¦Á­°µ¦¦´ µ¦Á· n¸Ê°µ°Áº È Á¦°Éº · Á¡¦µ³Äµ³Ä®¼o ¦o µ¦· ¡µª¦Â­ªµ¤¦³´ °¦º °¦º ¨³ªµ¤¡¦o °¤o ³É¸ Ä®¦o µ¦· ¦³´Ê È ®µÁ¦µÄ¸ ¦¦o µ °­´ ¤Å¥Ä´ n ªÉ¸ µn ĵ¦­µ´ ¦¼o ¦´ µ¦· Ä­µ¦µµ¦Áɸ nʸ Ä®¼o ¦o µ¦ª¦Ä· o °¥o µÄ®Î Á®¤µ³­¤o ªµ¤Á´ ȵµ¦ °¦· 143 2268-60_in.indd68-60_in.indd 143143 112/29/162/29/16 112:162:16 PPMM วารสารศิลปศาสตร ปที่ 16 ฉบับที่ 2 (กรกฎาคม - ธันวาคม 2559) JOURNAL OF LIBERAL ARTS 16, 2 (JULY - DECEMBER 2016) ¨³µ °¼¦o nª¤­µ (¼Á­µª¨¬´ r, 2544: . 252) ³µÄ®Î ¨o nµªÅªo nµ ĵªÎ °¥o µÎ Á¦É¸ ¥¸ °¥´ ¼n­µ¤´Ê ʸ °¥o µÎ ɸ 2 Ánµ´Ê Áɸ ȵ¦¡¼ Á®¤µ³­¤É¸ Á¡¦µ³Â­ªµ¤ Áȵµ¦ª¥µ¦¨o µ¥o ª¥°o »£µÂ­ªµ¤­£µ¡» (polite particle) “³” ­ª°n ¸ 2 o°¥µÎ ɤµ¸ n°®oµÂ¨³µ¤®¨Á´ ÈÁ¦É°º ÉŤ¸ nÁ®¤µ³­¤ÁnµÄ´¦É¸ o°¥µÎ ɸ 1 ¨µ¥o ª¥°o »£µÂ­ªµ¤ÁÈÁ°´ (casual particle) “µo ” ­ªn °¥o µÎ ɸ 3 Ť¦µµ¦Än o °»£µ®¦°º ª´ n¸ÄÇÊ ¸Â­µ¦Ä®É Áo ¥¦¸ · n¼o ¸¤É µÁ¸ ȼ¦o ¦´ µ¦Â¨³¤· °µª¸ »Ã­ ¤µªnµª´ ¼¡o ¼ ¹É°¥¼nĵ³¼Ä®o ¦o µ¦Â¨³¤· °µª¸ »Ã­o°¥ªnµ ª°¥´ nµµ¦Ä£µ¬µo ¸Å¤É n ­°¦´ ¦³´ ªµ¤Á´ ȵµ¦ °­µµ¦r¤Ä®¸ Á®o °È Á¸ ȵª¤µÎ ¨³nµ°µ¤È ¸ ¦µ¥¨³Á°¥Â¨³Á¸ É°Å ¨º ¥¸ n°¥Å¤¸É nÁ®¤°º Á­´ ¥¸ Á¸ ¥ª¸ µ¦³ µªÊ¸ nµ µ¦¡Âļ Á®¤µ³­¤®¦°Å¤º nÁ®¤µ³­¤­µµ¦´ rÂĵo ´ÁÊ ÈÁ¦Éº°¸É µµ¥Â¨³ o °¥¹Ê ¼n´ »¨¡· · °Ân¨³»¨ ÂnŤªn µªµ¤n Á®· ÁÈ ¥ªÉ¸ ªµ¤´ ¼ ° °µ¦Äo £µ¬µ °o »¨ Ä­¤³Â´ nµÁ¡´ ¥Ä¸ µ¤È ªµ¤¦¦³µ¦®· ɹŤɸ ¤n ¸ ļo Á­Å· o È °º Á¤É°¥º »­¤¥´ Á¨¥Å¸É ¦¦µ´ nµÇ Ä­¸É ¤Á¥¥´ ¹ °º °µÂ¦Á¨È ¥Å¸É °¸ ¥´Ê °µ¤´ ª¸ · ¸ · ´ ĵ¦Ä· £µ¬µo ¸ÁÉ È¸¥°¤¦É Å´ ¤µ o ª¹Ê nµÄ°¸ ¸É nµ¤µÁ · Á¦¹Ê É°¥Çº ¨³ª· ¸ · ´ Ä®¤· nÁ®¨nµÊ¸°µÁ¨¥­µ³¤µÁɸ ȵ¦Ä£µ¬µµ¤o ­· µ®¦Î ®¤´ n¤µÄ¥¼ »­¤¥´ n°Ç ¤µÁÈ ÈÅ o ª°¥´ µÁn n ¨É¸ µªÅ n µo o ʸ­µ¤µ¦Îµ¤µ°µ¥· ª¥¤Ão «´ rÁ¦°Éº °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · (honorific) µ¤É¹ ·¥µ¤ÄÁ°Êº ®¤µ¥o ¹ ¦£µ¬µ¼ nµÇ ɸ ¼o ¤É¸ °¸ εµ®¦°°µªº »Ã­o°¥¤´ ¼ µ®ªÄ®´ Äo Á¡o É°¡º ¼ ¨³´ /®¦°°º µo ¹ ¼o ¤É¸ °µª¸ »Ã­®¦°°º 嵤µªµn Ã¥Á¡µ³°¥µ¥n Ä·É ¦µ¦­· °­µ¦Éº Áɸ ȵµ¦ (Cook, 2011; Hudson, 2011) ªµÄ°n ®¨µ¥Ã°µ­¸ ¦£µ¬µ¼ ɸ Á´ È°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ °µ· ε¤µÄ¦³®ªo nµ»¨¤É¸ ªµ¤­¸ ¤¡´ ´ r n°Ä°´ ÉǺ ¨³ Ħ· Ťɸ Án ȵµ¦ÅÈ o ­¤Å¥´ °Áº È»¤£µ¬µ¤É¸ ¨¸ µÎ ´ µ­´Ê ¤­´ ¼ (highly hierarchical speech community) (Kummer, 1992; Bechstedt, 2002, p. 241; Holmes et al., 2003, p. 26) °¸ ´Ê ´ÁÈÁ¦É°º · ³Åɸ ¥o µ¦¡· ¼ ®¨¹ µ¦Ä´ o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · °¥Án¼ Ȧ³µÄ­Î ¤Å¥´ °µ · ÄÁ¦°µ¦Äɺ o µ¨Î µ¥o ­É¸ °ªµ¤­Éº £µ¡» (Án “n³” ¨³ “¦´ ”) ¨³µ¦Á¨¥É¸ 妳Á£nµÇ Ä®¤o ¨¸ ¨µÁ¸ ȵµ¦ (Án “¦ ¼o ! ¦µ” “· ! ¦¦³µ´ ” ¨³ “° ! Á¦¥¸ ” ÁÈo ) (¼¦µ¥¨³Á°¥Á¸ nĦ¦°´ , 2546, . 102-105; Iwasaki & Ingkaphirom, 2005, p. 179) ®µ °­o ÁÁ®¨´ nµÊ¸ÁÈ­·É ɸ ļo o · ´ ¦· · Á¦µÈ nµ³­µ¤µ¦ µµ¦rÅ°¥o nµÂ¤n¥Îµªnµ µªÅ¥³Äo o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ Ä· ε®nÄĵ¦­µµo Á¤°¡Éº ¼ »¥®¦´ °Á¤º °°Éº µo ¹ ¼o ª¦Åɸ ¦o µ¦Ä®´ Áo ¥¦¸ · °¥µÅ¦n µ¤®µ¨°­È Áµ¦¡´ ¼ »¥´ ¦³®ªµn ¦¼o ª¤­µn ¤É¸ ­µ³Á ¸ µ o µ¥n ³É¸ °Äo o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · n°Ä´ ´ »Å¤´ ªn µ³Än ¦· Áɸ ÈÁ°®¦´ °Ä¦º · Áɸ ȵµ¦ Ťn µÅ¤o nµÁ¦µ³¡ªnµ µªÅ¥ (Ã¥Á¡µ³ 144 2268-60_in.indd68-60_in.indd 144144 112/29/162/29/16 112:162:16 PPMM วารสารศิลปศาสตร ปที่ 16 ฉบับที่ 2 (กรกฎาคม - ธันวาคม 2559) JOURNAL OF LIBERAL ARTS 16, 2 (JULY - DECEMBER 2016) °¥µ¥n ª·É ¥¦´ ¨³¦»n Ä®¤»n Īªn nµÇ) ¤Ä´ o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ī· · ¸ ɸ nµÅµ®¨µ¦´ ª¦Áɸ È ÁȪo nµ µo ¨³È (drop) °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä· ε®n °µ¡Î ¼ ª¦É¸ /­µ¤µ¦ ¦µ°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Å· o ®¦°Å¤º n ­¨È ´ (switch) °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ´ °¥o µ°Î ÉǺ ɸ n° ¦³µ¦Ä®´ Áo ¥¦¸ · ɸ o°¥Åªµn ´Ê ²¨² ­µ®¦Î µ¦«´ ¬µ¦¹ ´Ê ʸ Á ¼o ¥¥¸ ¹ °­o Á´ Á¡É¸ ¨·É nµªÅ µo o ʸÁÈɸ ´Ê Ä°´ ´ ¦ ¼Á o ¥³¸ ®µo ε°Ä®o ´ 嵤°º “µ¦Äo o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ °µªÅ¥Ä· ´ »´ ÁÈŵ¤ÂÂ/¦¦µ´ ¸Á¥¥É ¹ °¤µÂº nÁ´Ê ¤°¥· nµÅ¦µo 1 ¦ª¤®µµ¦Ä´Ê o o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ · É¡¤¸ ¨¸ ¬³´ nµÅµ¦¦µ´ ɦµÃ¥¸ ª´É ´ ´Ê µ¦Äo o°¥Îµ Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ ¨³¨· ¨µ£µ¬µÄ°¸ ÉǺ ³¤¨¸ ¬³°¥´ nµÅ¦µo ” µ´Ê ¼Á o ¥³¸ ε °o ¡o ¨´ nµª¤µ°£¦µ¥Ä¤· »¤¤°Á¦É°µ¦µµ¦º rÅ o (predictability) ¨³ªµ¤­¤¡´ ´ rÁ· µ (role relation) Á¡É°­³º °ªo · ¸ · ´ ¨³¤· »¤¤° °Ä¼o £µ¬µÁo ¥ªÉ¸ µ¦Ä´ o °¥o µÎ Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ ¨³µ¦· µ¦ªµ¤­´ ¤¡´ ´ r¦³®ªnµ»¨Ä»¤£µ¬µÅ¥Â®n¥»Ã¨µ£ª· ´ r ɸ µ¨Î ´ µÁÎ ·°¥ ³n¼ ʸ 2.
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