Map: on the Map, Draw in and Label All of the First Civilizations Discussed in This Chapter

WHAP Unit 1 Chapter 2 Reading Guide /126 Name: Date: Hour: Read Chapter 2 and Identify the following:

Civilization: State: Mandate of Heaven: Complex societies, urban-based Political unit, centralized, coordinated, The gods choose the rulers, ruler has societies, state-organized societies; regulated, adjudicated, militarized authority of the gods in China have cities, specialized workers, Logophonetic: Pharaoh: complex institutions, writing/record Using symbols to designate both God/king of Egypt, “the palace”, used keeping, advanced technology whole words and particular sounds or during the New Kingdom of Egypt Sumer: syllables Phoenicians: First civilization, in Mesopotamia Cuneiform: Mediterranean civilization, known for Epic of Gilgamesh: Writing of Mesopotamia in which sailing, alphabet, purple dye Most famous literary work from wedge-shaped symbols are pressed Quipu: ancient Mesopotamia, tells of one into clay Record-keeping system of the Inca man’s quest for immortality Hebrews: early Andean Code of Hammurabi: Monotheist group from Mesopotamia, Ziggurat: Series of laws by King of Babylon, first had law code, migrated to Palestine Step pyramid created in Mesopotamia written law code and later Egypt Patriarchy: Hieroglyphs: “rule of the father”, social system of Writing in which pictures represent 2 each male dominance words, Egyptian writing /32 Hyksos: Invaders of Egypt, brought about end of Middle Kingdom, chariots

Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies

I. The Neolithic Revolution D. Agricultural communities Irrigation systems had to work cooperatively to Oxus=irrigation agriculture clear land and create water Needed more farm land-clear land control systems needed for Break up soil (till) crop production. Terracing

E. These agricultural practices Soil erosion, overworking the soil (B, C, D) drastically impacted deforestation the environment. overgrazing II. Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies. D. Hierarchical and patriarchal With specialization of labor, social classes formed. Leaders and elites emerged in the social structures state and in social hierarchy. First civs were male dominated although Egypt seemed to be a little more favorable for women (business).

Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies I. Core and foundational (List and describe location) civilizations Sumer in Mesopotamia between Tigris and Euphrates, Egypt in Nile River Valley, Norte Chico (coastal) and Early Andean(Chavin) in modern-day Peru, Indus River Valley (Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa), China (Xia, Shang, Zhou) on Yellow or Huang He, Central Asia or Oxus in modern Afghanistan, Olmec in Mesoamerica

II. The first states emerged within core civilizations. A. Types of rule, rulers China: Mandate of Heaven, Son of Heaven, dynastic cycle Babylon: Hammurabi Some rulers ruled by divine power/right or was backed by military Authoritarian Mesopotamia: priests,warrior kings over cities, then empire building Egypt: Pharaohs, god/king, old/middle/new kingdom, theocracy Indus: no real evidence to prove political structure Hereditary rule, dynasties B. States grew and competed Coordinated labor for land and resources Olmec spread influence by force Started empires Need materials/resources not available in their land

C. Early regions of expansion Mesopotamia grew: villagers moving to cities due to invasion or empire building Egypt grew, united (Upper and Lower) and expanded in Nile Valley, Egypt into Nubia, Hyksos into Egypt Akkadians (Sargon), Babylonians, Assyrians Captives absorbed into new empire/blending of cultures D. New Weapons and modes Compound bows, Iron weapons, chariots, horseback riding, traps, daggers, swords, of transportation metal used in weapons China-Bronze chariots, weapons for the wealthy not poor—used wood Fish nets Bronze swords, spears, axes, shields, armor, knives Plows Wheel Ships III. Culture unified states A. Monumental architecture Indus: Elaborate planned cities in Mohenjo-Daro/Harappa but no elaborate and urban planning architecture, plumbing Oxus: fortified centers Mesopotamia: ziggurats, defensive walls Egypt: pyramids and tombs, temples, Sphinx, tied to astronomy Streets and roads Sewage and water systems Olmec: Big Heads, pyramids, giant jaguar temple China: walls

B. Arts and artisanship Cotton textiles in Andean Jewelry, statues (Olmec big heads) Sculpting, painting, wall decorations, elaborate weaving Pottery C. Record keeping Cuneiform-first written language Early Indus River Valley had undeciphered written language, pictographic China: oracle bones Egypt: Hieroglyphics Andean: Quipu Olmec: had signs that represent sounds, linked to later Mayan writing

D. Legal Codes Hebrews-Ten Commandments Mesopotamia: Babylon—Hammurabi’s Code, first written Edicts from leader/ruler E. Religion Hebrews: monotheism Olmec: ritual bloodletting, priests Andean: polytheistic, Chavin cult Mesopotamia: ceremonial, polytheistic, ziggurats Indus: trees and animals were sacred, fertility important, polytheistic (Indra) Egypt: Polytheistic, Pharaohs were living gods (short-lived monotheistic), mummification China: polytheistic, ancestor worship, son of heaven F. Expansion of trade Olmec: trade linked them with other Mesoamericans Andean: trade from coast to mountain, traded silver, gold and copper Indus: traded much with Mesopotamia Egypt: along the Nile, into Mediterranean G. Social and gender Indus RV: not sure, maybe ruled by priests, early form of caste system, wealthy had hierarchies bathrooms Egypt: patriarchal but women had more rights than in other civilizations, pharaohs at the top and farmers at the bottom, Queen Hatshepsut Commoners labored for the elite in Olmec civilization Special tombs for leaders in Olmec China: king on top Olmec: kings and ruling families on top of society H. Literature Mesopotamia: Epic of Gilgamesh Egypt: Book of the Dead

Map: On the map, draw in and label all of the “First Civilizations” discussed in this chapter.