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A Potential Collection Method for Agapeta Zoegana (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae), a Knapweed·Root·Feeding Moth Sheila M

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A Potential Collection Method for Agapeta Zoegana (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae), a Knapweed·Root·Feeding Moth Sheila M J. ENTOMOL Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 86 (1989), SEPT. 3D, 1989 55 A POTENTIAL COLLECTION METHOD FOR AGAPETA ZOEGANA (LEPIDOPTERA: COCHYLIDAE), A KNAPWEED·ROOT·FEEDING MOTH SHEILA M. FITZPATRICK AGRICULWRE CANADA REsEARCH STATION 6660 N.W. MARINE DRIVE VANCOUVER, B.C. V6T lX2 ABSTRACT This paper describes a method for collecting living, undamaged Agapeta zoegana (L.) moths, especially recently mated females. The objective was to gather this potential biological control agent for subsequent distribution to land infested with Icnapweeds (CenJaurea spp.) Sweep-netting and baiting techniques were inappropriate collection methods, because the moths were delicate and did not appear to forage. The moths did not move to the plant tops at particular temperatures or times of day and therefore could not easily be collected by aspiration. However, males and virgin and mated females within large field cages were attracted to UV light and, during their daily period of reproductive activity from dusk to midnight, could be collected in a Heliothis trap (Sentry) illuminated by a blacklight. In the open, neither this method nor a mobile­ blacklight technique were successful in 1988, but both warrant further work. Results are discussed in the context of A. zoegana establishment in B.C. INTRODUCTION Diffuse (Centaurea diffusa Lam.) and spotted (c. maculosa Lam.) knapweed, introduced from Europe in the early 1900's, pose a serious threat to range- and pasture-hinds in B.C. (Cranston, 1980). The knapweeds outcompete native forage species on disturbed or over­ grazed sites, and are of low value as forage (Harris and Myers 1984). Chemical control of knapweed in most areas is neither economically practical nor environmentally desirable (Cranston 1980). Therefore, recent research has concentrated on introducing biological control agents from knapweed habitats in Europe (e.g. Harris and Myers 1984; Muir and Harris 1986, 1987). The knapweed-root-feeding moth, Agapeta zoegana (L.), was introduced from Europe in 1982, 1983 and 1984 (Muir and Harris 1987). However, unlike previous releases of other natural enemies of knapweed (the seed flies, Urophora affinis (Frfld.) and U. quadrifasciata Mg.; the moth, Metzneria paucipunctella (Zeller) (Harris and Myers 1984); and the beetle, Sphenoptera jugoslavica (Obcnb.) (Powell and Harris 1986)), introduction did not result in establishment (Muir and Harris 1987). Efforts to import enough A . zoegana larvae for subsequent releases were unsuccessful, since many larvae shipped from Europe died from parasitism and other factors, and because knapweed habitats in Europe were fast disappearing (Muir and Harris 1987). Therefore, a propagation facility, operated by the B.C. Ministry of Forests, was set up at the Agriculture Canada Research Station in Kamloops, B.C. Since 1985, A. zoegana has been reared successfull} on cultivated knapweed enclosed in large steel-frame field cages, then released onto knapweed infestations in B.C. (Muir and Harris 1987). It is hoped that A. zoegana will become established and amenable to collection from these sites for distribution elsewhere CR. Tucker, pers. comm.). However, there is little evidence of establishment to date. I have attempted to develop a technique for collecting large numbers of undamaged A. zoegana moths, especially recently mated females. I considered three methods: sweep-netting, as used for the two Urophora species (Harris 1986a,b) and for S. jugoslavica; attraction to sugary baits (Borror et al. 1976); and attraction to a blacklight live-trap (Frost 1952, Mikkola 1972). Experience showed that A. zoegana moths were too delicate to be collected by sweep­ netting and unlikely to be attracted to sugary baits, as adults have never been seen nectaring, either during the day (Y. Fediuk, H. Muller, pers. comm.), or at night (pers. obs.). However, A. zoegana moths are attracted to UV light between dusk and midnight (Tucker and Fediuk 1987). Therefore, a blacklight live-trap seemed the collection method most likely to succeed. 56 1. ENTOMOL Soc. BRn·. COLUMBIA 86 (1989), SEPT. 3D, 1989 To determine the optimwn time for trapping, I quantified nocturnal activity pattems. Because light traps often attract more males than females (Mikkola 1972), I paid particular attention to reproductive behaviour that might result in male- biased catches. I also observed diurnal activities to see if the moths ever moved up to the plant tops from which they could be collected by aspiration. MATERIALS AND METHODS All observations of A. zoegana activity were carried out from June until August., 1988, on moths maintained in 12 steel- frame field cages (3 x 3 x 2.5 m high) at the Kamloops rearing facility. KI tapweed (predominantly spotted) within the enclosures was planted from seed, watered, weeded and fertilized. A. zoegana moths, which are bright yellow and -1 cm long, began emerging from below-grow1C1 pupation sites in mid-Jwle. Although moths apparently do not nectar, two feeders, each consisting of a honey-soaked wick in a 50-ml Erlenmeyer flask, were suspended 5 em above the knapweed canopy in each cage, and renewed every few days. Mated females oviposited on knapweed foliage from June until August, and neonate larvae migrated to the roots where they fed, reducing the plant vigour, until pupation. Predators such as ants and spiders were excluded by applications of insecticide (carbaryl) around the outer boundaries of each cage. Predators seen within cages were killed by hand. To quantify the diurnal movement of these sedentary moths, I measured their heights within the canopy as a fWlction of time and temperature. Temperatures were read from a max-min thermometer suspended 5 cm above the tallest knapweed plants in one of the cages. At night, moths perching within or flying above the canopy were not easily seen. Therefore, I compared day- and nighttime activity by counting the nwnber of moths perching on the cage walls above the canopy. Night observations were carried out by the light of a flashlight dimmed with several layers of paper towel and filtered (Kodak Wratten #29) to exclude all wavelengths but red, to which moths are least sensitive (Mikkola 1972). As observations indicated that moth activity was greatest at and after dusk, I assessed reproductive activity at this time by observing females confined in net sleeve-cages (45 x 15 cm) placed over knapweed plants. The mating status and egg complement of these females was determined by dissection. A. zoegana males transfer a spermatophore (a mass of sperm and accessory gland secretions enclosed in a cuticular sac (Rutowski 1979; Drummond 1984) to the female reproductive tract during mating. Tracts of mated A. zoegana females contained either a full spermatophore or one or two partially or fully collapsed cuticular sacs. Females have two ovaries, each consisting of four ovarioles filled with oocytes (Fitzpatrick 1988), most of which were filled with yolk and yolk precursors and appeared white, while those nearest the terminal filament (Happ 1984) were smaller and clear. The blacklightlive-trap was a Heliothis trap (Sentry; and see Webster et al. 1986) suspended 15 cm above the tallest knapweed plants, and illwninated from the top by a mining-type blacklight (principal wavelength 360 nm; Fig. 1). The trap's lower cone was covered with white organdy cloth to enhance UV reflectance. Knapweed below the trap was parted to allow a white cloth to be placed there. Care was taken to shield the worker's eyes from direct UV rays. Power was provided by a portable Honda generator of 1 kW. In one instance, the blacklight was placed behind a sheet of white cotton stretched over a frame (20 x 20 em) and mounted on the front of a four-wheel-drive all-terrain- vehicle (Honda 4-Track) to provide a moving collection device. Moths needed for field tests of collection devices were aspirated with an Insect Vac (Bioquip) from field cages. , The data were tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed, if appropriate, by Tukey's test. Chi-square tests were applied to frequency data. 1. ENTOMOL Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 86 (1989), SEPT. 30, 1989 57 ~ ,""'''""'''"" --A I----C ~--D 80cm t 15cm ~B + \{0 \j;Jy f/f:/ \I//" \/10,/ Ii \!//ij \/U::- \1;,-;:;- KNAPWEED Figure 1. Schematic lateral view of blacklight live-trap. Moths, attracted by blacklight suspended at (A), enter the lower cone (B) of the Heliothis trap (Sentry) and fly up to the containment chamber (C), which can be rem oved by releasing Velcro at (D). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Diurnal and nocturnal activity A. zoegana moths remained within the knapweed canopy during the day, rarely flying. Of 28 moths observed every 2 h on June 24, 53% remained in one place from 0800 h (20.0°C) until 1500 h (30.0°C). On warm days (e.g. July 14; Fig. 2B) most moths were found in the middle to upper canopy, while on an unseasonably cool, windy day (June 30; Fig. 2A) they remained in the lower half. The moths showed no daily vertical migration to the top of the canopy, although in one case (June 30-July 1) their mean height was significantly greater at 0800 h than at 2000 h the previous evening (Fig. 2; ANOVA on heights) . Therefore, aspirating the moths from plant tops was not a feasible collection method. From morning until mid-afternoon, A. zoegana moths were usually difficult to disturb. They were most easily startled into flight in late afternoon and early evening, when they made short flights of 1-2 s to nearby plants or cage walls. About dusk, many of both sexes flew in 3-4 s zigzagging flights up onto the cage wall s above the canopy (Fig. 3; cf. Muir and Harris, 1987). Despite efforts to control predators, spiders caught many of the moths perching on the walls, particularly early in the season (Fig. 3). The moths did not fly during cool, cloudy, windy weather.
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