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Estudos Para Uma Definição De Estética Ecotécnica Na Arte, Arquitetura E Infraestruturas

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Estudos Para Uma Definição De Estética Ecotécnica Na Arte, Arquitetura E Infraestruturas Estudos para uma definição de estética ecotécnica na arte, arquitetura e infraestruturas Guilherme Kujawski Ramos São Carlos 2019 GUILHERME KUJAWSKI RAMOS Estudos para uma definição de estética ecotécnica na arte, arquitetura e infraestruturas (Versão corrigida) Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo Área de Concentração: Teoria e História da Arquitetura e Urbanismo Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ruy Sardinha Lopes São Carlos 2019 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. E-MAIL DO AUTOR: [email protected] AGRADECIMENTOS À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pelo financiamento da pesquisa. Ao meu orientador, Ruy Sardinha Lopes, por sua participação imprescindível na condução do presente trabalho. Ao grupo de pesquisa NEC (Núcleo de Estudos das Espacialidades Contemporâneas), em especial Ruy Sardinha Lopes, David Sperling e Fabio Lopes de Souza Santos. À Letícia Godoy, minha querida companheira de vida. "Devemos mudar nossa maneira de ver — para chegar finalmente, talvez demasiado tarde, a mudar nossa maneira de sentir" (NIETZSCHE 2008, A 103) RESUMO O trabalho discute, por meio de método indutivo-descritivo, a hipotética existência de uma estética ecotécnica, dentro do horizonte das atuais discussões sobre sustentabilidade e resiliência. Em termos teóricos, compreende uma reflexão sobre a sua gênese, ponderando que ela seja o produto de uma comunhão entre os pensamentos tecnológico e ecológico. Em termos práticos, procura mapear não inovações, mas invenções em setores de infraestruturas, estruturas arquitetônicas e artemídias de cunho ecológico. A linha de investigação, portanto, engloba um amplo espectro estético, concentrando-se na produção de artistas, coletivos, teóricos de design e institutos acadêmicos envolvidos na pesquisa de suportes arquitetônicos vivos, redes autônomas de telecomunicações, sistemas computacionais não convencionais, eficiência energética, tecnologias de sensoriamento remoto de fenômenos naturais e revitalizações da chamada arte ecológica. Tem como objetivo geral proporcionar uma empatia com as técnicas low tech, sem subestimar os avanços tecnológicos da atualidade, mas preconizando o refreamento do uso intensivo de recursos, ou seja, a substituição da necessidade extensiva do crescimento econômico por um princípio de suficiência. Palavras-chave: artemídia, ecologia, estética, energias alternativas, resiliência tecnológica ABSTRACT The thesis discusses, through a inductive-descriptive method, the hypothetical existence of an ecotechnic aesthetics, within the horizon of the current discussions about sustainability and resilience. In theoretical terms, it comprises a reflection on its genesis, considering that it is the product of a communion between the technological and ecological thoughts. In practical terms, it seeks to map not innovations, but inventions in sectors of infrastructure, architectural structures and media art expressions of ecological nature. The research line therefore encompasses a broad aesthetic spectrum, focusing on the production of artists, collectives, design theorists and academic institutes involved in the research of living architectural supports, autonomous telecommunication networks, unconventional computating systems, energy efficiency, technologies of remote sensing of natural phenomena and revitalizations of so-called ecological art. Its general objective is to provide an empathy with low tech techniques, without underestimating the current technological advances, but recommending the retention of the intensive use of resources, or, in other words, the substitution of the extension necessity of economic growth for a principle of sufficiency. Keywords: media art, ecology, aesthetics, alternative energies, technological resilience SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO........................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO 1 - TRATADO DO MODELO................................................... 6 INTRODUÇÃO........................................................................................... 7 1.1 O PENSAMENTO ECOLÓGICO.......................................................... 18 1.1.1 Ecologia............................................................................................. 19 1.1.2 Mesologia.......................................................................................... 21 1.1.3 Teorias do meio................................................................................. 23 1.1.3.1 Entorno........................................................................................... 25 1.1.3.2 Clima............................................................................................... 26 1.1.3.3 Paisagem........................................................................................ 27 1.2 O PENSAMENTO ESTÉTICO ............................................................. 29 1.2.1 Construção e fenômeno.................................................................... 30 1.2.1.1 Construtivismo: forma e autoforma................................................ 31 1.2.1.2.1 Horizonte e profundidade............................................................ 35 1.2.1.3 Fenomenologia: percepção e sensório.......................................... 37 1.3 O PENSAMENTO TECNOLÓGICO..................................................... 40 1.3.1 Tecnologia e cultura........................................................................... 42 1.3.2 Tecnopoiética..................................................................................... 44 1.3.3 Estrutura reticulada............................................................................ 47 1.3.4 Limites dinâmicos.............................................................................. 49 1.4 ESTÉTICA AMBIENTAL...................................................................... 51 1.4.1 Novos modelos.................................................................................. 52 1.4.1.1 Modelo cognitivo............................................................................. 54 1.4.1.2 Modelo não-cognitivo...................................................................... 55 1.4.2 Sublime revisitado............................................................................. 58 1.4.3 Estética positiva................................................................................. 61 1.5 TECNO-ESTÉTICA.............................................................................. 63 1.5.1 Categoria técnica............................................................................... 64 1.5.1.1 Tecnicidade..................................................................................... 65 1.5.1.2 Elementos....................................................................................... 67 1.5.1.3 Indivíduos....................................................................................... 67 1.5.1.4 Conjuntos....................................................................................... 69 1.5.2 Categoria estética.............................................................................. 71 1.6 ESTÉTICA ECOTÉCNICA................................................................... 74 1.6.1 Sistemas genéticos............................................................................ 77 1.6.2 Especificações................................................................................... 79 1.6.2.1 Origens........................................................................................... 80 1.6.2.2 Objetos........................................................................................... 83 1.6.2.3 Funcionamento e função................................................................ 85 1.6.2.4 Estrutura figura-fundo..................................................................... 87 1.6.3 O objeto tecno-ambiental................................................................... 89 CAPÍTULO 2 - ESTÉTICA ECOTÉCNICA E ARTE................................... 93 INTRODUÇÃO........................................................................................... 94 2.1 HIPOTÉTICA GÊNESE DE UM GÊNERO HIPOTÉTICO.................... 98 2.1.1 Romantismo....................................................................................... 99 2.1.2 Environmental art............................................................................... 103 2.1.3 Artemídia............................................................................................ 108 2.1.4 Considerações................................................................................... 114 2.2 O COMPLEXO ARTE-ARQUITETURA............................................... 115 2.2.1 Arquitetura expandida........................................................................ 117 2.2.1.1 Geotêxteis....................................................................................... 118 2.2.1.2 Choupanas..................................................................................... 120 2.2.2 Arquitetura especulativa.................................................................... 122 2.2.2.1 Arquitetura sistêmica...................................................................... 124 2.2.2.2 Protocélulas...................................................................................
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