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Thesis-1984-W576c.Pdf (7.715Mb) CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALLMOUTH BASS AND QZARK BASS POPULATIONS IN BUFFALO _NATIONAL JIVER, ARKANSAS By KEITH AVIS WHISENANT lt Bachelor of Science Baylor University Waco, Texas 1970 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE July, 1984 Q()( 1 I'\ ,() >s•{ " • t I toe_,, Cof. ~ CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALLMOUTH BASS AND OZARK BASS POPULATIONS IN BUFFALO NATIONAL ' RIVER, ARKANSAS Thesis Approved: ii PREFACE This study is concerned with the population characteristics of the two principal game fish species, smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieui, and Ozark bass, Ambloplites constellatus, inhabiting Buffalo National ( River. The primary objectives were to determine what effect habitat availability and/or various levels of recreational boating activity were having on these two species. I want to express my appreciation to my major advisor, Dr. O. Eugene Maughan, for his guidance, encouragement and assistance throughout this study. I also express appreciation to Dr. Anthony Echelle and Dr. Larry Talent for agreeing to serve on my committee on short notice and their assistance in preparation of this thesis. Special thanks is given to Dr. Milford R. Fletcher, Chief, Division of Natural Resource Management~ Southwest Region of the National Park Service, who established the program and provided the funding without which this study would not have been possible. Thanks are also given to Buffalo National River Superintendent Alec Gould and Chief Ranger Carl Hinrichs and their predecessors, Superintendent John Turney and Chief Ranger John Welch, who not only allowed me to take time from my regular duties to attend Oklahoma State University to accomplish this research but who also allowed other members of their staff to assist with data collection and analysis. I thank Steve Chaney for not only serving as one of the regulars on the sampling crew, but for "holding down the fort" while I was immersed iii in research and away from my regular duties in the park. A note of thanks is also given to all the "boat people", members of the park staff and volunteers, who served on the electroshocking boat, pulled seines, ran tansects, conducted creel censuses, or served in the lab, especially John Cooper, ·Norm Geltz, Jeff Hager, Mike Monda, Todd Patrick, Charles Rogers, Jimmy Wheat and Mike Widner. I also wish to thank Cheryl Duffy, Audrey Justis, and Kathy Smith for assistance with typing of the first draft and to Hugh Duffy and Allen George for assistance with graphics preparation. In addition, I thank Helen Murray for typing the final draft of this manuscript. Finally, a very special gratitude is given my wife, Patricia, and my children, Dava and Robert, for their support, understanding and encouragement and for the sacrifices they have made. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 4 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS 12 IV. RESULTS 17 Population Estimates 17 Smallmouth Bass 17 Ozark Bass 21 Density 24 Smallmouth Bass •, 24 Ozark Bass 25 Standing Crop 25 Smallmouth Bass 25 Ozark Bass 28 Habitat Utilization. 28 Depth 28 Velocity 32 Substrate 37 Coefficient of Condition 42 Smallmouth Bass 42 Ozark Bass 48 Age and Growth 48 Smallmouth Bass 48 Ozark Bass 51 Food Habits and Availability 56 Food Habits 56 Food Availability 58 Reproduction 58 Creel Census 62 Fisherman Profile 62 Creel Results 64 Length Frequency 64 Smallmouth Bass 64 Ozark Bass 78 Mortality 78 Smallmouth Bass 78 Ozark Bass 78 V. DISCUSSION • 88 v Chapter Page Population Levels 88 Smallmouth Bass 88 Ozark Bass o' 93 Density 95 Smallmouth Bass 96 Ozark Bass 100 Standing Crop 104 Smallmouth Bass 104 Ozark Bass 108 Habitat Utilization. 109 Depth 109 Velocity 112 Substrate 113 Coefficient of Condition 113 Smallmouth Bass 113 Ozark Bass 115 Relationship Between Kand Density, Habitat and Canoe Use 116 Age and Growth 120 Smallmouth Bass 120 Ozark Bass 122 Food Habits and Availability 125 Food Habits 125 Food Availability 127 Reproduction 130 Creel Census 131 Creel Results 131 Length Frequency 134 Smallmouth Bass 134 Ozark Bass 136 Mortality 137 Smallmouth Bass 137 Ozark Bass 139 Conclusions 139 Recommendations 140 LITERATURE CITED 142 APPENDIXES •, 149 APPENDIX A STREAM FLOW DATA FOR BUFFALO RIVER, ARKANSAS 150 APPENDIX B - SUBSTRATE TYPES, WATER DEPTHS AND VELOCITIES AT EACH SAMPLE SITE 152 APPENDIX C DATES OF SAMPLING EFFORT 156 APPENDIX D - MEAN WEIGHTS FOR SMALLMOUTH BASS AND OZARK BASS 158 vi Chapter Page APPENDIX E - SEASONAL UTILIZATION OF SPECIFIC SUBSTRATE TYPES OF SMALLMOUTH BASS AND OZARK BASS 164 APPENDIX F - SEASONAL CONDITION COEFFICIENTS FOR SMALLMOUTH BASS AND OZARK BASS 173 APPENDIX G - CUMULATIVE MEAN TOTAL LENGTH AND ANNUAL GROWTH INCREMENTS FOR SMALLMOUTH BASS AND OZARK BASS • • • • • • • • • • • • • 178 APPENDIX H - CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SMALLMOUITH BASS DENSITY AND VARIOUS HABITAT VARIABLES 181 APPENDIX I - CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DENSITY OF OZARK BASS AND VARIOUS HABITAT VARIABLES 184 APPENDIX J - CORRELATIONS BETWEEN STANDING CROP OF SMALLMOUTH BASS AND VARIOUS HABITAT VARIABLES • • • • • • • • • • • • 187 APPENDIX K - CORRELATIONS BETWEEN STANDING CROP OF OZARK BASS AND VARIOUS HABITAT VARIABLES 190 APPENDIX L - CORRELATIONS BETWEEN COEFFICIENTS OF CONDITION OF SMALLMOUTH BASS AND OZARK BASS AND VARIOUS HABITAT VARIABLES • • • • e • • o • ~ ~ • ~ • • • • • 193 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Physical characteristics of the 12 study sites on the Buffalo River, Arkansas • • • • • • • • • • 10 2. Total number of canoes and months of peak canoe use at each site on the Buffalo River, Arkansas in 19 81 • • e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 3. Population size estimates for smallmouth bass populations in Buffalo River, Arkansas from summer 1980 through summer 1981 ••••••••••• 18 4. Population estimates for Ozark bass population in Buffalo River, Arkansas from summer 1980 through summer 1981 •••••• 22 5. Seasonal densities (N/ha) of smallmouth bass and Ozark bass in Buffalo River, Arkansas for each season 26 6. Seasonal standing crops (kg/ha) of smallmouth bass and Ozark bass in Buffalo River, Arkansas • . 27 7. Seasonal frequency of occurrence and percentage of total captures of smallmouth at various depth intervals •••• 29 8. Seasonal chi square values, degrees of freedom and probability values for tests of differences in depth distribution of a) smallmouth bass, B) Ozark bass, C) smallmouth bass and Ozark bass 30 9. Frequency of occurrence and percentage of total captures of Ozark bass at various depth intervals during winter 1980 and summer 1981 31 10. Seasonal frequency of occurrence and percentage of total captures of smallmouth bass at different water velocities •••••••••••••••• 33 viii Table Page 11. Seasonal chi square values, degrees of freedom and probability values of tests of differences in water velocity distribution of A) smallmouth bass, B) Ozark bass, and C) smallmouth bass and Ozark bass • 35 12. Frequency of occurrence and percentage of total captures of Ozark bass at different water velocities during winter 1980 and summer 1981 • • • • • • • • • 36 13. Seasonal frequency of occurrence and percentage of total captures of smallmouth bass over various substrate . types in Buffalo River, Arkansas • • • • • • • • 39 14. Seasonal chi-square values, degrees of freedom and probability values of tests of differences in substrate distribution of A) smallmouth bass, B) Ozark bass, and C) smallmouth bass and Ozark bass • • • • • • 40 15. Frequency of occurrence and percentage of total captures of Ozark bass over different substrate types during winter 1980 and summer 1981 41 16. Seasonal coefficients of condition, K, for smallmouth bass and Ozark bass in Buffalo River, Arkansas 43 17. Condition factors, K, by size and season for smallmouth bass in Buffalo River, Arkansas • • • • • • • • • • • • 44 18. Condition factors, K, by size and season for Ozark bass in Buffalo River, Arkansas • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 19. Size at age of smallmouth bass as calculated from seasonal catch data in Buffalo River, Arkansas 50 20. Size at age of smallmouth bass as determined from fish caught during the summer of 1980 at 12 sites in Buffalo River, Arkansas • • • • ••••••••• 52 21. Size at age of Ozark bass calculated from seasonal catch data in Buffalo River, Arkansas ••••• 53 22. Size at age of Ozark bass as determined from fish caught during the summer of 1980, at 12 sites in Buffalo River, Arkansas •••••••••••• 54 23. Size at age of Ozark bass as determined from fish caught during the summer of 1981, at 12 sites in Buffalo River, Arkansas • • • • • • • • • • • • 55 24. Stomach contents (summer 1981) of smallmouth bass and Ozark bass captured by electroshocking from 11 sites in Buffalo River, Arkansas • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 57 ix Table Page 25. Relative density of forage fish (August-September 1981), and crayfish (September) at 12 study sites in Buffalo River, Arkansas, during 1981 • • • • • 59 26. Density of smallmouth bass and Ozark bass fry at 12 sites within Buffalo River, Arkansas •••••• 61 27. Relative density of smallmouth bass and Ozark bass less than 80 mm and 50 mm. total length, respectively, captured by summer electrofishing • • • • • • • • • • • 63 28. Angler harvest (from creel census) on the Buffalo River, Arkansas, during 1980 and 1981 • • • • • • • • 65 29. Cumulative length frequency distribution of smallmouth bass and Ozark bass populations in Buffalo River, Arkansas 68 30. Seasonal length frequency distribution for
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