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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL of GRADUATE STUDIES Environmental Science Program

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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL of GRADUATE STUDIES Environmental Science Program ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES Environmental Science Program Impact of ‘Katikala’ Production on the Degradation of Woodland Vegetation and Emission of CO and PM during Distillation in Arsi-Negele Woreda, Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia By Nejibe Mohammed A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental science February, 2008 Environmental Impact of ‘Katikala’ Production in Arsi-Negele Woreda, Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia A Thesis Submitted to the School Of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science By Nejibe Mohammed Addis Ababa University Faculty of Science, Environmental Science Program February 2008 ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all I am deeply indebted to my advisors: Dr Mekuria Argaw and Dr. Seyoum Leta for their diligent and Constructive comments, guidance and flexible supervision and continuous follow up. I wish to thank Addis Ababa University for giving me the chance to join the graduate studies of environmental science program. I need to also express my genuine thanks to horn of Africa regional environment program for providing me with financial support special thanks goes to Ato Negussu Aklilu, Forum for Environment (FfE) for his cooperation. I would also like to thank Ato Dekebo Dale, Arsi Negele Concern for Environment and Development Association (ANCEDA) for his continuous cooperation in providing me with valuable information during the field work. I am particularly indebted to GTZ – SUN Energy project who gave me logistic support for accomplishing this thesis. Special thanks go to Ato Anteneh Gulilat, Ato Samson Tolessa and Hiwote Teshome of GTZ – SUN Energy Many thanks go to my family for being with me all the way right from the on set of the research work. Last but not the list I would like to thank all those who put a drop of contribution in any ways for the successful completion of my study. i TABLE OF CONTENT Page No. ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................................i TABLE OF CONTENT.................................................................................................ii LIST OF TABLE ..........................................................................................................iv LIST OF FIGURE ......................................................................................................... v ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................vi ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................vii 1. INTRODCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1. GENERAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................. 1 1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM....................................................................... 4 1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE S.TUDY ........................................................................... 7 1.3.1. General Objective .......................................................................................... 7 1.3.2. Specific Objective.......................................................................................... 7 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE................................................................. 8 2.1. FOREST RESOURE DEGRADATION................................................................. 9 2.2. CONSEQUENCE OF WOODFUEL CONSUPTION IN THE ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................... 10 2.2.1. Impact of Woodfuel Consumption on Forest Ecosystems ......................... 11 2.2.2. Fuelwood Consumption Pattern and Forest Degradation in Ethiopia ...... 12 2.3. IMPACT OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION ........................................................... 14 2.3.1. Indoor Air Pollution Due to Combustion and Its Health Effect in Developing Countries .................................................................................. 15 2.3.2. Major Air Pollutants Released From Biomass Combustion........................ 17 2.3.3. The Gap in Pollutant Testing Methods........................................................ 18 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS............................................................................... 21 3.1. THE STUDY AREA: ARSI-NEGELE WOREDA................................................ 21 3.1.1. Location and Description............................................................................. 21 3.1.2. Climate and Topography ............................................................................. 21 3.1.3. Geology and Soil ......................................................................................... 22 3.1.4. Vegetation.................................................................................................... 23 3.1.5. Land Use and Agriculture............................................................................ 24 3.1.6. Population .................................................................................................... 24 3.2.STUDY DESIGN .................................................................................................... 25 3.2.1. Household survey ........................................................................................ 25 3.2.2. Market survey .............................................................................................. 25 3.2.3. Woody vegetation survey ............................................................................ 25 3.2.4. Indoor air pollution measuring .................................................................... 27 3.3.DATA ANALYSIS.................................................................................................. 29 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................................................................................. 31 4.1.FUELWOOD CONSUMPTION BY HOUSEHOLDS........................................... 31 4.1.1. Species Preferences by Household .............................................................. 32 4.1.2. Most Frequently Used Species .................................................................... 34 4.2. FUELWOOD SUPPLY AND SOURCE................................................................ 36 4.3. IMPACT ON VEGETATION................................................................................ 39 4.3.1. Impact on different Species ......................................................................... 43 4.4.IMPACT ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY ................................................................ 45 4.4.1. Average Pollutant Concentration................................................................. 45 ii 4.4.2. Maximum Pollutant Concentration............................................................ 49 4.4.3. The Relationship of Carbonmonoxide & Suspended Particulate Matter..... 53 4.4.4. Pollutant Concentration And Fuelwood Use Rate....................................... 55 5. CONCLSION AND RECOMMENDATION .......................................................... 59 5.1.CONCLUSION........................................................................................................ 59 5.2.RECOMMENDATION........................................................................................... 60 REFERENCE............................................................................................................... 61 ANNEX ......................................................................................................................... 69 ANNEX 1: HOUSE HOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE......................................... 69 ANNEX 2: MARKET QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................................. 72 ANNEX 3: MARKET SUPPLY COOUNTING FORMAT ......................................... 74 ANNEX 4: VEGETATION DATA COLLECTION FORMAT................................... 75 ANNEX 5: HOBO CO SAMPLING DATA FORM..................................................... 76 ANNEX 6: UCB PARTICLE MONITOR SAMPLING DATA FORM ...................... 77 ANNEX 7: INDOOR AIR POLLUTIN: POST-MONITORING QUESTIONAIRE ... 78 iii LIST OF TABLE TABLE 4.1 DAILY CONSUMPTION RATEKG/DAY ........................................................ 31 TABLE 4.2 FUELWOOD SPECIES PREFERENCE OF CONSUMERS............................. 32 TABLE 4.3 MOST FREQUENTLY USED FUELWOOD SPECIES BY HOUSEHOLDS .................................................................................................. 35 TABLE 4.4 SOURSES OF FUELWOOD TO ARSI-NEGLE TOWN FROM DIFFERENT LOCATION ............................................................................ 37 TABLE 4.5 DAILY SUPPLY OF FUELWOOD TO ARSI-NEGELE TOWN (MEAN (+ SD............................................................................................................. 38 TABLE 4.6 DENSITY OF TREES (SS= SEEDLINGS+SAPLING, M= MATURE TREES) PER HECTARE WITH IN VILLAGES .......................... 39 TABLE 4.7 SIZE CLASS DISTRIBUTION OF TREES COMPARISON OF SPECIES B/N THE PLOTS IN THE KEBELE AND THE PARK........................ 40 TABLE 4.8 SIZE CLASS DISTRIBUTIONS OF TREES WITHIN SPECIES COMPARISON BETWEEN THE KEBELES AND PARK..................... 42 TABLE 4.9 NUMBER, NUMBER PER HECTARE AND
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