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Á ¼o ¥Å¸ o εÁ°ªµ¤Ê¸ÄÂ¥n°ª¥o É°º Honorific unpredictability and hybrid role relations in a changing Thai sociolinguistic landscape µ¦³»¤ The 20th Sociolinguistics Symposium, University of Jyväskylä ¦³Á« ¢·Â¨ r ¦³®ªnµª´ ɸ 15-18 ¤· »µ¥ 2557 Á ¼o ¥ ° °¡¦³¸ »³«¨«µ¦· r ¤®µª¥µ¨· ¥¦¦¤«µ¦´ r ¦É¸ »µ °»¤´ ·»´»µ¦ÎµÁ°¨µª·µµ¦Änµ¦³Á«Ä¦´Ê ʸ ¨³ ° °¡¦³»¼oÁ oµ¦nª¤¢µ¦´ εÁ° ªµ¤ ¦°«µ¦µµ¦¥r ¦.ª¦¬µ· ðµr ¨³¼¦o »ª»¡· µ¦µªµ¤· 宦 ´ °o Á®· Ȩ³ o°µ¤´ nµÇ ɨ¹ ªÂ¨o ªÁo Ȧ³Ã¥rn°µ¦Îµ¤µ¡µÄ®´ Áo ʺ°®µ °ªµ¤Ê¸¤ªµ¤¤¸ ¼¦r¥ ·É ʹ °µ´Ê ¼Á o ¥¸ ° °»µµªª«¦ ¸ ¤®µ¦³¨¼ Įɸ ªµ¤o ª¥Á®¨n °Äµ¦º nµ¥° °¤o ¨Â¨³µ¦ª¼ Á¦µ³®· r °¤o ¨Ä¼ n nµÇ
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Predictability and role relations in Thai honorifics Songthama Intachakra Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University
Abstract Exchange of honorifics is regarded as an important linguistic phenomenon in Thai society. It serves to promote interpersonal harmony among interactants with different statuses, or between those speakers interacting in formal settings. As a matter of principle, conventionalised use of honorifics is more often than not encouraged. However in real-life conversation, speakers may not always avail themselves of these forms. Therefore, projecting accurately whether particular honorifics will be called for, and which positions in a conversational turn they might be employed, is a very difficult task. This paper reports on a study that makes inquiries into the idiosyncrasies of honorifics in Thai, drawing upon two sets of data from formal interactions. Parts of the findings are testimony to the fact that conventions of honorifics are not adhered to for various reasons, and that occurrences of honorifics mixed with other less formal speech styles are commonplace in many of the examples investigated. A working hypothesis I put forward is that: despite breaching traditional norms of honorifics, speakers indulging in dropping honorifics, or replacing them with otherwise conventional speech, do so within an allowable unit, which consists of language devices they are deemed appropriate to the institutional, and other (possible) role relations, they assume and negotiate with the hearer at the moment of speaking. Approaching how and why honorifics, and their informal alternatives, can co-exist in this way not only allows us to consider this practice from an objective perspective, but also to make sense of the management of the often dynamic, and overlapping, social relations through style mixing most typical among many younger generation Thais.
Keywords: honorifics, predictability, role relations, Thai language
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°¥µ¥n ª·É ¥¦´ ¨³¦»n Ä®¤»n Īªn nµÇ) ¤Ä´ o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ī· · ¸ ɸ nµÅµ®¨µ¦´ ª¦Áɸ È ÁȪo nµ µo ¨³È (drop) °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä· ε®n °µ¡Î ¼ ª¦É¸ /µ¤µ¦ ¦µ°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Å· o ®¦°Å¤º n ¨È ´ (switch) °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ´ °¥o µ°Î ÉǺ ɸ n° ¦³µ¦Ä®´ Áo ¥¦¸ · ɸ o°¥Åªµn ´Ê ²¨² µ®¦Î µ¦«´ ¬µ¦¹ ´Ê ʸ Á ¼o ¥¥¸ ¹ °o Á´ Á¡É¸ ¨·É nµªÅ µo o ʸÁÈɸ ´Ê Ä°´ ´ ¦ ¼Á o ¥³¸ ®µo ε°Ä®o ´ 嵤°º “µ¦Äo o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ °µªÅ¥Ä· ´ »´ ÁÈŵ¤ÂÂ/¦¦µ´ ¸Á¥¥É ¹ °¤µÂº nÁ´Ê ¤°¥· nµÅ¦µo 1 ¦ª¤®µµ¦Ä´Ê o o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ · É¡¤¸ ¨¸ ¬³´ nµÅµ¦¦µ´ ɦµÃ¥¸ ª´É ´ ´Ê µ¦Äo o°¥Îµ Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ ¨³¨· ¨µ£µ¬µÄ°¸ ÉǺ ³¤¨¸ ¬³°¥´ nµÅ¦µo ” µ´Ê ¼Á o ¥³¸ ε °o ¡o ¨´ nµª¤µ°£¦µ¥Ä¤· »¤¤°Á¦É°µ¦µµ¦º rÅ o (predictability) ¨³ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ rÁ· µ (role relation) Á¡É°³º °ªo · ¸ · ´ ¨³¤· »¤¤° °Ä¼o £µ¬µÁo ¥ªÉ¸ µ¦Ä´ o °¥o µÎ Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ ¨³µ¦· µ¦ªµ¤´ ¤¡´ ´ r¦³®ªnµ»¨Ä»¤£µ¬µÅ¥Â®n¥»Ã¨µ£ª· ´ r ɸ µ¨Î ´ µÁÎ ·°¥ ³n¼ ʸ
2. ªµ¤¦o¡¼ ºµÊ Ä° ɸ 2 ʸ Á ¼o ¥³¦¸ ¦°ªµ¤» · Äɸ ĵ¦«o ¬µ¹ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · µ¤ª¥o εÁ°®¨µ¦Á´ ¥ªÉ¸ ´ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä£µ¬µÅ¥Á¡· É°Áº Ȫµ¤¦¡¼o µÊº n°³¨É¸ nµª¹ °¤o ¨¼ Äɸ ĵ¦«o ¬µÂ¨³¦µ¥µ¨µ¦«¹ ¬µÄ°¹ n°Ç Å®¨µ´ ´Ê 2.1 ¦°ªµ¤·Äµ¦«¹¬µo°¥µÄ®Î oÁ¸¥¦· ¤¹ ªo µn »¤£µ¬µ³Ä®ªµ¤o µÎ ´ ªµ¤Á¤°£µ °Ä´ ¤¤µÁ¡´ ¥Ä¸ µ¤È Ân»¤£µ¬µ»Â®n¤È ¦³µ¦Ä¸ o °¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ · ¤É¸ ªµ¤¸ ´ o°¤µ®¦°º o°¥ nµ°°Å´ (Irvine, 1992; Okamoto, 2004; Pan & Kádár, 2011) °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ ¤· Ä®¸ Á®o È °¥Ä¦n¼ £µ¬µ®¨µ¦³Á£¼ (Án µÁ¦Î ¥ µ¸ (address term) µÎ ε®oµÉ°º /µ¦³Î »ÎµÂ®n (title) µÎ »¦»¬¦¦¡µ¤ µµ¤Î ¨³µ¦Î ¥µ· ) ¨³µ¤µ¦Á · Åʹ o Ħ³´Ê ®´ nª¥µÎ ¦³´ µÎ ¨³¦³Ã¦¦´ µ¦³Ã¥o ¨³´Ê ª¥µ¦¦o Á¨´ ¥¦É¸ £µ¬µÄ¼ nµÇ Ħ³£µ¬µ´ Á®¨µn ʸ
1 ¦°¥· n¼ ɸ ¤Å¥¤´ Å· ¤o µ¦Ä¸ £µ¬µo ɸ ¼ °Á¡o ¥¸ »Á¥ª¸ ¤µÄµ¨· »n¤°µ¡®¦¸ °¨º »n¤ª¦¦¤¦´ nª¤ (co-culture) °µ¥¹ °¦¦º µ´ ɸ nµ´ ¦ª¤°µ¤´Ê ª¸ · ¸ · ´ ĵ¦Ä· o£µ¬µÉÁ¸ ÈÉ¥°¤¦¸ Å´ onµ°°Å´ µ®¦Î Īµ¤´ ʸ ¼Á o ¥¸ ε®Ä® o “” ¨³ “¦¦µ´ ” Á¸É¥ªµ¦Ä´ oo°¥ÎµÄ®oÁ¥¦¸ ”· ®¤µ¥¹ ®¨µ¦Ä´ oo°¥ÎµÄ®oÁ¥¦¸ · ɦµÄ®¸ ´°º 妵 ¨³ÂÁ¦¥Ä¨¸ ¬³°´ ÉǺ ɤ¸ »n¨nµª®¨¹ µ¦Ä´ oo°¥Îµ Ä®oÁ¥¦¸ ÄÁ· · ε®Á r (prescriptive) É®¤µ¥¹ ®¨¹ µ¦´ ɪ¸ nµ µ¦Äoo°¥ÎµÄ®oÁ¥¦¸ Á· ÈÁ·É · ÊÁ¤°¹ Ħ· Áɸ ȵµ¦Â¨³/®¦°Á¤º °Éº ¦¼o ª¤µ¦n · ¤¡´ ´ ¤r ªµ¤¸ ¤¡´ ´ r Áɸ ȵµ¦ Á ¼o ¥ ° °¡¦³¸ »¦¼o »ª»· ¡µ¦µªµ¤· Åɸ Áo o¥ÊµÄ®Î °o µ¥®¨· µ¦Á®¨´ µn ʸĮo Á´
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µ¦«¬µÁ¹ ¥ªÉ¸ ´ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä£µ¬µ· µÇn ¤³°µ«´ ¥Á´ r ɸ µÂÁÎ oµ®¤µ¥ °µ¦Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ °°Á· È 3 ¦³Á£°º ¼o ɸ ¡¼o µ°¥¼ n¼ ª¥o (addressee) ¼o ɸ ¡¼o °¼ µo ¹ Ħ³Ã¥ (referent) ¨³Á®¼o Á®È »µ¦r (bystander) (Comrie, 1976) Īµ¤Ê¸ Á ¼o ¥¸ ³¨µªn Á¡µ³¹ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · 2 ¦³Á£Â¦Áµn ´Ê Á¡¦µ³ÁȦ³Á£ °°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ¦µÄ ɸ °¤o ¨¼ ªÄ®n n °µ¦«¬µ¦¹ ´Ê ʸ 桵¦µ· ªn ɸ Á¸ Äo Ħ³Ã¥Äo ª°¥´ µn ɸ (1) ¨³ (2) ¦³µ¦Äɹ o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · 2 ¦³Á£Â¦Ê¸Ä£µ¬µ°§¬´ ªn ɸ Á¸ Äo Äo ´Ê 2 ª°¥´ µn ʸ³Á´ ȵÁ¦Î ¥ µÁ¸ n ´ ÂnnµÈ µ®Î oµ¨³¦³Á£É¸ ´ (1) What would you like, sir? (2) Dr Roberts, here’s your book. µ¦Á¦¥¸ µn¼ “sir” Īn µ¥ °o ª°¥´ µn ɸ (1) Á´ È°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ¼o ɸ ¡¼o µ¼ °¥¼nª¥o (addressee honorific) Ã¥ªÅ¨´É ªo µªÎ nµ “sir” Ħ¸Ê¸µ®Î oµÉ¸ É°ªµ¤º »£µ¡ (ªµ¤Áȵµ¦) n°¼¢o ´ ¼Äo ÅÈ o ÉÁ¸ ÈÁ¡«µ¥ °Á®º°µ£µ¬µ°§¬Â¨´ ªo °»£µ µ¥¦³Ã¥o (sentence final particle) “¦´ ” ¨³ “n³” Ä£µ¬µÅ¥ ¦ª¤µ¦´Ê ®´ nª¥µÎ ªn µ¥ °o µ¦Î ¥µ· ª¥¦o ¼ “-masu” Ä£µ¬µÉ¸ »n (Shibatani, 1998, p. 344; Cook, 2011, p. 3656) ®¦°º ª¥¦o ¼ “-yo”/”-supnita” Ä£µ¬µÁµ®¨ ¸ (Brown, 2011, pp. 23-25) ¨ªÁo È °¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ ¦³Á£Á· ¥ª¸ ´ ʸ Ã¥¤¸ »Áo°¥¼n ¸É “µ¦Âªµ¤»£µ¡” n°¼¢o ´ Á¤É°º ¡µ¦µ· n°¤µ µÎ ε®oµÉ°º /µ¦³Î »ÎµÂ®n (Án “Dr” ¨³ “professor”) ¨³µÁ¦Î ¥µ¸ · (Án “grandma”) Á´ È°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ¼o ɸ ¡¼o °¼ µo Ħ³Ã¥¹ (referent honorific) ªn o °ª°¥´ nµ ɸ (2) ¦µµÁ¦Î ¥ µ¸ “Dr” ε®oµ»¨É¤¸ µ¤¸ »¨ªnµ “Roberts” ¦¸Ê¸ ÁÈo°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ · ¼o ɸ ¼¡o ¼°oµ¹ Ã¥¤¸ »Áo°¥n¼ ɸ “µ¦¦³»µ³µ¹ ¤´ ɸ °¼ ¼o ɸ ¼°oµÄ¹ o°¥Îµ” ¨nµª°º µ¦¤°µ¸ ¡Á¸ È¡¥®¦r °µ¦¤º ¸ »ª»¦³· ¦´ µÁ°· ªµ¤Ânµ°º µªÎ nµ “sir” Ī°¥´ nµÉ ¸ (1) ŤnÅo¤®¸ oµÉ¸ÁȪ´ nʸ»¨ (personal deixis) ÁÁn ¥ª¸ ´ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ¼o ɸ ¡¼o °¼ µo ¹ °É¹µªÎ µn “addressee” ¨³ “referent” ɸ £µ¬µ«µ¦´ r µo °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä· Á¦o ¥¸ o°¥µÄ®Î oÁ¸¥¦ · 2 ¦³Á£Â¦¤ªµ¤¸ ´ o°Äµ¦´ ¸2 ¨nµª°º Ťnªnµ³Äo«¡´ r ´ ´ Ä· ¼oÉŸ o¦Á´ ¥¦¸ µ· ¼o¡¼Ä»¦¸È°º ¼oɸ ¼o¡¼µ°¥n¼oª¥ (¼o¢´ ) ÁnÁ¤· ³´Á¡Ê É°Á¨º ¥ªµ¤É¸ ´ É°µÁ¸ · µµ¦Äʹ o ε«¡´ r ɨ¦¸ ª¤µµ£µ¬µ°´ §¬´
2 ®oµµ¦Ä®É¸ Áo ¥¦¸ · ´Ê 2 ¦³Á£Ê¸³¦¦´ (converge) ÁnÁ¤É°¤º µ¦Ä¸ ¦¦¡µ¤o »¦»¬ ɸ 2 Ħ¥¥¼ n° (Shibatani, 1998: p. 344) ¨¬³Á´ n ʸŤ¦µÄ£µ¬µ°n §¬¥´ »´ »´ Ân¥¤´ ĸ Ä®¨µ¥£µ¬µo Ä´Ê Ã¨³ª¸ ¨³´ è¸ ³ª°°´ ¥ª°¥´ nµÁn Ä£µ¬µ ¦Á«´É µ¦Äo µªÎ nµ “vous” Áɹ Ȧ¦¡µ¤»¦»¬ ɸ 2 Ħ¥¥¼ n°Âµ¦Äo µªÎ nµ “tu” Áɹ Ȧ¦¡µ¤»¦»¬ ɸ 2 Ħ¼ ·¤/ÁÈÁ°´ (Ħ³Ã¥Án “Je voulais vous voir devant mon départ.”) °Éº ªµ¤´Ê £µ¡Â¨³µ¦¥¥» °n ¼o ɸ ¡¼o °¼ µo Ħ³Ã¥Å¹ ª¥Ä ³Áo ¥ª¸ ´
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¨´ nµª ¼oÁ ¥³Á¦¸ ¥¸ o°¥ÎµÄ®oÁ¥¦¸ ¦³Á£Â¦ª· nµ “o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ Á· oªµ¤»£µ¡” ¨³¦³Á£n°¤µªnµ “°¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ Á· oµ¦¥¥n°” Ã¥°µ«¥Âªµ °¦µª´ r (Brown, 2015, p. 44-45) ɹÁ¦¥¸ o°¥µÄ®Î oÁ¸¥¦·´Ê 2 ¦³Á£Ê¸ÁÈ£µ¬µ°§¬ª´ nµ “polite style” ¨³ “deferential style” µ¤¨µÎ ´ 2.2 ®¨µ¦Á´ ¸É¥ª´ o°¥µÄ®Î oÁ¸¥¦·Ä£µ¬µÅ¥ £µ¬µ«µ¦´ ®¨µ¥r nµÅªµ¤Á®o ÅªÈ ªo µn £µ¬µÅ¥Â¨³£µ¬µÅ¤É¸ Än n£µ¬µ ³ª®¨µ¥£µ¬µ´ (Án £µ¬µÉ¸ »n £µ¬µÁµ®¨ ¸ £µ¬µªµ £µ¬µÁ· ¨³£µ¬µ¼¨)¼ nµ¤¦³ °¸ o°¥µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ɸ ´ o°¤µªnµ£µ¬µ³ªÃ¥´ ªÅ´É (¼ Shibatani, 1998; Ide, 2005; Khanittanan, 1988; Irvine, 1992) ¦ª¤Å´Ê Á°¤¤o µª· µn £µ¬µÅ¥ ¤µ¦Ä¸ o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Á· oµ®¤µ¥´Ê 2 ¦³Á£¨´ nµª (Shibatani, 1998, p. 346; Keating & Duranti, 2006, pp. 147-148) ª´ µµ¦· µµ¦Äo £µ¬µÅ¥Åo o ´Ê °o ÁÁ´ ¥ªÉ¸ ´ °¥o µÎ Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ Ū· Áo È媤µ °¸ µ¦«´Ê ¬µµ£µ¬µ«µ¦¹ Ár É¥ª¸ ¦³´ °¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ · Ä£µ¬µÅ¥¤È °¥¸ °¥n¼ µ®¨µ®¨µ¥n ¦³´Ê È ªµ¤¦¸ ¼o ªÄ®n nÁ¦µÅɸ ¦o ¦µÁ´ ¥ªÉ¸ ´ °¥o µÎ Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ Ä£µ¬µÅ¥¤· ¤´ ¸ »Áo°¥n¼ ¦³É¸ 廦»¬¦¦¡µ¤ (µ¦ªª¦¦¦¦¤µ¼ µª· ¥´ µo ʸÁµn ɸ µ¤µÄn ª» ¸ ¨³µ·É r (2556) ´Ê ʸÁ¦µµ¤µ¦¦»¨¬³Á¡µ³´ °¦³°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä£µ¬µÅ¥· (Á¡µ³Äɸ Ä®¤o µ¤n¼ ´ ) Ä£µ¡ªµÅo o ´ n°Åʸ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Á· oªµ¤£µ¡» o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ Á· oªµ¤»£µ¡¸É¤µ¦¨¸ nµª¹ n°¥¦Ä´Ê »¤£µ¬µÅ¥°º ¨¬³£µ¬µ´ °»£µµ¥¦³Ã¥o Ã¥Á¡µ³°¥nµ¥·É “³” “n³” ¨³ “¦´ ” °ª³³· · ¨³°µ£· ¦¤¥· r (Iwasaki & Ingkaphirom, 2005, pp. 179-185; Á¦¥Á¸ ¥¸ ´ Smyth, 2002, pp. 126-129) µÂ¦³Á£°Î »£µµ¥¦³Ã¥°°Áo È 4 ¦³Á£µ¤¦³ªµ¤Á´ È µµ¦ °µµ¦r °»£µ¸ É ¹Ê o ª¥Áo ¥¸ “” (Án “³” “n³” “¦´ ” ¨³ “´ ”) ³°ªµ¤Áo ȵµ¦¼ ɸ » °»£µ ɸ ʹ o ª¥Áo ¥¸ “±” (Án “±³” ¨³ “±n³”) µ¤ª¥o °»£µ ɸ ʹ o ª¥Áo ¥¸ “” (Án “³o ” ¨³ “p³”) ÁÈ°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Á· oªµ¤»£µ¡Án´ Ânªµ¤Áȵµ¦Ä¦³¨®¨´ ´É ¨¤µÂ¨³´ n°ªµ¤ÁÈÁ°´ Á¡É¸ ¤ ·É ʹ ªn °»£µ ɸ ʹ o ª¥Áo ¥¸ “ª” (Án “ª³” “Áª¥o ” ¨³ “ê¥o ”) ÁÈ°»£µ°¥É¸ n¦³¼ ¨´ nµÉ¸ » ɹ ªµ¤ÁÈÁ°´ ¼ ɸ » °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Á· oµ¦¥¥°n ®oµÉ¸ ɸ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Á· oµ¦¥¥n°nµÅµ°¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ Á· oªµ¤»£µ¡ °º µ¦n ʸ µ³µ¹ ¤ °´ ¼o ɸ ¡¼o µ°¥¼ n¼ ª¥Ä®o o µ¤¼ ª¦Áɸ È Â¨³Á¤°Éº µn¼ ¤ªµ¤Å¤¸ Án nµ´ µ°o εµ (asymmetrical power) °µÄÁ¡o É°¥¥º °n ¢¼o Ä®´ ¤o ¸ ε®nµ
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¤´ ª¼ µn ¡¼o ¼ ÅÈ o Á¦µÁ¦¥¸ °¥o εÁnʸªµn ¦Âªµ¤Áµ¦¡¼ (respectful form ®¦°º subject honorific) °µµÎ »¦»¬¦¦¡µ¤ (°µ · “nµ”) ¨³µÁ¦Î ¥ µ®¦¸ °º µÎ ε®oµÉ°º / ε®n (°µ · “¨»” “µ· ” “®ª®´ oµ”) ¨ªo ¦Âªµ¤Áµ¦¡¥¼ ¦µÄ´ µ¦Î ¥µ· (°µ · “¦¦³µ´ ” ¨³ “¦µÁ¦¥¸ ”) ¨³¨ª· ¸ °µ¦Éº (°µ · “ °¡¦³»” ¨³ “ °¦³µÃ¬”) ÁÈo (Á¦¥Á¸ ¥¸ ´ Khanittanan, 1988, pp. 355-360) °É¹µ¦¨nµªÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ · ¢¼o ´ ¤É¸ ¸ µ³°µ¦³¼ µÂ°Î °¤o ª¥¦o ¼ n°¤ª´ (humble form ®¦°º object honorific) ÅÈ o °´ ®¤µ¥¹ µ¦É¸ ¡¼o °¼ µo Á°¹ ª¥o µÁ¦Î ¥¸ ³É¸ °£µ¡ °o ª´ ¡¼o Á°ª¼ µn Ť¤n ªµ¤¸ µÎ ´ ¨°¤°µª¸ »Ã ªµ¤µ¤µ¦ ¨³/®¦°¦³µ¦º rnµÇ ŤnÁnµÁ¥¤¸ ´ ¼¢o ´ ( ¼ Okamoto, 1999, pp. 52-54; Tokunaga, 1992, p. 129) ¦¼ n°¤ª´ ¤É¸ ¸ ļo o n°¥¦Ä£µ¬µÅ¥Ã¥¤µÂ¨´Ê ªo ÁȵΠµ¡ªÎ µÁ¦Î ¥Á°¸ (Án “®¼” ¨³ “o°”) ³³· · (Shibatani, 1998, p. 343) ¨nµªªnµ µ¦Äo µÁ¦Î ¥Á°ª¸ nµ “¤” (µ¦Ä¦¦¡µ¤o »¦»¬ ɸ 1 “´ ”) È µ®Î oµÉ¸ ɸ ¨µªn °¥¹ n¼ ʸÁn ´ µ¦°£¦µ¥Á· ¸É¥ª¨´ ¬³µ£µ¬µ´ ¸Éµ¦Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ · ¸É¼Á o ¥¸ εÁ°Å µo oÁÈÁ¡¥µ¦Â¡°¸ Á Á´ nµ´Ê µ¤®¨Â¨´ ªo µ¦Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ Ä£µ¬µÅ¥· µ¤µ¦¦³µÎ ª¥o °µµ¦n °µ¦°Éº ÉǺ ¥È °¤Ån o Án °ª£µ¬µ´ (°µ · µ¦¡¤¤°Å®ªº )o ¨³¦¨¬´ r£µ¬µ (paralinguistics) (°µ · µ¦Äo µ°ÁÎ ¥¸ ) °µ´Â¨Ê ª¥o ¤´ ¨Å¸ ¨³ªµ¤´ ° °o °¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ Ä£µ¬µÅ¥Ä¦³Á· °È ÉǺ ¦°Ä®É¸ ¤o µ¦¸ ªo µÄ®o o ¨¹ ÊÄ°µ¹ °µ · ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ ¨³ªµ¤Á®¨r É°¤¨º ʵ¦³®ªÎ nµ°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ ¦³Á£Á· o ªµ¤£µ¡Â¨³Á» oªµ¤¥¥°Ä£µ¬µÅ¥n ¨°´Ê ´ ¥Â¨³´ µn ·¥¤É¸ ¨n n°µ¦Ä®¦o °º µ¦Å¤nÄo °¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ · ¼Á o ¥³¨¸ nµª¦³Á¹ Á®¨È nµ¸ÊµÁo Ȧ¦µªÁ¡´Ê É°Ä®º ªµ¤o ¦³µn ¨µ¦«´ ¬µÄ°¹ ɸ 4 ĨµÎ ´ n°Å
3. o°¤¨¼ ¦· ¨³µ¦¸ªµ¤ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ ¤· Á´ · Ħʹ · ¤É¸ ªµ¤Á¸ ȵµ¦ ´ ´Ê Á ¼o ¥¸ Á®¹ ªÈ µn µ¦ Á È °¤o ¨µ£µ¬µµµµ¦¼ r¤É¸ ªµ¤Á¸ ȵµ¦³¨Ä®n Åo ¤µo ɵ¦Ä¹ £µ¬µo ɸ Á´ È°¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ Å· °¥o nµÁȦ¦¦¤¤µ¼ ɸ » ¼Á o ¥Á¨¸ °º ³Áɸ È °¤o ¨µ¦¼ · µ¦°µ¦Éº Â´Ê ¤É¸ µ¦µÃ¸ °o (interactive conversation) ¦³®ªµn »¨¤µªµn 1 Åʹ ¨³Â¤É¸ µ¦¡¸ ¼ n°Áɺ° (continuous talk) Ã¥»¨Á¥ª¸
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°¤o ¨Á®¨¼ µn ʸ夵µ 2 ®¨n °¤o ¨Â®¨¼ n¦Ťµµ¨o ´ °¤o ¨¼ “Mr O Corpus” »£µ¬µÅ¥3 ɹ ´ µ¦¹ · ¤¡´ ´ Ár o£µ¦· (task-based interaction) ¦³®ªnµ¨»n¤n¼ µ 2 ¦³Á£ ÅÂo n ¨»¤n »¨É¸ »Á¥o ¨³¤´ µ³¸ µ°o εµÁnµ´ ¨³¨»n¤»¨ Ťɸ n »Á¥o ¨³¤´ µ³µ°¸ µµÎ nµ´ ¨»n¤nµ¼ ´Ê 2 ¦³Á£Ê¸ (¦³°Åɹ ª¥o n¼ ·¦³· ¦´ µ¦· ¸ µªÎ 10 n¼ ¨³n°µµ¦¥¼ r ´ ·¦³· ¦´ µ¦· ¸ µªÎ 10 )n¼ Åo ¼ µ®Ä®Î o µÁÎ ·¦¦¤· nµÇ ¦ª¤n ®¦´ °º ´ ¤µÁ¸ È °¤o ¨¼ ª°¥´ µ n °¤o ¨¼ Äɸ µ¦«o ¬µ¹ ¦´Ê ʸ夵µÁ¡µ³µ¦µ¦³®ªnµ°µµ¦¥r ´ ·Ä ³· ¦É¸ nª¤Á¦´ ¥£µ¡µ¦¸ r ¼ µªÎ 15 £µ¡¨³É¸ Ū´ Ä®o o n°Á´ ÈÁ¦°¦µªÉº Áµ³Áɸ ¥ªÉ¸ ´ (¦¼ ¼ ɸ 1)
¦¼ ¸É 1 ª°¥´ µ£µ¡µ¦n r ¼ Äɸ Á¡o °Áɺ È °¤o ¨¼ “Mr O Corpus”
°µÁ¡´Ê °Ä®Éº µ¦ªo Á¦µ³®· ¤r ¤¸ »¤¤°ªÉ¸ µ o ʹ Á ¼o ¥¸ Ĺ o °¤o ¨¦³°µ°¼ ®¨¸ n®É¹ ¤É¸ ªµ¤Á¸ ȵµ¦Ä¦³Á´ ¥Á¸ ¥¸ Å´ o °¤o ¨¼ »®¨´ ʸŤµµµ¦¦µ¥µ o µªn µ¦ ¤£µ¬´ r µ¦¦nª¤Áªµ ¨°µ¦µÁ¡´Ê É° °º /Ä®¦o µ¦· ¦µÄ¸É É°µ¦¤ª¨º ¦³Á£Ã¦«´ r¨³ª¥· » É¡¦¹ n£µ¡/¦³µ¥Á¥µÁ ¦¸ »Á¡² ¨³¦¤¨¦³®ª· nµ Á°¤¦µ¤º ¡.«. 2555 ¨³Á°¡§¬£µ¤º ¡.«. 2557 Á ¼o ¥Á¸ É°ªº µn Ħµ¦¡· ®¦¼ °º µ¦µ¤É¸ ªµ¤Á¸ ȵ¨µÄ¦³µ¨µ´ (semi-formality) Á¨É¸ °«º ¬µ¹ ´Ê 2 ®¨nʸ ¼¦o nª¤µ¦· ¤¡´ ´ r nµ³Å¤n¤ ¸ °o µÎ ´ ³É¸ °¨o nµª®¦°³º °Å¤o n¨nµªÄ¤µÁ·É nµÄ´ ¦µ¦µ· ¤É¸ ªµ¤Á¸ ȵµ¦Ä¦³´ ¼ (high formality) (Án ¦³®ªµµ¦¦³°n ¡· ¦¦¤µ«µµ¸ µ¦¡µ¦µ· ĸ «µ¨´Ê ¨³µ¦¨nµª¦¡» r) (Heylighen & Dawaele, 1999, p. 3) ³´Ê Á¹ ·Ã°µÄ®o ¼¦o nª¤µ¦· ¤¡´ ´ r ¤¹ µÁ¨¸ °º ³É¸ · ´ µ¤®¦· °Å¤º n · ´ µ¤· ¦ª¤Á¦µ´Ê /n°¦°Á´ É¥ª¸ ®¨´ µ¦Ä´ o o°¥ÎµÂµ¦Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ µ¤· ÉÁ®¸ È ¤ª¦Å¤µªo µÄ¦n · ¤É¸ ªµ¤Á¸ ȵµ¦®¦¼ °º o°¥Åªµn ´Ê °¨Áo °Êº o 2 ¦³µ¦É¸ ¼Á o ¥Ä¦¸ n °ÂŪo o n°³¦µ¥µ¨µ¦«É¸ ¬µ¤¹ ¸ ´ ʸ ¦³µ¦Â¦ °¤o ¨µ¦Ä¼ o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ³É¸ εÁ°Ä° ɸ 4 ÁȨµ¦ªÁ¦µ³®· r ɸ
3 °¤o ¨¼ “Mr O Corpus” »£µ¬µÅ¥¼ ´ Ã¥Á¦¹ °Ãɺ «´ ¼¦r³°É¸ ¬¦«µ¦´ r »¯µ¨¦r¤®µª¥µ¨· ¥´ Á¤°Áɺ °º »¤£µ¡´ r ¡.«. 2555 µ¦Á È °¤o ¨¼ ʸŦo ´ »´»µ Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ¦³µÎ ¸ .«. 2012-2013 (®¤µ¥Á¨ » 23320090)
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夵µµµ¦rµ¦É°µ¦Á¡º ¥¸ 2 ®¨nµ¤Åɸ °o µ¥Å · µo o ´ ´Ê Ť¹ n°µÄo Á¡É°¦º »ªµ¤Åªo nµ ÁȪµ£µ¬µ´ ¦°¨É¸ »¤µ¦Â°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä· ¤Å¥´ Ã¥¦ª¤Å o Ân¦³´Ê È ¸ °¤o ¨Á®¨¼ nµÊ¸µ¤µ¦³È °Ä®o Á®o È £µ¡µ¦Ä¹ £µ¬µo Áɸ · ¦Ê¹ · ¦ª¤ªµ¤®¨µ®¨µ¥Â¨³µ¦Á¨´Ê ɥ¨ °¦³¸ o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ Ä· ¤Å¥Å´ Äo ¦³®´ ɹ ¦³µ¦n°¤µ ¤¹ ªo µn Á ¼o ¥¸ Ä´Ê ³°µ«É¸ ¥®¨´ µ¦Ä´ o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ °· »¤ £µ¬µÅ¥¤µ¦µÁÈ»°µ°o ĵ¦· ªµ¤ ¸ °¤o ¨¼ ªnµ “®¨µ¦´ ” ¨É¸ nµªÄ¹ ɸ ʸ°µÁÈ ·É µªÅ¥Âɸ n¨³¦µ¥¥°¤¦Â¨³¥´ ¹ °¤µ®¦º °º o°¥Ânµ°°Å´ °¥µÅ¦n µ¤È Á¡É°Ä®º o µ¦ªÁ¦µ³®· r µÁÎ ·ÅÅ o Á ¼o ¥¸ Á®¹ ª¦È ³É¸ µ®Î µÎ ·¥µ¤ °®¨µ¦Ä´ o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · Äɸ ʸĮ®¤µ¥o ¹ ÂÂÁɸ ȦµÉ¸ Ä®¤´ ¼nµªÅ¥Ã¥¦ª¤ ɹ ʸ εĮÂo n¨³»¨Äo £µ¬µÁ®¤µ³¤É¸ ´ (1) ¦³ªµ¤Á´ ȵµ¦ °¦Ä ³· ´Ê ¨³ (2) µ³ °´Ê °¼o ɨ³ °Á°º (Ã¥Á¡µ³µ¤¦³°´ εµÂ¨³ªµ¤°µª»Ã) ®¨µ¦®¦´ °ÂÂĺ ɸ ʸ ®¤µ¥¦ª¤¹ nµ·¥¤É¸ µÎ °´ ÉǺ ĵ¦· ¤¡´ ´ Är ¤Å¥´ Án µ¦Äo °¥o εɸ »£µ¡/ Áȵµ¦ (¦ª¤µ¦¹ µ¥´ µ¦¨µª°n µ¦ °Ã¬ ¨³µ¦ °»Ä¦Â¼ Á®¤µ³¤É¸ ) µ¦Äo ÊεÁ¥¸ ¦É¸ É®º ¼ µ¦Ä£µ¬µµ¥o Á®¤µ³¤É¸ µ¦Á¨¥µ¦¨É¸ nµªµ®¥µµ¥Î µ¦Á¨¥É¸ µ¦¡ ¼ ´ ®ª³´ µ¦Á¨¥µ¦Ãɸ Áo ¥®¦¸ °ªº µ¦· r°¥nµÃnÂo µ¦Å¤n°ªµ¤Á®º °È ÁÈÄ®n ÁÈo (¦µ´ ¨³³, 2522, . 207-210; ¦¦°´ , 2546, . 103-105; ·¥µ, 2558, . 95-107)
4. µ¦¦µo°¥µÄ®Î oÁ¸¥¦· Ä° ɸ 4 ʸ ¼Á o ¥³¸ εÁ°¨µ¦ªÁ¦µ³®· µ¦¦µr °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Á¡· ɰĺ o ÁÈ °¤o ¨Á¼ ¦³· ¬´ rn°³°£É¸ ¦µ¥µ¦¦µÄ¨· ¬³´ nµÇ ¦nª¤¦³Á´ Á¦È É°µ¦º µµ¦rÅ °o o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ ¨³ªµ¤· ¤¡´ ´ rÁµÂ¤· ¸Éε®ÅªÁ¡o ɺ° µ¦«¬µ¦¹ ´Ê ʸİ ɸ 5 n°Å 4.1 µ¦¦µµ¤Â µ¦¦µ (°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ )· µ¤Â®¤µ¥¹ µ¦É¸ ¡¼o ļ o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ¦³Á£nµÇ Á®¤µ³¤¦³´ ªµ¤Á´ ȵµ¦Â¨³µ³ °¢¼o ¨³ °Á°Ä¦´ ´Ê ´Ê ¨³®µ¦µ¦¡· Á¼ ÈÂn°Áɺ°/Âðo µ¦Äo °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ¥È Á´ ÈÅ°¥µn Áªµo µ®¦Î µ¦«´ ¬µ¦¹ ´Ê ʸ µ¦Äo °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ µ¤ÂÂÃ¥¤µÂ¨· ª¤o Á´ ¥ª ɸ °o ¦´ £µ¬µ¼ µ¡ª°Î »£µ µÁ¦Î ¥ µ¸ (®¦°º µÎ ε®oµÉ°º /ε®n) ¨³µ¦¨nµª°nµ¼ ɸ ¡¼o ¼ /Ä®¼o Áo ¥¦¸ Ä· Åo o ¼ °µ¤®¨o µ¦´ ª¦Áɸ È
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2268-60_in.indd68-60_in.indd 150150 112/29/162/29/16 12:1612:16 PMPM วารสารศิลปศาสตร ปที่ 16 ฉบับที่ 2 (กรกฎาคม - ธันวาคม 2559) JOURNAL OF LIBERAL ARTS 16, 2 (JULY - DECEMBER 2016)
ª°¥´ nµ ɸ 1 ¨³ 2 夵µ °¤o ¨µ¦¼ · ¤¡´ ´ Ár o£µ¦Ä ³· °µµ¦¥É¸ r ´ ·Â· n¨³n¼¦¬µ¹ Á¡´ É°º n°£µ¡µ¦r ¼Ä®°°¤µÁo ÈÁʺ°Á¦É°Áº ¥ª¸ ´ µÉ¸ 夵 ÂÄɸ ʸÁȪ¦ °n ¦¦¤· ɹ ¦¼o ª¤µ¦µÂn n¨³n¼ ε¨´ µªµ¤Î »Á¥o £µ¡´ µ¦r Ä°¼ ¦· ¥µ· nµÇ n°³¦É¸ ª¤n ´ µÁÎ ·¦¦¤· n°£µ¡n°Å
ª°¥´ µn ¸É 1 1 ·· : Á¦¥¦¸ ¼ n° /ÅÈ o n³\ 2 °µµ¦¥:r /Á¦¥Á¦¸ ¥¸ \ 3 ·· : Á¥ªÁ¦¸Ì ¥¸ n°ÅÈ o n³ 4 °µµ¦¥:r Á¦µ»¥Å´ ¤³o 5 ·· : Åo n³ [®ªÁ¦µ³Ä¨´ µ°Î ] […] 6 ·· : °´ ʸ°Â¨º ªÄo ¤n ¥´Ê ³ (.) °q° °´ ʸ°°º ´ ʸĤn ¥´Ê ³ 7 °µµ¦¥:r ¦ª¼ µn (.) ¦¼ °Ä®o ®o ¼ participate n° 8 ·· : [®ªÁ¦µ³´ ] 9 °µµ¦¥:r Á¥ª¸Ì n°Á¥ª¸Ì n° Á¥ª³¨µ¥Á¸Ì Ȧ¼ µÁÎ ¥ª¸ 10 Á¥ªÁ¸Ì µ³Å¤o ¦³ªµ¤n µÁ¦Î È [¡¨¼ ª®´Ê ªÁ¦µ³´ ] 11 Á¥ª°¸Ì ´ ʸ¤´ °°· °q° ÅÁ° (-) °µªo (.) °´ ʸ /˺˺\ Á¥ª®¸Ì ¼¨°ª¼ µ¤n Ä´ ³n 12 ·· : /n³ (.)\ °´ ʸ° º µ¤Åo o ¤¸ ¥´Ê ³¦ ¼ (-) °³o µÅ¤¤Î ´ µ¤Åo °°o ´ [®ªÁ¦µ³´ ] 13 °µµ¦¥:r °nµªÂ¨ªo 14 ·· : °´ ʸÅÈ ®¦°o ³ (-) ¨ªo °È ´ ʸ (.) ¨ª°o ´ ʸ°°³Å¦Áº ɸ¥: [®ªÁ¦µ³´ ] 15 °µµ¦¥:r °q°°q°¤´ °¤o ¦¸ °Å®o o n° /¦°Å®o \o 16 ·· : /°¦°Â¦\ Á¢¨¦É¸ Á¨¹ nµ³¦ ¼
ª°¥´ µn ¸É 2 1 °µµ¦¥:r n³ 2 ·· : n³ 3 °µµ¦¥:r ®¼°É¸ (.) °³Å¦³ 4 ·· : °®Éº · n³ 5 °µµ¦¥:r °®Éº · (.) n³ (.) ¦°¼ ¨´ ¸ n³ (.) ¦ ¼ ((¤µµ£µªµ· )) ¤µ¦¦¤· n³ 6 ·· : n³ 7 °µµ¦¥:r °³n³ (-) ´Ê (.) ¤µ ¼ /¦¼ \ ³´ /³\ 8 ·· : /n³\ (-) /n³\ […] 9 °µµ¦¥:r °³ Á°³ Á°³ Á°p³ (.) ¨ªµ¤n ´ (.) /n° ¤µÊ¹ \ 10 ·· : /¥ È ¤µÊ¹ \ ¦Á¨¹ nµ³ 11 °µµ¦¥:r °µÂ¨ªo ¥ È ¤µ°³Ê¹ (( °«°¨o ɨµÃº p³))
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Ä´Ê 2 ª°¥´ nµ µo o ¼Á o ¥¡µ¦¦µ °°¸ »£µÄɸ Ã¥Á¡«®o Á· ȵ¦Á¡µ³ (female-specific particle) Ħ¼ “³” 4 ɹ ·Ä· Åo Á®¤µ³¤µ¤®¨o µ¦´ Ã¥ÄŪn Äo ªn µ¥o °¦³Ã¥µµ¤Î (Án Ħ¦´ ɸ 6 ¨³ 14 °ª°¥´ nµ ɸ 1 ¨³Ä¦¦´ ɸ 10 ° ª°¥´ nµ ɸ 2) Á¡É°Á¡º ¤¦³·É ªµ¤´ »£µ¡Ä®o µ¦´ É°ÁµÄ¦º ´Ê ´Ê °µ´Ê ·¥· Ä´ o °»£µÄ¦¼ “n³” Å°¥o µÁ®¤µ³¤Án n´ ¨nµª°º ÄÄn ªn µ¥ °¦³Ã¥°Á¨o nµ ¦ª¤´Ê °¥o µ®¦Î °ª¨º ¸ ɸ µ®Î oµ°Á¨É¸ µn (Án Ħ¦´ ɸ 1 ¨³ 3 °ª°¥´ µn ɸ 1 ¨³Ä¦¦´ ɸ 4 ¨³ 12 °ª°¥´ nµ ɸ 2) °µ´Ê µªÎ nµ “n³” °µÄÁo ȵ¦ °¨Î µ¦µ´ È ¥°¤Ån Á¡o °Éº °µ¦¨®¦Éº °º °ªµ¤Á ɺ µÄo ´ µµ¤®¦Î ° º °o Á®· °È ¢¼o Ĩ´ ´ n°®oµ´Ê (Án Ħ¦´ ɸ 12 °ª°¥´ nµ ɸ 1 ¨³Ä¦¦´ ɸ 2, 6 ¨³ 8 °ª°¥´ nµ ɸ 2) n°¤µ °¤o ¨¼ ¡Âµ¦É¸ ɸ ·Ä· o µÁ¦Î ¥¸ ¼o ¤É¸ µ³Á¸ È°µµ¦¥År °¥o µÁ®¤µ³¤n ¨nµª°º µ¦ Á¦¥¸ ¢¼o ª´ µn “¦”¼ µÁ¦Î ¥ µÃ¥¸ ªÅ¨´É ª¤o ¦µÄ´ nª °µ¦µ®¦o ° °¨º ´ Á¡É°º ªµ¤Äµ¹ ¼o ɸ ¼Á¦¥¸ (Ťn¦µÄª°¥´ µn ®¥É¸ ¥¤µ· ) ªnµµ¦¨nµªÎµªnµ “¦”¼ Änªµ¥o » °¦³Ã¥µ¤µ¦¦³È εÅÁo n´ Ânª¦°¨o nµªµ¤®¨°´ »£µ “³” ®¦°º “n³” ¨ªÂo n¦¸ °É¹Â¤o µªÎ µn “¦”¼ ³¤¦¸ £µ¬µÁ¼ ȵÁ¦Î ¥ µ¸ ÂnÄɸ ʸ¤µÄ¸ µ¦°µ¦Áɺ ¥Á¸ µn °´ »£µ ®µÁɹ µ¤®¨· °´ »£µÃ¥Â o (“³” ®¦°º “n³”) ¥È ³Á¡·É ¤·É ¦³µ¦¥¥´ °Ä®n o ¼ Űʹ ¸ (Á¼ n¦¦´ ɸ 12 ¨³ 16 °ª°¥´ µn ɸ 1) ĵ¨´ ´ εÁ¦¥¸ ¼o ɤ¸ µ³¸ ª¼ nµ°µ¦µÄε®n¦ °¨Â´ nÃ¥¨Îµ¡´ ÅÈ o Ân®µÅ¤n¤¸ °»£µ “³” µ¤Ä´ ¸ °µÈ ªµ¤Å¸ ªo nµ ¼¡o Ä®¼ Áo ¥¦¸ · ¼¢o ¥´ Ť´ n¤µ¡° (Á¦¥Á¸ ¥¸ ¦Âµ¦Ä¼ o n°Åʸ: “…ÄÅ®¤¦n ”¼ ¨³ “...ÄÅ®¤³¦n ”¼ ´ “¦...”¼ ¨³ “¦³¼ ...”) µ¤®¨µ¦Ä´ £µ¬µÅ¥o ¼o ¤¸É °µª¸ »Ã®¦°µ£µ¡º ª¼ nµ¤µÁ¨¸ °º ³¨¸É nµª o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ ®¦· °Å¤º nÅÈ o åŤn°Áº ȵ¦ ´ n°Âµ¦· ¤¡´ ´ rÂn°¥nµÄ (Á¦¥Á¸ ¥¸ ´ Shibatani, 1998, p. 347) ¦»µÁµ¦Ä´ ¨³µ¦Å¤o Än o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · °°µµ¦¥Är ª°¥´ nµ ɸ 1 ¨³ 2 µ¤¨µÎ Ä ³´ ɦ¦¥µµ«µ¦µÁ¸ ÈÅ°¥nµ ¦µ¦É¨³Áº Ȥ¦· °¥µÅ¦n µ¤È ¼o ¤É¸ °µª¸ »Ã®¦°µ£µ¡º É媵Án È µ¥n ɸ ¼µ®ªÄ®´ o Ťn¨³Á¨¥É¸³Äoo°¥µÄ®Î oÁ¸¥¦·´ ¼nµÉ¸¤°µª¸ »Ã®¦°µ£µ¡¤µªº nµ Á¤¥rµ¦r
4 µ¤Åɸ ªÅªo Ä°o ɸ 2.1 £µ¬µ«µ¦´ År Ä®o o µ°Î µ¥Åª· ªo µn µ°Î »£µµ¡ªÎ “³” “³n ” ¨³ “¦´ ” Á´ È °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Á· oªµ¤£µ¡» ¦³´Ê È ¸ Á ¼o ¥¤¸ ªµ¤Á®¸ ªÈ µn °o Á ´ µo ¤o ¸ °o µÎ ´ Áɺ°µ°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · Ân¨³¦¼°µÎµ®oµ¤µÅªÉ¸ nµ´Ê ÁÈoªnµ °»£µ “³” “n³” ¨³ “¦´ ” ŤnÅo¤µÁ¡¸ ¥¸ É°ªµ¤º »£µ¡´ ¢¼o ´ ÂnÄ®¨µ¥¦¸¥Ä´ ªµ¤¥¥o °n ´ »¨Á®¨µn ʸŰo ¸ ª¥o
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(Maynard, 1993, p. 179) Ä®¦¦«³Áo É¥ª¸ µÁ®´ » °µ¦Å¤nÄo °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · (Áo ªµ¤£µ¡» ) Ä£µ¬µÉ¸ »Åªn o ´ ʸ°º (1) ¡¼o °¼ »µ®¦°º ¹µ ·É ¤µÅʹ o (2) ¡¼o ¦¦¥µ¥¼ Á®»µ¦r¦µªª´ µn Á°Á µÅ°¥o Ä£µ¡n¼ ɸ 娦¦¥µ¥°¥´ n¼ ´Ê ª¥o (3) ¡¼o ¡¼ ¼ Á°´ (4) ¡¼o ¦¼ ª¤n ¦´ µo °¥o µÎ (jointly creates utterances) ´ ¢¼o ´ (5) ¡¼o Ä®¼ o °¤o ¨¼ °¥É¸ ¡n¼ ®¨Êº ´ (backgrounded information) ¨³ (6) ¼¡o ¼¤°ªnµ Á°¤ªµ¤¸ »Á¥o (familiarity) ¨³ ªµ¤Ä¨o · (closeness) ´ ¢¼o ´ ªµ¨´ nµªµ¤µ¦Îµ¤µÄ°o µ¥µ¦Å¤· Än o °¥o µÎ Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ Ä£µ¬µÅ¥Å· Áo n´ Ân®µÁ¦¥Á¸ ¥¸ µÁ®´ » ɸ 1 ¹ 5 ɹ nµ³°Áº ÈÁ¦É°º °É¸ »Ã¨¤Å¨o ªo µÁ®» ɸ 6 ÁÈ·É É¸ ¼¡o Á¼ ¥É¸ ³É¸ ¼¦³Á¤Ä· ¨¤µn ɸ » Ã¥Á¡µ³ °¥nµ¥·É Á¤É°¡º µ¦µµ¤®¨· µ¦Ä´ o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ °· ¤Å¥ÄÁ´ ¥· ¤¹ ´É n°Â (prescriptive) ¨ªo ¼o °É¸ n°°µª»Ã®¦°°º n°°Îµµª¦¤°ªµn ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ °r ´ µ¥¦ n µ¤o ¤ªµ¤Á¸ ȵµ¦°¥¼nÁ¤°¦³®ªnµµ¦· ¤¡´ ´ Ħr · Á¸É ȵµ¦ Ī°¥´ nµ ¸É 1 ·Å¤· Ån Äo o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä· nª¨µ °¦¦´ ɸ 6 (“°q°”) ¨³µnª¨µ °¦¦´ ɸ 12 (“°³o ” “µÅ¤¤Î ´ µ¤Åo °°o ´ ”) ¨³ 14 (“¨ªo °È ´ ʸ ¨ª°o ´ ʸ°°³Å¦Áº ɸ¥”) ÂnÈ Á®¤¼ °º ³ÁÈŵ¤Á®»°ª¦´ °º “°q°” ¨³ ”°o³” ÁÈε°»µ (µÁ®» ɸ 1) nªÉÁ®¨¸ °Áº ȵ¦ ªµ¤Á®· È Á°´ (µÁ®» ɸ 3)
ª°¥´ µn ¸É 3 1 Á¸ : » °ª´ ¸ nµ:: 2 »Â°: ª´ ¸ nµ:: 3 Á¸ : ª´ ¸ n³ » °ťo · Á¤´ ¥´Ê ³ Á¥¸ °Ço 4 »Â°: n³ (.) Å¥o · /Á´ n³\ 5 Á¸ : /Å¥o · Á´ \ ³³ 6 »Â°: Å¥o ¤· ¥´Ê ³ 7 Á¸ : Å¥o · n³ Å¥o · n³ 8 »Â°: n³ n³ 9 Á¸ : » °³ 浦ʸÁȥŴ ³ÄÁ¦° °Ã¦µ¦Éº (.) Á¦°Éº (.) ¦¦¤µ· ˸ ¸ Áɸ¥n³ µ¦¦µµ¤Â¤Į¸ Á®o Ä È °¤o ¨µ¼ °µ¦¤ª¨Áɺ n´ Á ¼o ¥ °®¥¸ ¥· µµª¥· »¦³®ªnµÁ¨³¸ ¼¦o µ¦´ ¤£µ¬´ r¸É°¥¼n¨µ¥µ¥Ã¦«¡´ r¤µÂÄ ª°¥´ nµ ɸ 3 µ®¦Î ´ ª°¥´ µn ʸ ª¥Á®o »É¸ Á ¼o ¥Å¤¸ µ¤µ¦Á n µo ¦µ¥¨³Á°¹ ¥¸ µ°o ¨´ ¬´ r °¼nµ°´Ê ³´Ê Ť¹ n°µ¦µÅªo nµ Á¨³¸ »Â°¤°µª¸ »Ã¤µo°¥nµ´ °¥µÅ¦n °¸ ¥´Ê ´ Á´ ÈÁ¦É°¥µº ³¦³É¸ »¦³°´ εµÉ¸ nµ®¦´ °Å¤º °¥n µÅ¦ °n »¨°´Ê ¤¦³o Á¦µ´Ê µ¤µ¦°È »¤µÅĦ³o ®´ ɹµ¨¨µ£µ¬µ¸ Äɸ ĵ¦µªo µn °¤°´Ê
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5 ÁnµÉ¸ µ¤µn ´£µ¬µ«µ¦Å¤r Ån «o ¬µ¹ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ĥ· »¤¤°¨ª· µ£µ¬µÁ¸ nµÄ´ Á¦É°º ʸÁȦ³ÁÈ µÎ ´ ɵ¤µ¦¸ n°Ä®oÁ· «´ Ä· n¨¦³®ªnµ¼o É¥¸ ¤¹ Ä®¨´É µ¦Ä´ oo°¥ÎµÄ®oÁ¥¦¸ µ¤Â¨³· ¼o ÉŤ¸ nÁ ¤ªo ®¦°Å¤º ¦³®n ´ÄÁ¦É°º ¨´ nµªÅÃ¥o µ¥n °µ · ¦»nÄ®¤nĤť¤´ Ť´ ¦µªn nµ ĵ¦¨nµª° µ¦°¨ Ã¥ªÅ´É ®¦°µ¦°º ε °»´ ¼o ¤É¸ °µª¸ »Ã¤µªnµ µ¤®¨µ¦´ Á´Ê ¤Â¨· oª °¼o n°°µª»Ãª¦¨nµªÂnÁ¡¥ª¸ nµ “³n ” ®¦°º “¦´ ” ÂnÄ´ »´ °¼o °°µªn »Ã·¥¤Äµ¦°o Án “ðÁn³/¦´ ” “¥· ¸ n³/¦´ ” ¨³ “ŤÁn ÈŦn³/¦´ ” Ã¥ª· µn Á®¨µn ʸÁȵ¦°Âªµ¤É¸ £µ¡» /µ¦¥¥°n Á®¤µ³¤Â¨É¸ ªo
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4.2 µ¦¦µÂ¡¨ª´ Á¤É°º Áµ¦´ · ¤¡´ ´ rµ¦µ¦· É°µ¦º ¸ÉÄÁo È °¤o ¼¨Äµ¦«¬µ¦¹ ´Ê ʸ n°Å°¸ εĮÁ®o ªÈ nµ µ¦Äo o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ Ť· nÅÁo · ¹µ¤ÂÂÁ¤°ÅÊ °¸ ´Ê ¦µµ¦r¨´ nµªÅ¤Ån o ¤¡´ ´ r µÁ®´ »®¦° º °¥Áªo ¦³µ¦o ɸ 1 ¹ 5 µ¤Á¤¥É¸ µ¦r r Á¥Å°o µ¥Åª· o (¼° ɸ 4.1) ¼Á o ¥Á¦¸ ¥ ¸ °¤o ¼¨Ä¨¬³´ ʸ妪¤ªnµ µ¦¦µÂ ¡¨ª´ µ¤µ¦É¹ µÂ°°ÁΠȦ³Á£¥°¥Ån o 2 ¦³Á£ °º µ¦Á¨¥É¸ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ¨³µ¦µ®µÄ®¤Î n 4.2.1 µ¦Á¨¸É¥o°¥µÄ®Î oÁ¸¥¦· µ¦¦µÂ¡¨ª¤´ Ť´ ¤n ¦¸ ¼ (pattern) µ¦¦µÂɸ n´ ¹ µÄ®Î Ťo µ¤µ¦n µµ¦rÅ°¥o nµÁȦ³ªnµ ³¦µ°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ ®¦· °Å¤º n ¨°³¦µ®¦°Å¤º n ¦µÄµÂ®Î nĵo nµÅµµ¦¦µµ¤ÂÂɵ¤µ¦µµ¦¸ rÅ°¥o nµ ¤n¥µªÎ nµªµ¤Á¹ ÈÅÅo ³¦µ °É¸ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ÄÂ´Ê ¦³Á£Â¨³n ε®n Ĩµ¦µ´ µ¦Á¨¥É¸ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · (honorific shift) Áȵ¦¦µÂ¡¨ª´ ¦³Á£Â¦É¸ ¼Á o ¥³¨¸ nµª¹ µ¦Á¨¥É¸ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ ®¤µ¥· µ¦¨³¹ (drop) °¥o µÎ Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ · µ¦¨´ (switch) °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ¨´ ¨µ£µ¬µ¸ ªµ¤Áɸ ȵµ¦o°¥®¦°º ªµ¤ÁÈÁ°´ ®¦°µ¦Á¡º ¤·É (add) °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · µ¦¦µÂ¡¨ª´ ´Ê 3 Âʸ¤¸ ¥´ Á®¨É¸ É°¤¨º Êε´ ¨³nµ¤È ®¸ oµ¦É¸ Ä®´ µ¦¡o ¼ »¥ ³´ ´¤Ê ¦³¸ ªµ¤Á´ ȵµ¦ (®¦°º ¦³ªµ¤¥¥´ °n ) ¨¨Â¨³/®¦°Á¡º ¤ ·É ¨ʹ ªÂo n¦¸ ( ¼ Eckert & Rickford, 2001; Jones & Ono, 2008; Cook, 2002) 桵¦µ· ª°¥´ µn n°Åʸ
ª°¥´ µn ¸É 4 1 ·· : °¤Á®¤º °º (.) Á®¤°°º ´ ʸ°´ ´ ʸ¤°´ Á´ ¥ª¸ ´ (.) ¦Á¨¹ nµ³ [®ªÁ¦µ³Ä¨´ µ°Î ] 2 °µµ¦¥:r °³°q° 3 ·· : Á®¤°Âªº µÁn µ°¥µ o µ¤¦o Á¨¹ nµ 4 °µµ¦¥:r Ä n (.) Än o³ (.) Á®¤°º ¦´ ʸ¤®¸ oµµÂ¨ªo ° o µ¤ÅÄ®o Åo o (.) Än¤³ 5 ·· : °¤Êº [®ªÁ¦µ³Ä¨´ µ°Î ] 6 °µµ¦¥:r ¸ Ê ¸ (-) °´ ʸ° º µ¤ÅÅo ¨o ªo (.) ¤³¼ 7 ·· : °¤Êº
ª°¥´ µn ¸É 5 1 °µµ¦¥:r Áɸ¥¤Á´ È (.) °´ ʸ°´ ´ ʸ¤°¥´ ¨³n¼ µo ´ n°´ ʸ¤¤´ °¸ ª´ o³ 2 ·· : ¨ªÂo nÁ¦µo³ (³) 3 °µµ¦¥:r [®ªÁ¦µ³´ ¡¦°¤o Á°µ¤´ °º ·®oµ]
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4 ·· : ¤¸ ª¥´ ¤Ê· ´ ª´ (-) °¤®Êº ¤º (.) ®¦°¤º ³´ (.) ®¦°¤º ´ °Áo Å· n° ÁÅ· n° 5 °µµ¦¥:r °¤º 6 ·· : ¨ªo (.) µ¤Å¤o Ån o (.) Á¨¥ÁÈ · /¨Å®µÅ¤´ \o [¡¥®´ oµ ¡¦°¤o µ°µµ¦¥´ ]r 7 °µµ¦¥:r /¨Å®µÅ¤´ \o [¡¥®´ oµ ¡¦°¤o µ´ ·· ] 8 ·· : ÁÅ· n° 9 °µµ¦¥:r °´ Ê ¸ °´ ʸ¤µ (.) µ¤o ɸŠo (-) ¨ª°o ´ ʸ¤¥´ Å´ 10 ·· : °´ ʸnµ³µ¥o » o³³ 11 °µµ¦¥:r °¤º (.) ¤ ´ ¤µÊ¹ 12 ·· : °¼ ´ Ê ¸ °¥µn ʸ nµ³ÁÈ°¥µn ʸ ¦°Å®o o ¨ªo È °°· ¨ªo ÁÈ ¥· °¨o Å´ 13 °µµ¦¥:r Å°o ɸ¤¤µ´ ¤µ¦°Å®o o Å°o ɸ¤´ ®¼ ¨¨Áµ³´ [µ·· ] 14 ·· : Ä n °´ ʸ¤®´ ´ Ť¼ °°ªn µÁn È°Å®´
ª°¥´ µn ɸ 4 ¨³ 5 夵µ¦µ¦· °µ¦Äµ ɺ °¤o ¨¼ “Mr O Corpus” » £µ¬µÅ¥ ɵ¦Á¨¹ ¥É¸ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä· nµÇ µ®¦Î ´ ª°¥´ nµ ɸ 4 ĵªÎ ¨µ¦µ´ ´Ê 4 ¨ °´ ·· ®¥É¸ ¥¤µ· ʸ ¤Á¡¸ ¥¨¸ Á´ ¥ª¸ ɸ ·Ä· °o »£µ “³” Ä ÎµÂ®nÁ®¤µ³¤É¸ ¨nµª°º Äε®nµ¥o °¦³Ã¥» µµ¤Ä¦¦Î ´ ɸ 1 Ä ³É¸ Ħ¦´ n°Ç ¤µ ¤¦¸ ¸Êεɹ °º ªn µ¥o °¦³Ã¥» µµ¤Ä¦¦Î ´ ɸ 3 °µÁɸ ÈÅo µ¦´Ê ´Ê µµ¤Î ´ ªÁ°Â¨³µ¦´ ´Ê µµ¤Î °µµ¦¥´ r ÂnĦ¦´ ɸ 5 ¨³ 7 ·É ɸ ·· ¨µª°°¤µÁn ȵ¦°µµ¤ °°µµ¦¥Î Ĩr ´ n°®oµ°¥´Ê µÁ®n ÅÈ o ´ Ân·· Á¨È °º ɳĸ oµ¦°°Á¥Ä¨¸ ε°ªnµ “°Ê¤º ” ÉÁ¹ ȵ¦°ÂŤnÁȵµ¦Âµ¦°µ¤ °º “n³” ®¦°º “Änn³” ¤µ´ ɸ ª°¥´ µn ɸ 5 n°°ÉĦ¦º ´ ɸ 2 ¨³ 10 ·Ä· o µÎ °Áµµ¤ÂŤɺ Án ȵµ¦ “o³” µ¤ª¥°o »£µ “³” ªÄ¦¦n ´ ɸ 4, 8 ¨³ 12 µ¦Å¤n¦µo°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ Á¨¥· Á´ È °¥Áªo o ɤÁ®¸ »¤Å o Á¡¦µ³·°µ· ª· nµ Á° µ¨Î ¦¦¥µ¥Á®´ »µ¦r®¦°¡º ¼ Á°´ ÂnªµÄ¦¦n ´ ɸ 6 µ¦É¸ ·Å¤· Än o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · Ä ³®É¸ ŵ°µµ¦¥´ °¥r n¼ ª¥o nµ³Âªµn Á°µ¨Î µ´ °µµ¦¥´ Ã¥¦r ¨µ¥o ´ Ħ¦´ ɸ 14 ɸ ·°· µµ¤°µµ¦¥Î r åŤɸ Än o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ ÄÇ· » (Cook, 2011, p. 3658) ¨³±´ ´ (Hudson, 2011, p. 3689, p. 3691) °£¦µ¥· ªµ¤Å¤¹ nÁ µo ¦³®ª´ µ®¨n µ¦Ä´ o °¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ ¨³ª· · ¸ · ´ µ¦Ä· o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä· ¦µ¦«· ¬µ °¹ ɸ »n Ã¥°µ¥ª· µn ´«¬µÅ¤¹ Ån Äo o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · °µµ¦¥´ ¨°Áª¨µr ¨³°µµ¦¥r ÄÈ nªnµ³Å¤nÅÄo o o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ · ´ ´«¬µÁ¨¥¹ ´£µ¬µ«µ¦r °´Ê ʸ¨³ nµ°ÉǺ ( ¼ Jones & Ono, 2008) ªʸ µn µ¦Á¨¥¨É¸ ¨µ£µ¬µ¦³®ª¸ µÂÁn ȵµ¦ ¨³ÂŤÁn ȵµ¦¡ªÁ µ«É¸ ¬µ¹ ´ÁÊ È¨Áº ɺ°¤µµªµ¤µÁΠȵµ¦o µ¦´ ¦³ °ªµ¤o µ°o ¨´ ¬´ rµ¤´ ®¦°Å¤º n È µµ¦¦o ¦´ /¼o ª· ¥µÁ· ȵΠ¤µª´ µÁn È
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µ¦Â«´ Ä· ¨®¦n °ªµ¤Áº È· ¬´ rn° °´ ¼nµ ¼Á o ¥¤¸ ªµ¤Á®¸ ªÈ nµ ª· ¤°Á®¨¸ nµ¸Êµ¤µ¦Îµ¤µÄ°o µ¥µ¦Á¨· ¥¸É °¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ Ä· nµÇ Á¦µ¸É ε¨´ ¡µ¦µ°¥· ¼nʸÅo°¥nµ¨ª´ ´Ê °¤o ¼¨µ “Mr O Corpus” ɸεÁ°Å¨oªÂ¨³ °¤o ¼¨µ °µ¦¤ª¨Éº ´ ³É¸ εÁ°Ä 2 ª°¥´ µn n°Åʸ
ª°¥´ µn ¸É 6 1 Á¸ : ¡¦°¤¦µ¥µo »o ªÃ¤³´É ³ ɸ°º morning news (.) ¨³· ´Ê ¦´ r µ» 2 µª¦Á¬¤: (.) google ÁµÁo ·ª´ application Ä®¤³n ±³ google maps µ®¦Î ´ 3 apple store n³ (.) ®¨µ¦³Á´ ¤· Á¥°¥É¸ Än¼ iphone ¨°°¼ (.) 4 Á¡¦µ³ªµ¤n ¸ °o ¡¨µ®¨µ¥°¥· µÁ¨¥n Á¸ ¥ª¸ (.) Ã¥ app Ä®¤n ʸ³±³ 5 ¤µ¦Á¡¸ ¤·É function µ¦³Á£ (.) Âɸ nÁ¤Á· ɸ¥ÄÅo Á¡µ³Äo android Áµn ´Ê (.) 6 ɹ ÁÈ °ªÉº µ³Ån ¦o ªµ¤´ ·¥¤n³ (.) Ã¥: function Ä app google map 7 ¤É¸ µ¦¡¸ µÁ¡´ ¤Á·É ɸ¥³³ °¥È µµ¦Än Áo ¥¸ εµ (.) £µ¡£µ¥Ä°µµ¦nµÇ 8 (.) Ä panorama (.) ɹ (.) ° °¨³Áo ¥Ä¸ Ħo µ¦· street view (.) 9 business photo: £µ¡°µµ¦nµÇ Ħ¼ 3 ¤· · (.) ³±³ 10 µ¤µ¦É¸ ż µ®¨µ¥¤o ¤» n³ Ã¥ CEO ° apple ³±³ Tim Cook 11 °ªµn apple Áɸ¥ (.) Åo »¤Án (.) Á¡°Âɺ Å ¦o ¦´ » software Ä®o ¸ ʹ 12 ®¨µ´ ɸ ļo o ªÃ¨´É (.) ¡µÈ ´ (.) °°¤µ¦°Á¦o ¥¸ (.) 13 Á¥ªÉ¸ ¦³Â´ Ä®¤É¸ °n apple n³ (.) ¥¤´ Á¦¸ ° °Éº morning news (.) 14 Ä®o µ¤³· ³ (.) °¸ 1 ªÃ¤ ´É µ®o oµ¨¤µÁ°´ ´
ª°¥´ µn ɸ 6 夵µ¨Éªº ¥· ®» ®n ɹ¤É¸ ¸ Á¸ µ®Î oµÁɸ ·Á¡¨Ä®Âo nµµ¦¢´ ÄnªnµÇ °ª´ ¨´ µ¦´ »¥Á¦É°º ¡Á¡Á®¦³Â¨³µ¦¦µ¥µ ´ µªn Áɸ ÈÄ °É¸ ¤´ ÄnªÁª¨µ´Ê µµ¦rµ¦É°µ¦º ɸ ¼Á o ¥¸ 夵ÂÁȵ¦¦µ¥µ nµªÃ¥´Ê Á¸ Á¡«®· åŤnŤo µ¦¸ ° ´ °ªµ¤ÄÇo Â´Ê no °¤o ¨¨°ªµ¤¥µª¼ ®¤´Ê 56 ªµ· ¸ ʸ¦µÂÄ®Á®o µ¦ÄÈ °o »£µÂªµ¤Áȵµ¦¦³´ ¼ “³” ¨³ “n³” ¨´ °´ »£µÂªµ¤Áȵµ¦¦³¨µ´ “±³” ¨³ “±n³” ¨³µ¦Å¤Än o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ÄÇ ·É ɸ nµÁ´ È °º ŤÁn ÈÂɸ nª´ µn ³¤µ¦Âµ¦Ä®¸ Áo ¥¦¸ · µÂ®Î nÄ °¦³ °ªµ¤o ¨´ nµªµo ¨³³¦µ¦£µ¬µÂµ¦Ä®¼ Áo ¥¦¸ ¦³Á£Ä· µÄo ε®nɸ ÁÈÅÅÁ®¨o nµ´Ê µ¦Ä°o »£µ ɸ ʹ o ª¥Áo ¥¸ “” ¨³ “±” ¨´ ´ Á´ ÈÁ¦É°º Ħ· · ɵµ¦Á¹ nµ¦¦µ¥µ nµªÊ¸ °¥nµÅ¦È ¸ Á¤É°¡º µ¦µ¦µµ¦· r¨´ nµª¦nª¤µ¦´ Ť¦µn °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä®¨µ®¨µ¥Â®· n (Án µ¦Å¤Án ¤°· »£µ “n³” ®¨ª¨´ ¸ “Morning News” ¨³®¨µ¤´ »¨ °ÁĦ¦¸ ´ ɸ 2 ¦ª¤®¨´Ê ´ µªÎ µn “Á¸ ¥ª¸ ” Ħ¦´ ɸ 4 ¨³
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®¨µ´ ɸ Á¨¸ nµª°Îµ¨µÁ¡É°º Ê· »µ¦¦µ¥µ µªªn nµ “°¸ 1 ªÃ¤ ´É µ®o oµ¨¤µÁ°´ ´ ” Ħ¦´ ɸ 14) ´ªnµ µ¦¦µ¥µ µªn ¦´Ê ´Ê ʸ³°µ¦Á¨o ¥É¸ o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ · ɤ¸ ªµ¤¸ ¨ÉÅ®¨Áº È°¥µ¤µn
ª°¥´ µn ¸É 7 1 Á¸ : ª´ ¸ ´ » Á° 2 æ¼o : ª´ ¦¸ ´ 3 Á¸ : ´ ðp³ ª´ ʸ»µ¥°°Â°¦®r oµÅ¤r Â´Ê n¤¤µ°®Ã¤Á¥´ È 4 °¹ ʸÁȵ¥®¤Á¨¥³Á¼o ɸ¥ (.) » Á°°¥Å®n¼ (±´ ) Áɸ¥ 5 æ¼o : [®ªÁ¦µ³Ä¨´ µ°Î ] µÁ¥Ä®¤¸ ¦n ´ 6 Á¸ : °q°Á®¦° (.) ªµªo ÁÈÅ (.) Á¥Ä®¤¸ Á¥n °È p³¥´ 7 æ¼o : ±³ (.) (±´ ) ¤ 8 Á¸ : Á¥¦È ¥¹ ´ (±´ ) 9 æ¼o : °q° (.) ¦¼o ³Á¹ ÈÁ¤°ªµÉº ʸ¨n³¦´ (.) Á¡¦µ³Á¡¤µ·É Á¤¹ °ªµÉº n³¦´ 10 Á¸ : °q°Á®¦° (.) °³ (.) Á¡·É (.) Á¡Á¦·É ¤Ç·É ³Á¥ÇÈ Á¤°ªµÉº ʸÁ°Á®¦°±³ 11 æ¼o : ðn¥ (.) °Ê¸®µª¤µÁ¨¥¦´ 12 Á¸ : É ¸ (.) ɸ°¥n¼ (.) ɸ ¼ o³ (.) ®¦°°¥º ÄÁ¤n¼ °¦¦¤µº
Á¤É°¡º µ¦µ· ª°¥´ nµ ɸ 7 ĨµÎ ´ n°¤µ ÉÁ¹ ȵ¦µ¦³®ªnµÁÁ¡«µ¥Â¨³µ¥¸ ¼¤o ¸ µ¤ªnµ »Á° ¼o ¹Éæ«¡´ Á r µ¤µ °Á¡¨¦³®ªo nµ¸¤É µ¦¸ ¦µ¥µ¦ª´ ¥· » ¼Á o ¥¡ª¸ nµ Ä ³É¸ ¼Ã¦Äo o°»£µÉ ¸ ʹ oª¥Áo ¥¸ “” ¨³ “±” ¨´ Ťµ£µ¥Ä´ o °Á µ¦Äo °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ µ¤Â· Ânµ¦Äo °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ °· Á¤¸ ªµ¤Á¸ È¡¨ª¤µ¥´ ª·É µn ¦ÉÁ¤¸ É°Á¦º ¥Á¸ ¥¸ ´ ¼Ã¦Â¨o ªo Áĸ o o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ · nÁ¡¥¦³¦µ¥¸ ¨³¨³o°¥Îµ Ä®oÁ¸¥¦·n°¥¦´Ê Án Ħ¦´ ɸ 4, 6, 10 ¨³ 12 ³Á®ÈÅoªnµ ¦·µ¦µÄ ª°¥´ µn ɸ 7 ¤¨¸ ¬³Á´ ȵ¦· ¤¡´ ´ Á¡r É°Ä®º ¦o µ¦· (service encounter) °¥µn Áª´ µn ª°¥´ µµ¦Än £µ¬µÄo °µ¦¤ª¨°Éº ÉǺ Åɸ o 夵Ân°®oµÊ¸ °Åµ´Ê ĵ³ Áɸ ȼ¦o ¦´ µ¦· »Á°¤°¸ 嵤µªnµ¼o ¦µ¥µ¦´ ´ ´µ¤Ê · ¨·Í ªo Á µª¦³Å¦o ´ µ¦¦µ¦· Á¡É¸ ¥¡¦¸ °¤o (µ¦Ä®¼ Á®o »¨¨É¸ µ¥o Ä´ Spencer-Oatey, 1996, p. 10) ¦³°´ Ŧo Á´ ¥¦¸ µ· ¼o ¦µ¥µ¦¤µª´ nµ Ânĵ¦Ä£µ¬µo Áɸ · ¦Ê¹ · »Á°¨Á´ È µ¥n ɸ µ¦Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ · ´ ¼o ¦µ¥µ¦°¥´ µÁn ªµ¤µªo µn 4.2.2 µ¦µ®µÄ®¤Î n µ¦¦µ°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ ¡¨ª· °´ ¦³µ¦®¸ ɹɸ Á ¼o ¥³¨¸ nµªÄµ¦«¹ ¬µ¹ ¦´Ê ʸ°º µ¦µ®µÄ®¤Î n (role re-assignment) ¤É¹ ¸ »¨¬³¦´ ª¤n ´ µ¦Á¨´ ¥É¸
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°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · Á¡É¸ ·É εÁ°ÅÄ° ɸ 4.2.1 ɸ nµ¤µÄÂn ªÉ¸ µn µ®¦Î µ¦Á¨´ ¥É¸ °¥o µÎ Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ · ¼¡o µ¦¦¼ ¦´ ¼o nµµ¦Ä£µ¬µ °ªo nµ µ®¦°µ³¦³®ªº nµ´ ¼¢o Ť´ n¤ªµ¤Á¦¸ n¦¤µ´ ´ Ä ³É¸ µ®¦Î µ¦´ ε®µÄ®¤ n ¼¡o ¼Âµ¦¦¦´ ¼o ¨´ nµª°¥nµÎµÁ¡µ³Áµ³n°Å°¸ Ã¥¦³»Îµ°oµÁ°Â¨³¹ /®¦°º ¼°o ºÉ¸Én° ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ r¦³®ªnµ»¨É¸°¥n¼°Á®º°ÅµµÉ¸Áȵµ¦µ¤Â ° ¦µ¦· É°µ¦Ä¦º ´Ê ´Ê Ä®¨µ¥Ã°µ µ¦Îµ®µÄ®¤n¤Á´ · Äʹ ε®n ĨÁo ¥¸ µ¦Á¨´ ¥É¸ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · µª¢r ¸¨ r (Bousfield, 2008, pp. 131-132) ¨nµª¹ ¨ª· ªµ¤Å¤¸ n £µ¡¦³µ¦®» ɹ¤É¸ ªµ¤µÁ¸ ¥ªÉ¸ µ¦´ ε®µÄ®¤Än ɸ ʸ ɹ Á¦¥Á¸ È£µ¬µÅ¥Åªo µn “µ¦´ Ä®´ Á¨o ¥µÉ¸ ” (enforce role shift) Ã¥®¤µ¥µ¦¹ ɸ ¼¡o ¼Á¦¥¦¸ °Ä®o o ¼o¢Á¨´ É¥µµ¸ ¼o ÉÁ¸ È µ¥n εĮo Á¼ ¥¨¦³Ã¥¸ rÁÈ µ¥n ɸ Á µ°Á o µÄ¨³Á®o ¡È °o ´ °¥nµÅ¦È µ¦¸ ε®µÄ®¤nŤÅn o É°Áµ °º ¼¡o ¼ ɸ ³Âªµ¤Å¤n»£µ¡ÄÇ n°¼¢o ´ ÂnÁÈÁ¡¥µ¦¦³¸ »µÄ®¤nɸ nª¥ÎµÄ®¦¦¥µµ«o µ¦µ¤ªµ¤Á¸ ÈÁ°Á¡´ ¤ ·É Áʹ nµ´Ê ª°¥´ nµ´Ê 5 ¦³µ¦n°ÅʸÊÄ®¸ Á®o È µ¦¹ ε®µÄ®¤n¦ÂĦ¼ ®¼ ɹĵªÎ 2 ¦Â¼ °Å´ Âo n µ¦Îµ®µ Ä®¤Ä®n o Á°´ (ª°¥´ µn ɸ 8 ¨³ 10) ¨³µ¦Îµ®µÄ®¤Ä®n o ´ ¢¼o ´ (ª°¥´ µn ɸ 9, 11 ¨³ 12) ª°¥´ µn ɸ 8 夵µ· ¤¡´ ´ Ár o£µ¦µ¨· ´ °¤o ¨¼ “Mr O Corpus” ªn ɸ 夵ÂÁȪn °µµ¦¥É¸ r ´ ·· µ¨Î ¦´ ª¤n ¨´ µÎ Á¦´ °¦µªÁɺ ¥ªÉ¸ £µ¡µ¦´ r ¼¨³É¸ °¥´ n¼ ĵªµ¦µÎ ´Ê 10 ¦¦´ ʸ Ť¤n ¸ ¦¼o ª¤µ¦µ¦µ¥ÄÄn o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Á¨¥· ´Ê ɸ °¥µn o°¥·µ¤µ¦Á¡· ¤°·É »£µ “n³” ®¨µ¦°´ µµ¤Î (Ħ¦´ ɸ 2 ¨³ 4) ¨³µ¦ °¨ (Ħ¦´ ɸ 6) Å o ¦³ÁÈ É¸ ¤¡´ ´ r µ¦´ ε®µÄ®¤n¦µ°¥¼nÄ ¦¦´ ɸ 9 Īn °µµ¦¥É¸ ¨r nµª¹ ªÁ°´ ª¥o εªnµ “¡”ɸ Ânª¥¦³®o ´ªnµ ´°µÁÉ È µÁ¨°º ÉŤ¸ nÁ®¤µ³¤ °µµ¦¥rŹ o¦Â´ oε¡¼ °Ä´ ¸ µ´Ê ¹¨¤µÁ¦´ ¥¸ Á°ªµn “¦”¼ Â
ª°¥´ µn ¸É 8 1 °µµ¦¥:r Á¦Â¨È ªo È (.) ¨ª¤o ´ ÁÈ ¨· ´ /(.) ³¸ \ 2 ·· : /Ä:n Ä:\n 3 °µµ¦¥:r Á¨· ¤µÂ¨´ ª¤µÁ°Å¤o o (.) ÁÈÅŤ³o 4 ·· : Å::o ¤¤´ °¸ ´ ʸ¤É¸ ¨´ µ¥¨o µ¥o ´ 5 °µµ¦¥:r °Á´ ʸ¥®µ °Á´ ʸ¥¥Å¤´ Á®n È °´ ʸ¥¤Ê· ªµn °°· 6 ·· : Ä n /°´ ʸ®µn°:\ 7 °µµ¦¥:r ÁÈÅųo /Å°Áo ɸ¥®µÂ¨ª¤µÁ°o \ Á°° °³
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µ¦Îµ®µÄ®¤Än ª°¥´ µn ɸ 8 ¨³ 9 ¤Á´ · ¡¦Ê¹ °¤o µ¦´ ɸ ¡¼o ¼ ªµ¤¦³®¤µ®¦n °ªµ¤Å¤º ¤n ÄŤ´É µÄn µ®È ɹ Ħ¦´ ɸ 9 °ª°¥´ µn ɸ 8 °µµ¦¥r ÄÁo ¥¸ “®ªÁ¦µ³®´ ǹ ” ¦³°´ ε¤°¤µº o°Éµ ³¸ ɸ ε®µÄ®¤nÄ®o Á°´ (³É¹ °o «´ °°µµ¦¥· ªr µn µ¦Îµ®µÄ®¤n ¨´ nµªÅ¤Án Èŵ¤¦¦¨°µ¦Äo £µ¬µµ¤ÂÂ) ¨³Ä¦¦´ ɸ 5 °ª°¥´ µn ɸ 9 ·· ε®µÄ®¤Ä®n o °µµ¦¥´ r Á°¨µ¦¡´ ¼ ª¥ªµ¤¨o Á¨´ ¨nµª°º ³¨É¸ µ¥¦³Ã¥o µµ¤Î Á°¨nµªªµn “¡”ɸ (Ä µ³°»£µ) ÂnµÁ°®¥´Ê »µ¦¡Å¼ ª ³´É (¦³¤µ 2 ªµ· )¸ n°³¦É¸ ´ o µ¡Î ¼ °ª¥°o »£µ “³” Áɹ ȵ¦¨µ¥¦³Ã¥o µµ¤Î Áɸ Èŵ¤Â¤µªµn Á¤É°Á¦º ¥Á¸ ¥¸ ´ °¤o ¨µ¼ “Mr O Corpus” ¨ªo Á ¼o ¥¡ª¸ µn µ¦Îµ®µ Ä®¤nµ °¤o ¨Ä¼ É°µ¦¤ª¨¤º Á´ ÈŪ¥ªµ¤¦µ¦o ɤµªº nµ ¨³Å¤n¦µµ¦n°¦° (negotiation) ¦³®ªµµµ¤Â¨³µµÁ¨n °°º ÉǺ °¥µn ´ Á®¤o °º ´ °¤o ¨µ¼ “Mr O Corpus” ª°¥´ µn ɸ 10 夵µµ¦°£¦µ¥Ä¦³Á· Á¦È É°µ¦°Á º µo Á¦¥¸ n°Ä¦³¦´ µ¦· ¸ µµ¦rµ¦É°µ¦º ¸Ê¤¸ ¼¦o nª¤µ®¨µ¥ nª¸É夵 ÂʸÁÈnª¡É¸ · ¦®¸ µ· ´ ´«¬µ¦³¹ ¦´ µ¦· Á¡«®¸ ¦µ¥®· ɹ Ã¥¦µ µ¦Ä°o »£µ ¸É ¹Ê o ª¥Áo ¥¸ “” ¨´ µ¦Ä´ ¨o ¨µ£µ¬µ¸ Ťɸ nÁȵµ¦°¥¼n¦³¦µ¥ µÄµ¦µÉ¸ n°®oµ´Ê ¡· ¦Ä¸ o µÁ¦Î ¥Á°ª¸ µn “· ´ ” (Ťɹ Ån o 夵ÂÄɸ ʸ) ÂnĦ¦´ ɸ 4 Á°Îµ®µÄ®¤Ä®n o Á°´ ª¥o µÁ¦Î ¥ª¸ µn “¡”ɸ °¦É¹ ´ ´ µÎ Á°É¸ ÄÁ¦o ¥¸ «´ ¬µ¹ µªÎ µn “®¼” µÁ¦Î ¥¸ »¨n¼ ʸ (“¡”ɸ ĵ³¦¦¡µ¤»¦»¬ ɸ 1 ¨³ “®¼” Ä µ³¦¦¡µ¤»¦»¬ ɸ 2) ³°Ä®o Á®o ªÈ nµ ¡· ¦¤°µ¦³®ª¸ µn ªÁ°Á°Â¨³´ ¦¼o nª¤µ¦ °£¦µ¥¦µ¥· ʸªnµ ÁÈÁ¤°º “¡É¸ o°” ®¦°º “¦»¡n ¨³¦É¸ »no°” ´Ê Á°Â¨³É¸ ¼¦o nª¤µ¦°£¦µ¥· ŤÁ¥¦n ¼o ´ ¤µ´ n°
ª°¥´ µn ¸É 10 1 ¡· ¦¸ : ¤µ¹ Êε n³ (.) ®¼ÁÈÁÈ É¸ (.) Á¦¥¸ (.) Á¦¥ª¸ µn ªÁ·É ɸ¥¤Å¤´ n £µ¡¤» ¥´Ê (.) 2 ¤¥´ Ê ¸ (.) ®¦°Ã°Áº 3 ¦¼o ª¤Áªµn : ðÁn³ 4 ¡· ¦¸ : ðÁ¤¥´Ê ¤¥¡´ ɸ Á¦È ¥ª¸ µn ª·É (.) Ĥn ¥´Ê ³ (.) °Å¤º Än ªn µÁ¦n ¥Å¤¸ Án n 5 Ânªµ±n ¥Ê¹ (.) °¥µÅ´Ê ðµ°o ¦¸ ´Ê °¥µÁ¨´Ê °°º ¦¸ ´Ê (.) Ĥn ¥´Ê ³ 6 Ân¦Ç· ®¼³®¼ È (.) (ðÁ°¥Â¨n¼ ª³o ) ¨¼ (.) ³³
n°¤µª°¥´ µn ɸ 11 Áȵ¦¦¦¥µ¥Áʺ°®µªµÁ«¦¬«µ¦· µÃ¦r «´ rÄ®o ¨´ »n¤Á¦´ ¥¸ ¤¥¤´ ɸ ε¨Á¦´ ¥¤¸ ª°Á ´ µÁ¦o ¥¸ n°Ä¦³¤®µª´ ¥µ¨· ¥´ ¦¦¤µ¦³µ¦®· ɹ °µ¦ ¦¦¥µ¥ÄÁ¦´Ê ¥¦³Á£¸ ʸ (®¦°º ɦ¸ ¼o ´ °¥´ nµÂ¡¦n®¨µ¥ªnµ “µ¦ª· ”) °º ¼°Áo È µ¥n
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2268-60_in.indd68-60_in.indd 161161 112/29/162/29/16 12:1612:16 PMPM วารสารศิลปศาสตร ปที่ 16 ฉบับที่ 2 (กรกฎาคม - ธันวาคม 2559) JOURNAL OF LIBERAL ARTS 16, 2 (JULY - DECEMBER 2016)
εÁ·µ¦µ¦¡Á¼ ȪĮn n ¨³´Á¦¥¤¸ Á¡´ ¥Â¸ n´¢É ¨³°´ 嵤 °¼°Áo È ¦¦µª´Ê µ®¦Î ´ nªµ¦µÉ¸ °¤µ´ ʸ ¦µµ¦Ä°o »£µ “´ ” Á¡¥Â®¸ nÁ¥ªÄ¸ ¦¦´ É ¸ 4 ɹ¨nµªÃ¥°µµ¦¥r ¨³Ä¦¦´ ɸ 3 Á¤É°º ´Á¦¥°¸ µµ¤ °Î ¼o° Á¦´ ¥Å¤¸ Ån Äo o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ ÄÇ· °µÁº ɺ°¤µµªµn µ¦¦¦¥µ¥Ä¨¬³´ ʸ¤ªµ¤¸ Áȵµ¦o°¥ªnµµ¦¦¦¥µ¥Ä®o°Á¦¥ÄæÁ¦¸ ¥®¦¸ °Ä¤®µªº ¥µ¨· ¥´ µ¦Îµ® µÄ®¤n¦µoª¥µ¦É¸ ¼o°Á¦¥¸ ´Á¦¥Ä¸ ª´Ê nµ “¨¼” (Ħ¦´ ɸ 1) ¨³ “o°” (Ħ¦´ ɸ 6) µ¤¨Îµ´ ɹ É°º µ¦Ä´Ê £µ¬µÂŤo nÁȵµ¦Â¨³ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ Âr ŤÁn ȵµ¦
ª°¥´ µn ¸É 11 1 °µµ¦¥:r Á¦µ¤Á¸ °¥· °¦n¼ °¥¨o ¼ (.) Á°Êº ª¨³®´ ɹ¦°¥Áo µÁo µo 2 µÁª¦´ °¥Áo µÁo µo (.) °Å¦°³Êº (.) °°¥µÅn ¤³o 3 Á¦´ ¥¸ : ŤÅn o 4 °µµ¦¥:r °°¥µÅ¤n Ån ³o ´ (.) Á¦µ°Á¨o °°¥º µÄ°¥n µ®n ɹ 5 Á¡¦µ³´Ê (.) Á«¦¬«µ¦r °Ä®¹ Á¦µ¦o ¼o µ¦Á¨´ °º (.) ¦¼o µ¦´ ¦¦´ 6 o°¨°¤Á¸ Á· µn °³´ (.) ¹Á¦¥Á«¦¬«µ¦¸ ¤µr (.) ¹Å¤Á¦n ¥¸ Á«¦¬«µ¦ r (.) ª°¥´ µn ¸É 12 1 ¡· ¦¸ : ¦ ¼ oµ¥¦´ (-) ª´ ¸ n³ (.) Á· µ´É Ê ¸ (.) ª¸ · ɸ nµ¤®«¦¦¥´ ¤µÇr µ®¦Î Á¦µ´ 2  ¦Á´ · : n³ 3 ¡· ¦¸ : ®¼¤¸ ª¸ · ɸ ¥°¤µÇ» Á¨¥ 4  ¦Á´ · : °¡¦³» n³ 5 ¡· ¦¸ : ®¼Án¤µÇ Á¨¥ (.) ¦ ¼ oµ¥Á¤µ¤· ¸ ª¸ °¥· Ħ°¦n¼ ªÂÅ®¥´ Å´ ¤µ°¥¹ n¼ ¦Ê¸Å o 6  ¦Á´ · : °¤º : ¦Ç· Á°n° °Â¦¦°¦ª´ È · ¸ n³°µ» 7 È °º (.) oµ¥ È (.) ¤Åª¸ ª´ ¤r ÅÁ¸ ¥ªÁ¨É¸ n¤ªµ¤¸ » (.) Ânɤµªº ´ ¹ 8 »¡°n »Â¤n Á¦È ¤·É (.) ³Á¨µ³´ 9 ¡· ¦¸ : °®´Ê ¼°¥°µ¥n¼ »¦³¤µÁ´ µÅ®¦n n ɸ µÁ¦n ¤Á¨·É · ´ ª°¥´ nµ» µ¥Áo ȵ¦¤£µ¬´ rµÃ¦«´ r¦³®ªµ¡n · ¦Á¡«µ¥°µ¥¸ »¦µª 60 ¸ ´ Ä®¼o o ¤£µ¬´ rÁ¡«®¦µª· 30 ¸Á«¬ Ä®¼o o ¤£µ¬´ rÁÈÁµ °Ã¦Á¦o ¥ªª¸ µ· ¤É¸ ¸ É°Áº ¥¸ Ãn Ħ³Á«Å¥´ Änªµ¦µ®¥É¸ ¥¤µ· ʸ Á ¼o ¥¡µ¦Á¨¸ ¥É¸ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ¤É¸ ªµ¤®¨µ®¨µ¥¤µ¸ ÁȪo µn Ħ¦´ ɸ 1 µ¦¡É¸ · ¦Á¦¸ ¥¸ Ä®¼o o ¤£µ¬´ r/ ¦Á´ · ªµn “¦ ¼ oµ¥” µ¤ª¥°o »£µ “¦´ ” ¦ª¤´ ʸ´Áȵ¦Á¦¥Â¥¥¸ °Â¨³¤n ªµ¤Á¸ ȵµ¦
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Ânµ¦Äo É°Á¨º n °Á° (“ oµ¥”) ªÅª¥o εĮµ¦Á¦o ¥¸ ¨´ nµª¤ªµ¤Á¸ ȵµ¦¨ o°¥¨ n°¤µµ¦¡É¸ · ¦¨¸ nµªµ¥ª´ µn “ª´ ”¸ µ¤ª¥°o »£µ “n³” (Áɹ È°»£µÉ¸ ¡¼o ¼ Á¡«µ¥¤Å¤´ nÄÄ¥µ¤o )· Á µ o nµ¥µ¦µ¥´ ÉŤ¸ nÁȵµ¦Ánµµ¦Ä°o »£µ “¦´ ” ¨³n°µ´Ê ĨÁ´ ¥ª¸ ´ ʸ ¦ª¤¨´Ê °´ ÉǺ ¡· ¦Å¤¸ Ån Äo o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ °· Á¨¥¸ Īn Ä®¼o o ¤£µ¬´ r °µÁ°Åɸ °o µµ¤Î ª¥o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ µ¤ÂÂĦ¦· ´ ɸ 2 ¨ªo Á°¥Ä´ ¨ªo · °¸ »Â¥¥°n (“ °¡¦³»”) ¡¦°¤¨o µ¥o ª¥°o »£µ “n³” Ħ¦´ ɸ 4 ¨´ µ¦Á¦´ ¥Â¸ ªÁ°ÂŤ´ Án ȵµ¦ª¥o É°Á¨º nĦ¦´ ɸ 7 µ®¦Î ´ ª°¥´ µn ɸ 12 ʸ µ¦µ®µÄ®¤Î ¦µ°¥n Ħ¦n¼ ´ ɸ 6 Ä®¼o o ¤£µ¬´ rÁ¦¥¡¸ · ¦ª¸ µn “»°µ” Áɹ È°¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ħ· ªµ¤Áµ¦¡¼ ɸ ¨· ªÄo o ´ »¨Áɸ ¥ª°Áɸ Èo° °¡°n (Ã¥µ¥Á¨°º ) ÁÈ®¨´ ÂnÁ¤É°º 夵ÄĦo · ɤ¸ ªµ¤Á¸ ȵµ¦´ ¼o ÉŤ¸ nÄn»¨Ä ¦°¦ªÄ´ ɸ ʸ Á¹ ȵÁ¦Î ¥µ¸ Á¤· °º (pseudo-kin) (ɹ µ®Î oµÁɸ È°»£µÅª¥Ä ³o Á¥ª¸ ´ ) ¤É¸ ¸ ªµ¤Á´Ê ȵµ¦Â¨³ªµ¤Å¤Án ȵµ¦¤°¥´ n¼ µ¦Îµ®µÄ®¤n ĸÉʸ°¦´ µ¦´ ¸É¼nµ°Ä´Ê µ¦Á¨o ¸É¥o°¥ÎµÄ®Áo ¥¦¸ Ä· nª°ÉºÇ °µ¦ · ¤¡´ ´ r¨´ nµª ɨ¹ ªÂµ¦¦o ¦´ ĵ¼o ´Ê ÉÁ¸ ȵµ¦Â¨³Å¤nÁȵµ¦ ° ¨³´ ´
5. °£·¦µ¥Â¨³¦¨µ¦«» ¹¬µ Ä°»µ¥ °ªµ¤o ʸ ¼Á o ¥³¸ 娵¦«¬µ¤µ°£¹ ¦µ¥¦· nª¤¦³Á´ È Á¦°µ¦µµ¦Éº rÅ o (° ɸ 5.1) ¨³®¨µ¦´ ªÉ¸ »¤Ä®o ¦¼o ª¤µ¦µ¥n Ä´ ¨o ¨µ£µ¬µ¸ °¥¼n£µ¥Ä®nª¥É¥°¤¦¸ Å´ µ¤¨o ¬³ªµ¤´ ¤¡´ ´ r¦³®ªnµ»¨ÉÁ¸ ÈÅÅÂo nµÇ (° ɸ 5.2) 5.1 µ¦µµ¦rÅo °o°¥µÄ®Î oÁ¸¥¦· »¤®¤µ¥¦³µ¦®»n ɹ °µ¦«¬µµ£µ¬µ«µ¦¹ ¨³µ¦r °µ¦¦³®ªÉº µn »¨ °º µ¦®µÃ¦¦o µÂ¨³¦o  °¦µµ¦¼ rµ£µ¬µÁ¨É¸ °«º ¬µ¹ Á¤É°°º ªµ¤¦r ¼o Åɸ o ¡µ¤µÁ´ È®¨µ¦´ ɤ¸ ªµ¤¸ ɨ¸ ªo ¤È ³¤´ µ¦¸ 宨µ¦Á®¨´ nµ´Å¦³¥Ê »rĵ¦ µµ¦rªµn ®µ¤µ¦Ä¸ £µ¬µÄÂo n ¨´ nµªÁ · Ħʹ °· ÉǺ °¸ µ¦¦µÁ®¨nµ³¤´Ê ¸ ¨¬³´ µ¤®¨É¸ µ¦´ ªµÅªÉ¸ ®¦o °Å¤º n°¥nµÅ¦µo ®¨µ¦´ µ¦³o µÎ (Payne, 1992) ®¨µ¦´ µµ¦o ¦¦¨´ µ¦µ´ (Sacks et al., 1974) ®¨µ¦´ µµ¦ªo Á¦µ³®· ¦³Á£r °ªµ¤o (genre) (Corbett, 2009) ¨³®¨µ¦°´ ÉǺ °Á¸ ȵª¤µ¨Î ªÁo ¥ª ɸ °o ¦³Á´ È Á¦É°º “µ¦µµ¦rÅ”o (predictability) Ťnĵ¦Äµ°È °¤o ´Ê ʸ®¨µ¦Ä´ o °¥o µÎ Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ · µªµ¤Á´Ê É° °º ¼Äo £µ¬µÃ¥o ªÅ¨³µ§¬´É /¸ ª· ɸ ª´ µµ¦Å· o · Ūo o
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Án ¨°Áª¨µ´Ê Ã¥Á¡µ³°¥µ¥n ĵ¦¡·É ¼ n°Áɺ°Â£µ¥Ä¨´Ê ¨³¦³®ª´ µ¨n ´ µ¦Á¨¥¨É¸ ¨µ£µ¬µ¦³®ª¸ nµ¨¨µ¸ Áɸ ȵµ¦ (¦ª¤¹ °¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ )· ¨³¨¨µ¸ Ťɸ nÁÈ µµ¦É¹ Á ¼o ¥Å¸ ÂÂŪo Äo nª °°o ɸ 4.2.1 ÁÈ·É ¡Á®É¸ ÅÈ °¥o µÂ¡¦n ®¨µ¥n ÁnÄ£µ¬µ°´ ÉºÇ É¸¤¦³µ¦Ä¸ oo°¥µÄ®Î oÁ¸¥¦·É¸´ o°ÁnÁ¥ª¸ Ä£µ¬µÅ¥´ (Keating, 1998, p. 39; Okamoto, 1999, p. 55, 2010, pp. 79-80; Kim, 2015) ¨Å¨³®oµÉ¸ µµ¦o É°µ¦ °¦µµ¦º r®¤´Ê ʸ¤ªµ¤¸ nµÄĪn µµ¦¤µÁ· ª· nµÁ¦µ³É¸ ¦»ªµ¤ÂnÁ¡¥ª¸ nµ µ¦µµ¦rµ¦¦µ°¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ Å· Ħ³o ´ É宦°Å¤º nÅÁ¨¥o ¦µÄµ¦«É¸ ¬µ¹ ʸÁȵ¦ ´ n°¦¦µµ¦Ä´ £µ¬µo ɸ ¤Á¥¤´ ¤µ¸ 5.2 ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ Ár ·µ ¨µ¦ª· ¥Ä¦´ ´Ê ʸÂÄ®Á®o È µ¦Ä¹ o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ Ä®¨µ¥¦· ¸ªµÉ¸ ´ ®¨µ¦Ä´ o °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ µ¤ÂÂÄ£µ¬µÅ¥· ÂnÁ¦µ³¡µ¦µ¦µµ¦· r¨´ nµª Ĥ¤¤°» ¦ª· · ¥´ (objective view) ÄÂÄn ³É¸ µÄ®Î Á¦µµ¤µ¦¤°µ¦Á¨o ¥É¸ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ · ¨³µ¦Îµ®µÄ®¤nª¥ªµ¤Á o µÄ¤µ¥o ·É ʹ ¼Á o ¥Á®¸ È ª¥o ´ » (Cook, 2008, pp. 9-11, 2011, pp. 3658-3659) ¼o ɹ ªʸ µn Á¦µÅ¤n µÁÎ È°ªo Á¦µ³®· µ¦Á¨r ¥¨É¸ ¨µ£µ¬µ¸ ÄÂnµÇ ¦ª¤Åµ¦Å¤¹ nÄo °¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ · Ã¥Äo ´ ¥£µ¥°´ ª´ ¼¡o ¼ (external factor) (°µ · ªµ¤Áȵµ¦ °¦· ªÂ¦µ´ ¤ °´ µn¼ ¨³¦³ÁÈ ¡É¸ ¼ »¥ °¥´ ¼ n ÁÈo ) ÁÈÁÁr nµ´Ê Áɺ°µ³¨Ä®n o ªµ¤Å¸ Âo nÁ¡¥ª¸ nµ µ¦Ä£µ¬µo ɸ ŤÁn Èŵ¤¦³ªµ¤Á´ ȵµ¦ (¨³µ¤ªÂ¦£µ¥°°´ ÉǺ ) ÁÈÁ¦É°º Ťɸ Á®¤µ³¤n »Á°Ä®¤°ªo µn ¦µµ¦rÁn ʸ°µÁ · Á¡¦µ³ªµ¤Ê¹ °µ¦ °o ¡¼o ¼ ³Âɸ ª´ Ĩ¬³´ nµÇ ¤µªnµÉ³Á¸ ÈÁ¡¦µ³°· ¡¨ °· ´ ¥£µ¥°Á¡´ ¥°¥¸ nµÁ¥ª¸ ¦° ªµ¤· ʸ¤¸ ¤µµ§¬É¸ µ¦¦¸ µ°o ¨´ ¬´ rµ¤´ (social constructionism) ¤É¹ ®¨¸ µ¦´ °º ¨¨µ£µ¬µ®¦¸ °ªº · ¸ · ´ · ɸ ¡¼o Á¨¼ °Äº ¤o ¸ ªn ª¥³n °£µ¡¨o ¬´ r ° £µ¡¨¬´ rÄ É¸ ʸŤÅn Áo È·É É¸ · ª´ ¡¼o ¤µ¼ n°³¤É¸ µ¦¸ · ¤¡´ ´ Á¤°År ÂnÁÈ·É É¸ ¡¼o ¦¼ µ o ®¦Ê¹ °º n°¦°´ ¦¼o ª¤µ ³n µ¦É¸ · ¤¡´ ´ r µÁÎ ·°¥ n¼ (Holmes, 2003, pp. 88-92; Coupland, 2001; Agha, 2007) ¤Ã«´ rÁ¦°µ¦¦Éº µ°o ¨´ ¬´ rµ¤ ´ µo µ¤µ¦o 夵°µ¥µ¦Ä· o °¥o µÎ Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ ¦· nª¤¨´ ¨µ£µ¬µ¸ ¤É¸ ªµ¤Á¸ ȵµ¦o°¥ (®¦°Â¤º Âo n¨¨µ£µ¬µ¸ Ťɸ n¤ªµ¤Á¸ È µµ¦) ¦µÄµ¦«É¸ ¬µ¦¹ ´Ê ʸŰ¥o µn n° µ¨o ª´ Á®º°°·É Éĺ £µ¬µÅ¥ÁÈ£µ¬µ ¤É¸ µ¦¸ n ªµ¤Ê¸ ¤¡´ ´ ¦³®ªr µn »¨¤É¸ ªµ¤®¨µ®¨µ¥¤µ¸ µµÂ¨o ªo ¨³Á´ ÈÁ¦É°º · µªÅ¥É¸ (Ã¥Á¡µ³°¥µ¥n Ä¥·É »Ã¨µ£ª· ´ rɸ ε¨´ εÁ·°¥n¼ ʸ) ¤³¦³´ »ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ r ɸ Ân¨³»¨¤¸ n°»¨°É¦° º µo µ¤µ´Ê Áɸ ȵµ¦ ¨´ µ´ Ťɸ Án ȵµ¦/
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µ¤¤°¥· ¼nÁ¤° ¨nµª°µ®¸ ɹ°º ´ »¤´ ¦¸ · µªÅ¥Ä¸É £µ¬µÂŤo nÁÈ µµ¦Á¡¤¤µ ·É ʹ ¨³°Áº Ȫ· ¸ · ´ · Á¦É¸ ¤Á·É È¥°¤¦É¸ °¥´ µÁn n¤µª´ µÄ°n ¸ (°µ · µ¦Á¦¥µ¦°Ä¸ Á¦´Ê ¥¸ ¨³µ¦· ¤¡´ ´ ¦³®ªr nµ¼o µ®¦o °¦³®ªº nµ¼¦o ´ -¼Ä®o ¦o µ¦Ä· ®¨µ¥¦¸¤ªµ¤Á¸ ÈÁ°¤µ ´ ʹ ¦ª¤µ¦µ´Ê nµÉ°°º ·Á°¦rÁÈȤ¸ nªÁ°Êº°Ä®o »¨É¸ nÁ¤¤· ªµ¤¸ ¤¡´ ´ rÉ®¸ nµÁ®®¦· °°º εµµ¤´ ɸ nµµ¤µ¦´ É°µ¦º Å´ o ³ª ʹ ) »¨®É¹°µ¤ªµ¤¸ ¤¡´ ´ rÉÁ¸ ȵµ¦ÁÈ “«¬¥· -r °µµ¦¥”r ÂnÁ¤É°µº °µµ¦¥´ r ¡ªÁ µ°µ°µ¦¦¦¥µµ«µ¦o É°µ¦º ɸ n°¨µ¥ ¤°Á°Á¹ È “o°” ®¦°º “¨¼” µo ¨³¤°°µµ¦¥ªr nµ ¤µµÁ¨¸ °°º ÉǺ Án “¡”ɸ “¤n” ®¦°º “µ· ¼Ä®o n °ÉǺ ” µo µ´Ê °µ«¹ ¥¨´ ¬³µ£µ¬µÂ´ nµÇ Á¡É°º É°°º ¨´ ¬´ r¦³®ªnµ»¨®¦°º ·É ɸ Á ¼o ¥Á¦¸ ¥Ä¸ ɸ ʸªµn “ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ Ár µ· ”7 (role relation) Á®É¸ Á®¤µ³¤Â¨³È Ť°µÂ¥Ä®n µµo Å´ Ä®o ¦µo ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ rÁ·µÉ¸¦µÄµ¦·¤¡´ ´ rµ¤ o°¤¼¨É¸Áȵ¦Á¨É¸¥ °¥o εĮÁo ¥¦¸ ¨³µ¦· ε®µÄ®¤n¤Å¤´ Ån ¤o ¨¸ ¬³Á´ ¥ª®¦¸ °º n¼Á¥ª¸ Ân¤ÂªÃ¸ o¤ ³Áɸ È “ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ Ár µÂ¤· ” (hybrid role relation) ŤµÄn µ®È ɹÁ¤° ÁȪo µn Ī°¥´ µn ɸ 6 ¨³ 7 °µnª¤É¸ µ¦¦µ¸ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ µ¤Â· ªµ¤É¹ ¤¡´ ´ Ár µÄ· “Ä®¼o ¦o µ¦· -¦¼o ¦´ µ¦· ” ¨ªo nªÉ¸ Á¸ ´Ê 2 ¦µ¥ Á¨É¸¥¨¨µ£µ¬µÅĨ¸ ¬³°´ ɺεĮo “°»¤µ” ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ rÁ·µÉ¸ÁÈÅÅoÄ ¨¬³°´ ÉǺ Åo°¸ Án ¦³®ªnµ “»¨É°¥¸ n¼Äª¥Á´ ¥ª¸ ´ ” ¨³ ¦³®ªnµ “Á¡É°º ÉŤ¸ n· ¤Á´ µÄn ´ ” ²¨² °µ´Ê µ¦µ®µÄ®¤Î n (®µ¤¦µ¦¸ ª¤°¥n n¼ ª¥Äµ¦o °µ¦¦Éº ´Ê Ç´Ê ) ³nª¥Å °o ¥Á´ ¥ªÉ¸ ªµ¤´ ¤¡´ ´ Ár µÅ· °¥o µn ´ Á o µÅ°o ¸ ĵ¦Ê¸ ¼¡o ¼ “ʸ ´ ” ªnµ £µ¬µÅ¤É¸ nÁȵµ¦Äɸ o ´ ¼¢o ´ ´ÁÊ µªµ¤· °µ¦o ³É¸ °¨´ ¬´ rÄn¼ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ rÂÄ °µ · Ī°¥´ nµÉ ¸ 10 ¡· ¦¸ ε®µÄ®¤n Ä®o Á°´ ª¥µ¦Á¦o ¥Á°ª¸ µn “¡”ɸ ¨³Á¦¥¸ ¦¼o ª¤Áªµªn µn “¨¼ ” ³´Ê ®¤µ¥ªµ¤ª¹ nµ °Á®º°µÉÁ°Â¨³¸ ¼o¦nª¤Áªµ¤ªµ¤¸ ¤¡´ ´ rÁµµ¤ÂÂÁ· È “¡· ¦¸ -¼o ¦nª¤Áªµ” ¨³ “¼o¤£µ¬´ r-¼oÄ®o¤£µ¬´ r” ¨oª ¸Á¥Âµ¦¦´ ¦´ ¼o °Á°Áɸ¥ª´ ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ Ár µÂµÁ¨· °°º ÉǺ °°¥¸ µn o°¥Än¼ n°Åʸ °Å´ Âo n “¡-ɸ o°” ®¦°º
7 “ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ ”r (relation ®¦°º relationship) ÁȵΠ¤É¸ ¸ ·¥µ¤n° µªo µo ¤É¹ ®¤µ¥´ ¨¹ ¬³ªµ¤Á´ ¥ª°É¸ ɸ »¨¤¸ n°Ã¥¦ª¤´ ªn εªnµ “µ” (role) ¤ªµ¤®¤µ¥¸ ɸ εÁ¡µ³ªnµ´Ê ®¤µ¥É¹ ¹ · · (right) ¨³®oµ ɸ (obligation) ɸ »¨Á®¨nµ´¤Ê ¸ n°´ ®¦°µ®ªº Ä®´ onµ nµ¥· ´ · (°µ · µÁÈ®ª®´ oµ µÁÈ«¬¥· r) (Á¦¥Á¸ ¥¸ ´ Spencer-Oatey, 2008: p. 15; Merton, 1968: pp. 423-426, 2007[1949]: pp. 449-452) ¼Á o ¥¸ Á¨°Äº o εªnµ “ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ rÁµ· ” Īµ¤Ê¸Á¡É°º É°º ¹ ´¥É¸ ´ o° °¦µµ¦´ rʸĵ¦Äoo°¥Îµ Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ Ä£µ¬µÅ¥·
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“¦»n¡-ɸ ¦»no°” ¦ª¤´Ê “¤-n ¨¼” ÁÈo ªµ¤o°µ¦É³¸ · ´ µ¤µ· Áɸ È¡· ¦¸ ¨³ªµ¤o°µ¦³Âªµ¤É¸ ·¤´ ¼¦o nª¤ÁªµÅ¦o nª¤ÁȦ¨´ ´ ɸ εĮÁ°o Äo o°¥µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ ¨· Ťµ´ ¨´ ¨µ£µ¬µÁ¥¸ ¥¡É¸ (ɸ µª)o°(µª) (sisterly language) ¨³ ¨¨µ£µ¬µÁ¥¸ ¥Â¤É¸ n (motherese) ( ¼ Nwokah, 1987; Gleitman et al., 1984 ÁÈo ) ªµ¤¤¡´ ´ r ÁµÂ¤¥· ¤´ Ä®¸ Á®o ÄÈ ª°¥´ nµ°ÉǺ °¸ Án Ī°¥´ nµ ɸ 12 ɤ¸ µ¦Ä¸ o °¥o µÎ Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ ¨· ´ ´ εÁ¦¥ µÂ¨³¨¸ ¨µ£µ¬µ¸ Ťɸ nÁȵµ¦°ÉǺ ¦³®ªnµ¼o ¤É¸ ªµ¤¸ ¤¡´ ´ r ÁµÂ¤Á· È´Ê “¡· ¦¸ - ¦Á´ · ” ¨³ “°µ-®¨µ” ¨³ªµ¤n¼ ¤¡´ ´ r Áɸ ÈÅ Å°o ÉǺ °ÅÄ ³Á¸ ¥ª¸ ´ (µ¦Ä®¼ Á®o »¨¨É¸ µ¥¨o ¹ Ä´ Ide, 2012, p. 127) ¤¤µ· ɸ nµÄ¦³µ¦®É¹É¸ ¼Á o ¥¨¸ ¦°Å´É µ¨µ¦«o ¬µÄ¦¹ ´Ê ʸ°º ¤o ļo £µ¬µµo ´Ê 2 ®¨ n °¤o ¨³Ä¼ µ¦Á¨o ¥É¸ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ ¨³µ¦· ε®µÄ®¤n °¥n¼ n°¥¦´Ê Ân¡ªÁ µ¤È ªµ¤¦³®¸ ´ªnµ ª¦¦Á¨´ ¥¨É¸ ¨µ£µ¬µÄ®¸ °¥o n£µ¥Ä¼ o “®nª¥É¸ ¥°¤¦Å´ ”o (allowable unit) (ɹ ¨¤µµÁ¦´ É°º “allowable contribution” Ä Levinson, 1979, pp. 370-371) Áµn ´Ê °µ¥Å· o ´ ʸ ®µnµ ¼ µ¥®n ɹ µ¥Ä®¦n °º ´Ê 2 µ¥Ân µ¦¦¦´ Īµ¤¼o ¤¡´ ´ Ár µ· n°Á´ È “°µµ¦¥-r ¨«¼ ¬¥· ”r “Áµµ¥o -¨¼ o°” “¦»¡n -ɸ ¦»n o°” “¤-n ¨¼ ” “oµ-®¨µ” ²¨² ĵ¦· ¤¡´ ´ ¦r ´Ê Ç´Ê µ¥n ¦É¸ Á¨´ ¥¨É¸ ¨µ£µ¬µ³¸ °¦³¨o ¹ °¥Á¤°ªn¼ µn Á µ®¦°Á°°¥º Ħn¼ µ¦· °µ¦Áɺ µ· ´ ¨³³Å¤Än £µ¬µ®¦o °Â¡§º ¦¦¤· °ÉǺ ¨É¸ ʵÁÎ °°Åµ °Á °®o nª¥¥°¤¦É¸ Å´ o ´ÇÊ ÁȪo µn ¡¼o ³Å¤¼ Á¨¥Án Å· Ĩo ¨µÂ¨³¨ª¸ · µ¦¸ °µ¦Ä®Éº o ¦µª¼ ª´ µn Á°Â¨³/®¦°º nµ¤¼ µ³µ¸ ¤´ Ū¼ nµ µ¤´ ®¦°¤º µÁ¸ ȼo ¤É¸ ªµ¤Ä¨¸ o Á· Ȧn¼ ´ ®¦´ °Á¡º °Éº ɸ ·¤¤µ´ Áɺ°µ µ¦¨ª¨n ʵΠ¨´ µª¤n ªø o¤³µÄ®Î Áo °· »¦¦Å¤Á¡n ¥Â¸ nĵªo ´ »¦³ °µ¦r °µ¦Éº Áµ· ´ ´Ê Ân¦ª¤ÅĹ µo ¤¡´ £µ¡Ä´ ¡É¸ ¤¹ ¦³®ª¸ µn nµ¼ ª¥o Á°Â¨³´ ´ »¨¦° µ°o ¸ ª¥o Ã¥Á¡µ³°¥µ¥n ®µ¤·É µ¦ ¸ ´ ®¦º °µ¦º n°µÃ¥o ¼o ¦É¸ ¼o ª¹ µn ŤÅn ¦o µ¦Ä®´ Áo ¥¦¸ · Á®¤µ³¤Â¨³Á¡É¸ ¥¡°¸ µ¦ÎµÂªÁ· nµ¦ªÁ¦µ³®· ¦³Á£µ¦Ár È ¤µ· (membership categorisation analysis) (Butler & Weatherall, 2006; Hester & Eglin, 1997) ªÂª´ Á¦· É°µ¦º µ¦ªµ¤´ ¤¡´ ´ r (relational work) (Locher & Watts, 2005) ¤µÄĵ¦ªo Á¦µ³®· ®r nª¥¥°¤¦É¸ Å´ o ɸ Á ¼o ¥¸ εÁ° µo Áo Ȫµ®É¹É¸ Á ¼o ¥Á¸ É°ªº µn ³ÁµÄ®· Á¦µÅo ¦µo ªµ¤¨¹ ÉÅ®¨ °ªµ¤º ¤¡´ ´ ¦³®ªr µn »¨Ä¤Å¥Ä´ ´ »´ Å°¥o µ¦°¨n »¤¥ ·É ªÊ¹ µn Áɸ È°¥ n¼
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®¨µ¦´ nµ¥° o°¤¨¼ * (.) µ¦®¥»¡¦³¤µ´ 1-2 ªµ· ¸ (-) µ¦®¥»¡µª´ µn 2 ªµ· ¸ (???) °¥o µÎ ɸ Īµ¤Å¤´ Ån o ( °¤o ¨¼ ) °¥o µÎ Äɸ µ¦µÁµo (( °¤o ¨¼ )) µ°Î µ¥Á¡· ¤Á·É ¤· [ °¤o ¨¼ ] °ª£µ¬µ´ /¦¨¬´ r£µ¬µ […] ªn ɸ ª¼o Á¦µ³®· ¨³Åªr o … / °¤o ¨¼ \ … °¥o µÎ Áɸ · ¡¦Ê¹ °¤o Ĩ´ ´ ɸ n°´ … / °¤o ¨¼ \ … °¤o ¨¼ : µ¦¡¨µÁ¼ ¥¸ °¤o ¨¼ - °¥ªµ¤o ¨Ã¥Å¤É¸ ¤n ¦¼ r
o°¤¨¼ °¥o µÄ®Î Áo ¥¦¸ µ¤Â· * ®¨µ¦´ nµ¥° °¤o ¨¼ ʸÁ¦µ³®´ ¤µµÃ±¨¤r ¨³r ´ r (Holmes & Stubbe, 2003) Á°¦Â¨³µr (Schnurr & Chan, 2011) ¨³¤¨¨µ´ ¸ (Mullany, 2011) É°º »¨Â¨³É°®º nª¥µ (¦ª¤´Ê É°º ¦¦¤ °· ®nª¥µ) Ħ³Á«Å¥Äª°¥´ nµ°¥o εÅo ¼¦Á¨´ ¥Á¡¸É É°¦º ¬µªµ¤Á´ Ènªª °´ »¨®¦°º ®nª¥µÁɸ ¥ª ɸ °o ´Ê
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Á°µ¦°oµ°·/ References ¦µ´ »µ ª¦¦» ¸ °»¤¨ ¨³ ª¦¦ ¸ ¡»Á¦°· . (2522). «¨³µ¦Ä· £µ¬µÄo ª¸ ¦³· µªÎ ¨³µ´ »¦· . ¦Á¡²» : µÎ ¡´ ¤¡· ¦³µ¦¡¦r ¹ . ·¥µ µª¦¦. (2558). ®µµ¦Ä´ £µ¬µÅ¥o . ¦Á¡²» : µÎ ¡´ ¤¡· ¤®µªr ¥µ¨· ¥´ ¦µ¤µÂ®Î . ¦¦°´ ·¨¦³£¦´ . (2546). µ¦µ. Ä (¤...) µ¦Ä£µ¬µÅ¥o 2 (. 101-108). ¦Á¡²» : µÎ ¡´ ¤¡· ¤®µªr ¥µ¨· ¥¦¦¤«µ¦´ .r ª» ¸ µª´ ·Í¨³ µ·É r Á¡µµ. (2556). ¦³µ¦Ä®Áo ¥¦¸ · ³É¸ °µo µÎ ¦¦¡µ¤»¦¬» ɸ 1 ¨³ 2 Ħµµ«¡´ Å¥r . £µ¬µÂ¨³£µ¬µ«µ¦,r 32, 52-89. Áµª¨¬´ r °«µ´ .r (2544). µ¦Ä£µ¬µÄµ¦¡o ¼ . Ä (¤...) µ¦Á¦¥¤Á¡¸ °µ¦¡ºÉ ¼ ¨³µ¦Á ¥¸ . ¦Á¡²» : µÎ ¡´ ¤¡· ¤®µªr ¥µ¨· ¥¦µ¤´ µÂ®Î . Agha, A. (2007). Language and social relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bechstedt, H. (2002). Identity and authority in Thailand. In Reynolds, C. (Ed.), National identities and its defenders: Thailand today. Bangkok: Silkworm Books. Bousfield, D. (2008). Impoliteness in interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Brown, L. (2011). Korean honorifics and politeness in second language learning. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Brown, L. (2015). Revisiting “polite” –yo and “deferential” –supnita speech style shifting in Korean from the point of view of indexicality. Journal of Pragmatics, 79, 43-59. Butler, C., & Weatherall, A. (2006). “No we’re not playing families”: Membership categorisation and children’s play. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 93, 441-470. Cook, H. (2002). The social meaning of the Japanese plain form. In Akatsuka, N., & Strauss, S. (Eds.), Japanese/Korean linguistics, Volume 10. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information. Cook, H. (2008). Style shifts in Japanese academic consultations. In Jones, K., & Ono, T. (Eds.), Style shifting in Japanese. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Cook, H. (2011). Are honorifics polite? Uses of referent honorifics in a Japanese committee meeting. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 3652-3672.
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Comrie, B. (1976). Linguistic politeness axes: Speaker-addressee, speaker-referent, speaker-bystander. In Pragmatics Microfiche 1.7: A3-B1. Oxford: Oxford Microform. Corbett, J. (2009). Genre and genre analysis. In Mey, J. (Ed.), Concise encyclopedia of Pragmatics (second editon). Oxford: Elsevier. Coupland, N. (2001). Language, situation, and the relational self: Theorizing dialect- style in sociolinguistics. In Eckert, P., & Rickford, J. (Eds.), Style and sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Eckert, P., & Rickford, J. (Eds.). (2001). Style and sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gleitman, L., Newport, E., & Gleitman, H. (1984). The current status of the motherese hypothesis. Journal of Child Language, 11, 43-79. Hester, S., & Eglin, P. (1997). Membership categorization analysis: An introduction. In Hester, S., & Eglin, P. (Eds.), Culture in action: Studies in membership categorization analysis. Washington, DC: University Press of America. Heylighen, F., & Dawaele, J.-M. (1999). Formality of language: Definition, measurement and behavioral determinants. In (n.e.), Internal report, center “Leo Apostel”. Brussels: Free University of Brussels. Holmes, J. (2003). Social constructionism. In Frawley, W. (Ed.), International encyclopedia of Linguistics, volume 4 (second edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Holmes, J., & Stubbe, M. (2003). Power and politeness in the workplace. London: Longman. Holmes, H., Tangtongtavy, A., & Tomizawa, R. (2003). Working with the Thais: A guide to managing in Thailand. Bangkok: White Lotus. Hudson, M. (2011). Student honorifics usage in conversations with professors. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 3689-3706. Ide, S. (2005). How and why honorifics can signify dignity and elegance: The indexicality and reflexivity of linguistic rituals. In Lakoff, R.T., & Ide, S. (Eds.), Broadening our horizon of Linguistic Politeness. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Ide, S. (2012). The roots of the wakimae aspect of linguistic politeness. In Meeuwis, M., & Östman, J.-O. (Eds.), Pragmaticizing understanding: Studies for Jef Verschueren. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
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