Bacillary Dysentery
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Shigella Infection - Factsheet
Shigella Infection - Factsheet What is Shigellosis? How common is it? Shigellosis is an infectious disease caused by a group of bacteria (germs) called Shigella. It’s also known as bacillary dysentery. There are four main types of Shigella germ but Shigella sonnei is by far the commonest cause of this illness in the UK. Most cases of the other types are usually brought in from abroad. How is Shigellosis caught? Shigella is not known to be found in animals so it always passes from one infected person to the next, though the route may be indirect. Here are some possible ways in which you can get infected: • Shigella germs are present in the stools of infected persons while they are ill and for a week or two afterwards. Most Shigella infections are the result of germs passing from stools or soiled fingers of one person to the mouth of another person. This happens when basic hygiene and hand washing habits are inadequate, such as in young toddlers who are not yet fully toilet trained. Family members and playmates of such children are at high risk of becoming infected. • Shigellosis can be acquired from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. • Shigellosis may be picked up from eating contaminated food, which may look and smell normal. Food may become contaminated by infected food handlers who do not wash their hands properly after using the toilet. They should report sick and avoid handling food if they are ill but they may not always have symptoms. • Vegetables can become contaminated if they are harvested from a field with sewage in it. -
E. Coli: Serotypes Other Than O157:H7 Prepared by Zuber Mulla, BA, MSPH DOH, Regional Epidemiologist
E. coli: Serotypes other than O157:H7 Prepared by Zuber Mulla, BA, MSPH DOH, Regional Epidemiologist Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the predominant nonpathogenic facultative flora of the human intestine [1]. However, several strains of E. coli have developed the ability to cause disease in humans. Strains of E. coli that cause gastroenteritis in humans can be grouped into six categories: enteroaggregative (EAEC), enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), enteroinvasive (EIEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), and diffuse adherent (DAEC). Pathogenic E. coli are serotyped on the basis of their O (somatic), H (flagellar), and K (capsular) surface antigen profiles [1]. Each of the six categories listed above has a different pathogenesis and comprises a different set of O:H serotypes [2]. In Florida, gastrointestinal illness caused by E. coli is reportable in two categories: E. coli O157:H7 or E. coli, other. In 1997, 52 cases of E. coli O157:H7 and seven cases of E. coli, other (known serotype), were reported to the Florida Department of Health [3]. Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) - EAEC has been associated with persistent diarrhea (>14 days), especially in developing countries [1]. The diarrhea is usually watery, secretory and not accompanied by fever or vomiting [1]. The incubation period has been estimated to be 20 to 48 hours [2]. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) - While the main EHEC serotype is E. coli O157:H7 (see July 24, 1998, issue of the “Epi Update”), other serotypes such as O111:H8 and O104:H21 are diarrheogenic in humans [2]. EHEC excrete potent toxins called verotoxins or Shiga toxins (so called because of their close resemblance to the Shiga toxin of Shigella dysenteriae 1This group of organisms is often referred to as Shiga toxin-producing E. -
Zoonotic Diseases Fact Sheet
ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET s e ion ecie s n t n p is ms n e e s tio s g s m to a a o u t Rang s p t tme to e th n s n m c a s a ra y a re ho Di P Ge Ho T S Incub F T P Brucella (B. Infected animals Skin or mucous membrane High and protracted (extended) fever. 1-15 weeks Most commonly Antibiotic melitensis, B. (swine, cattle, goats, contact with infected Infection affects bone, heart, reported U.S. combination: abortus, B. suis, B. sheep, dogs) animals, their blood, tissue, gallbladder, kidney, spleen, and laboratory-associated streptomycina, Brucellosis* Bacteria canis ) and other body fluids causes highly disseminated lesions bacterial infection in tetracycline, and and abscess man sulfonamides Salmonella (S. Domestic (dogs, cats, Direct contact as well as Mild gastroenteritiis (diarrhea) to high 6 hours to 3 Fatality rate of 5-10% Antibiotic cholera-suis, S. monkeys, rodents, indirect consumption fever, severe headache, and spleen days combination: enteriditis, S. labor-atory rodents, (eggs, food vehicles using enlargement. May lead to focal chloramphenicol, typhymurium, S. rep-tiles [especially eggs, etc.). Human to infection in any organ or tissue of the neomycin, ampicillin Salmonellosis Bacteria typhi) turtles], chickens and human transmission also body) fish) and herd animals possible (cattle, chickens, pigs) All Shigella species Captive non-human Oral-fecal route Ranges from asymptomatic carrier to Varies by Highly infective. Low Intravenous fluids primates severe bacillary dysentery with high species. 16 number of organisms and electrolytes, fevers, weakness, severe abdominal hours to 7 capable of causing Antibiotics: ampicillin, cramps, prostration, edema of the days. -
Communicable Diseases Communiqué DECEMBER 2012, Vol
Communicable Diseases Communiqué DECEMBER 2012, Vol. 11(12) CONTENTS Shigellosis outbreak 1 Rabies 2 Trypanosomiasis 3 Influenza 4 Beyond our Borders 5 Shigellosis Outbreak in Nelson Mandela Bay Health District, Eastern Cape Province An NHLS pathologist based in Port Elizabeth (Nelson isolated from both blood culture and stool in a 2- Mandela Bay Health District, Eastern Cape Province) year-old child with severe bloody diarrhoea and noticed a sudden marked increase in the number of fever. There has been one fatal case to date (a 76- shigellosis cases at a provincial public hospital and year-old female who presented with bloody primary health care clinic in the district during the diarrhoea and dehydration). last week of November 2012. This was reported to the National Outbreak Unit (NICD-NHLS and Of the Shigella spp. isolates referred to the Centre National Department of Health) which prompted for Enteric Diseases (NICD-NHLS) for further further investigation. characterisation, 11 have been tested to date and all are Shigella flexneri 1b. Twelve laboratory-confirmed cases of S. flexneri had been reported between 23 and 26 November Humans and other large primates are the only 2012; by 3 December 2012 the number of natural reservoirs of Shigella spp. Person-to-person laboratory-confirmed cases had risen to 24 (21 of spread is the commonest mode of transmission, but whom had severe disease necessitating hospital infection and outbreaks can also be caused by admission). Although cases were identified in both contaminated food or water. Shigellosis is one of public and private healthcare facilities in the district, the most communicable of the bacterial causes of the majority were resident in the Kwazakhele area diarrhoea, since a low dose of organisms readily and shared no other common risk exposures. -
Traveler's Diarrhea
Traveler’s Diarrhea JOHNNIE YATES, M.D., CIWEC Clinic Travel Medicine Center, Kathmandu, Nepal Acute diarrhea affects millions of persons who travel to developing countries each year. Food and water contaminated with fecal matter are the main sources of infection. Bacteria such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, enteroaggregative E. coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella are common causes of traveler’s diarrhea. Parasites and viruses are less common etiologies. Travel destination is the most significant risk factor for traveler’s diarrhea. The efficacy of pretravel counseling and dietary precautions in reducing the incidence of diarrhea is unproven. Empiric treatment of traveler’s diarrhea with antibiotics and loperamide is effective and often limits symptoms to one day. Rifaximin, a recently approved antibiotic, can be used for the treatment of traveler’s diarrhea in regions where noninvasive E. coli is the predominant pathogen. In areas where invasive organisms such as Campylobacter and Shigella are common, fluoroquinolones remain the drug of choice. Azithromycin is recommended in areas with qui- nolone-resistant Campylobacter and for the treatment of children and pregnant women. (Am Fam Physician 2005;71:2095-100, 2107-8. Copyright© 2005 American Academy of Family Physicians.) ILLUSTRATION BY SCOTT BODELL ▲ Patient Information: cute diarrhea is the most com- mised and those with lowered gastric acidity A handout on traveler’s mon illness among travelers. Up (e.g., patients taking histamine H block- diarrhea, written by the 2 author of this article, is to 55 percent of persons who ers or proton pump inhibitors) are more provided on page 2107. travel from developed countries susceptible to traveler’s diarrhea. -
Amoebic Dysentery
University of Nebraska Medical Center DigitalCommons@UNMC MD Theses Special Collections 5-1-1934 Amoebic dysentery H. C. Dix University of Nebraska Medical Center This manuscript is historical in nature and may not reflect current medical research and practice. Search PubMed for current research. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses Part of the Medical Education Commons Recommended Citation Dix, H. C., "Amoebic dysentery" (1934). MD Theses. 320. https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses/320 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections at DigitalCommons@UNMC. It has been accepted for inclusion in MD Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNMC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A MOE B leD Y SEN T E R Y By H. c. Dix University of Nebraska College of Medicine Omaha, N~braska April 1934 Preface This paper is presented to the University of Nebraska College of MediCine to fulfill the senior requirements. The subject of amoebic dysentery wa,s chosen due to the interest aroused from the previous epidemic, which started in Chicago la,st summer (1933). This disea,se has previously been considered as a tropical disease, B.nd was rarely seen and recognized in the temperate zone. Except in indl vidu8,ls who had been in the tropics previously. In reviewing the literature, I find that amoebio dysentery may be seen in any part of the world, and from surveys made, the incidence is five in every hun- dred which harbor the Entamoeba histolytlca, it being the only pathogeniC amoeba of the human gastro-intes tinal tract. -
Ulcerative Post-Dysenteric Colitis
Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.7.5.438 on 1 October 1966. Downloaded from Gut, 1966, 7, 438 Ulcerative post-dysenteric colitis S. J. POWELL AND A. J. WILMOT From the Amoebiasis Research Unit' and the Department ofMedicine, University ofNatal, Durban, South Africa EDITORIAL COMMENT Better treatment is resulting in more severe cases of amoebic colitis surviving and these patients may have severe residual damage to the bowel resulting in ulcerative post-dysenteric colitis. This is considered to be a distinct entity. The term 'post-dysenteric colonic irritability' was thousand patients who attend this hospital annually introduced by Sir Arthur Hurst (1943) to describe with acute amoebic dysentery complications are persistent irritability of the bowel following an acute common and we have had the opportunity to study attack of bacillary or amoebic dysentery. The early them (Wilmot, 1962). It is from this material that we symptoms were attributed to a non-specific chronic have based the following report of ulcerative post- colitis occurring after the specific infection had died dysenteric colitis in 33 African patients observed in out, but in the later stages were thought to be due to recent years. 'functional irritability' of the colon. Stewart (1950) found that post-dysenteric colitis was more common- CLINICAL FINDINGS ly a sequel to acute amoebic dysentery and was able All patients presented initially with severe amoebic to recognize two forms in his patients: 1 Those with dysentery, sigmoidoscopic examination showing a mild symptoms and no colonic ulceration, which he congested, oedematous mucosa with extensive rectal named 'functional post-dysenteric colitis', and (2) ulcers the surfaces of which were covered by sloughs http://gut.bmj.com/ Those with colonic ulceration and more severe and exudate. -
Remarks on Pelvic Peritonitis and Pelvic Cellulitis, with Illustrative Cases
Article IV.- Remarks on Pelvic Peritonitis and Pelvic Cellulitis, with Illustrative Cases. By Lauchlan Aitken, M.D. Rather moie than a year ago there appeared from the pen of a well- known of this a gynecologist city very able monograph on the two forms of pelvic inflammation whose names head this article; and it cannot have escaped the recollection of the reader that Dr M. Dun- can, adopting the nomenclature first proposed by Yirchow, has used on his different terms title-page1 than those older appellations I still to retain. Under these propose ^ circumstances I feel at to compelled least to attempt justify my preference for the original names: and I trust to be able to show that are they preferable to, and less con- others that fusing than, any have as yet been proposed, even though we cannot consider them absolutely perfect. 1 Treatise on A Practical Perimetritis and Parametritis (Edin. 1869). 1870.] DR LAUCI1LAN AITKEN ON PELVIC FERITONITIS, ETC. 889 Passing over, then, such terms as 'periuterine cellulitis or phleg- mons periuterins as bad compounds ; others, as inflammation of the broad ligaments, as too limited in meaning ; and others, again, as engorgement periutdrin, as only indicating one of the stages of the affection,?I shall endeavour as succinctly as possible to state my reasons for preferring the older names to those proposed by Virchow. ls?. The two Greek prepositions, peri and para, are employed somewhat arbitrarily to indicate inflammatory processes which are essentially distinct. I say arbitrarily, because I am not aware that para has been generally employed in the form of a compound to ex- press inflammation of the cellular tissue elsewhere.1 By those who remember that the cellular tissue not only separates the serous membrane from the uterus at that part where the cervix and body of the organ meet, but is even abundant there,2 perimetritis might readily be taken to indicate one of the varieties, though indeed not a in for which very common one, of pelvic cellulitis?a variety, fact, the term perimetric cellulitis has been proposed. -
Enteric Infections Due to Campylobacter, Yersinia, Salmonella, and Shigella*
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 58 (4): 519-537 (1980) Enteric infections due to Campylobacter, Yersinia, Salmonella, and Shigella* WHO SCIENTIFIC WORKING GROUP1 This report reviews the available information on the clinical features, pathogenesis, bacteriology, and epidemiology ofCampylobacter jejuni and Yersinia enterocolitica, both of which have recently been recognized as important causes of enteric infection. In the fields of salmonellosis and shigellosis, important new epidemiological and relatedfindings that have implications for the control of these infections are described. Priority research activities in each ofthese areas are outlined. Of the organisms discussed in this article, Campylobacter jejuni and Yersinia entero- colitica have only recently been recognized as important causes of enteric infection, and accordingly the available knowledge on these pathogens is reviewed in full. In the better- known fields of salmonellosis (including typhoid fever) and shigellosis, the review is limited to new and important information that has implications for their control.! REVIEW OF RECENT KNOWLEDGE Campylobacterjejuni In the last few years, C.jejuni (previously called 'related vibrios') has emerged as an important cause of acute diarrhoeal disease. Although this organism was suspected of being a cause ofacute enteritis in man as early as 1954, it was not until 1972, in Belgium, that it was first shown to be a relatively common cause of diarrhoea. Since then, workers in Australia, Canada, Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States of America have reported its isolation from 5-14% of diarrhoea cases and less than 1 % of asymptomatic persons. Most of the information given below is based on conclusions drawn from these studies in developed countries. -
Molecular Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli
iolog ter y & c P a a B r f a o s i l t o a l n o r Yameen et al., J Bacteriol Parasitol 2018, 9:3 g u y o J Bacteriology and Parasitology DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000339 ISSN: 2155-9597 Research Article Open Access Molecular Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Effect on Intestinal Nitric Oxide in Diarrheal Disease Muhammad Arfat Yameen1, Ebuka Elijah David2*, Humphrey Chukwuemeka Nzelibe3, Muhammad Nasir Shuaibu3, Rabiu Abdussalam Magaji4, Amakaeze Jude Odugu5 and Ogamdi Sunday Onwe6 1Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan 2Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria 3Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria 4Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria 5Medical Laboratory, Ahmadu Bello University, Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria 6Laboratory Service Unit, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria *Corresponding author: Ebuka Elijah David, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, Tel: +2348033188823; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: May 01, 2018; Accepted date: May 25, 2018; Published date: May 30, 2018 Copyright: ©2018 Yameen MA, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract This study was aimed to investigate the effect of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)-induced diarrhea on fecal nitric oxide (NO) and intestinal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in rats. -
The Global View of Campylobacteriosis
FOOD SAFETY THE GLOBAL VIEW OF CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS REPORT OF AN EXPERT CONSULTATION UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 9-11 JULY 2012 THE GLOBAL VIEW OF CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS IN COLLABORATION WITH Food and Agriculture of the United Nations THE GLOBAL VIEW OF CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS REPORT OF EXPERT CONSULTATION UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 9-11 JULY 2012 IN COLLABORATION WITH Food and Agriculture of the United Nations The global view of campylobacteriosis: report of an expert consultation, Utrecht, Netherlands, 9-11 July 2012. 1. Campylobacter. 2. Campylobacter infections – epidemiology. 3. Campylobacter infections – prevention and control. 4. Cost of illness I.World Health Organization. II.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. III.World Organisation for Animal Health. ISBN 978 92 4 156460 1 _____________________________________________________ (NLM classification: WF 220) © World Health Organization 2013 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications –whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution– should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index. html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Unusual Presentation of Shigellosis: Acute Perforated Appendicitis And
Case Report 45 Unusual Presentation of Shigellosis: Acute Perforated Appendicitis and Peritonitis Gülsüm İclal Bayhan1, Gönül Tanır1, Haşim Ata Maden2, Şengül Özkan3 1Pediatric Infection Clinic, Dr. Sami Ulus Gynecology, Child Care and Treatment Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey 2Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Sami Ulus Gynecology, Child Care and Treatment Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey 3Microbiology Clinic. Dr. Sami Ulus Gynecology, Child Care and Treatment Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey Abstract Shigella spp. is one of the most common agents that cause bacterial diarrhea and dysentery in developing coun- tries. Clinical presentation of shigellosis may vary over a wide spectrum from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery. We report the case of 5.5-year-old previously healthy boy, who presented to our clinic with abdominal pain, vomiting, and constipation. On examination, we noticed abdominal tenderness with guarding at the right lower quadrant. With the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, open appendectomy was performed. Exploration of the abdominal cavity revealed perforated appendicitis and generalized peritonitis. Shigella sonnei was isolated from the peritoneal fluid culture. The patient completely recovered without any complications. Surgical complications, including appendicitis, could have developed during shigellosis. There are few reported cases of perforated appendicitis associated with Shigella. Prompt surgical intervention can be beneficial to prevent morbidity and mortality if it is performed early in the course of the disease. (J Pediatr Inf 2015; 9: 45-8) Keywords: Shigella spp., acute appendicitis, peritonitis, surgical complication Introduction intestinal and extra-intestinal complications. There are few reported cases of perforated Shigella spp., a group of Gram-negative, appendicitis complicated with peritonitis due to Received: 04.10.2013 Accepted: 03.02.2014 small, non-motile, non-spore forming, and rod- Shigella spp.