Chapter 49 Biosphere

 Overview: The Scope of Ecology

 Ecology:

 These interactions determine both the ______and their abundance

 Ecology is an enormously complex and exciting area of biology reveals the richness of the______

 Concept 50.1: Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and the environment

 Ecology has a long history as a descriptive science is also a rigorous ______

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

 Events that occur in ______affect life on the scale of ______

Organisms and the Environment

 The environment of any organism includes

 Abiotic, :

 Biotic,:

 All the organisms living in the environment, the______-

 Environmental components affect the ______and ______of organisms

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 Ecologists use ______and ______to test explanations for the distribution and abundance of species

Subfields of Ecology

 Organismal ecology

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 Population Ecology: 

 Community Ecology:

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 Ecosystem Ecology: 

 Landscape Ecology:

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 Biosphere:

Ecology and Environmental Issues

 Ecology provides the scientific understanding underlying ______

 ______is credited with starting the modern environmental movement

 Most ecologists follow the ______regarding environmental issues

 The precautionary principle

 Concept 50.2: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species

 Ecologists have long recognized ______patterns of distribution of organisms within the biosphere

 Many naturalists began to identify broad patterns of distribution by naming ______realms

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 ______provides a good starting point for understanding what limits the geographic distribution of species

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Dispersal and Distribution  Dispersal:

 Contributes to the ______of organisms

Natural Range Expansion

 ______show the influence of dispersal on distribution

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Species Transplant

 ______include organisms that are intentionally or accidentally relocated from their original distribution can often disrupt the ______to which they

Behavior and Habitat Selection

 Some organisms do not occupy all of their ______

 Species distribution may be limited by ______behavior

Biotic Factors

 Biotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms may include

 A specific case of an ______- limiting distribution of a food species



Abiotic Factors

 Abiotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms may include

Temperature

 ______is an important factor in the distribution of organisms because of its effects on biological processes Water

 ______among habitats is another important factor in species distribution

Sunlight

 Light intensity and quality can affect ______in ecosystems

 Light is also important to the ______of organisms sensitive to the photoperiod

Wind

 Wind amplifies the effects of temperature on organisms by increasing heat loss due to ______and ______can change the ______of plants

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Rocks and Soil

 Many characteristics of soil limit the distribution of plants and thus the animals that feed upon them

Climate

 Four major abiotic components make up climate ______

 ______is the prevailing weather conditions in a particular area

 Climate patterns can be described on two scales

 ______, patterns on the global, regional, and local level

 ______, very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log

Global Climate Patterns  Earth’s global ______patterns are determined largely by the input of ______and the planet’s movement in space

 ______plays a major part in determining the Earth’s climate patterns

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 ______and wind patterns play major parts in determining the Earth’s climate patterns

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Regional , Local, and Seasonal Effects on Climate

 Various features of the ______contribute to local variations in climate

Bodies of Water

 ______and their currents, and large lakes moderate the climate of nearby terrestrial environments

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Mountains

 Mountains have a significant effect on the amount of sunlight reaching an area local ______and ______. This is known as Rain Shadow Effect

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Seasonality

 The ______leads to many seasonal changes in local environments

Lakes

 Lakes are sensitive to ______change experience ______

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Microclimate

 ______is determined by fine-scale differences in abiotic factors

Long Term Climate Change

 One way to predict future ______is to look back at the changes that occurred previously

 Concept 50.3: Abiotic and biotic factors influence the structure and dynamics of aquatic biomes  Varying combinations of both______and______factors determine the nature of Earth’s many biomes

 Biomes:

 The examination of biomes will begin with Earth’s ______

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 ______account for the largest part of the biosphere in terms of area

 Can contain fresh or salt water

 Oceans cover about ______of Earth’s surface have an enormous impact on the______

 Many aquatic biomes are stratified into zones or layers defined by ______

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 ______- Standing bodies of water range from ponds to lakes

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 ______covered long enough period to support aquatic plants

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 Streams and rivers Having a ______

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 ______Transition between River and Sea

 Example: ______Largest Estuary in the USA

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 ______Area of high and low tides

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 ______is a vast realm of ______constantly mixed by wind- driven oceanic currents

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 ______Found in the photic zone (Tropical Latitude)  Highly sensitive to ______

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 Marine ______Seafloor community organisms have adapted to live with little or no light

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 Concept 50.4: Climate largely determines the distribution and structure of terrestrial biomes

 Climate is particularly important in determining why particular ______are found in certain areas

 Climate has a great impact on the distribution of organisms, as seen on a ______

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 The distribution of major ______

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 Terrestrial biomes are often named for major physical or ______and for their______

 Stratification is an important feature of terrestrial biomes layering of ______(Example: Canopy found in the Tropical Rain Forest)

 Tropical forest: tropical region large ______

 Characterisitcs:

 Desert (VERY DRY)

 Characteristics

 Savanna: Equatorial and subequatorial (THE LION KING)

 Characteristics:  Chaparral Coastal regions around several continents (California)

 Characteristics:

 Temperate Grassland

 Characterisitcs:

 Coniferous Forest

 Characteristics:

 Temperate Broadleaf Forest (State of Virginia)

 Characteristics:

 Tundra: Frozen Desert—20% Earth Surface

 Characterisitcs: