Printers and Multi-Function Printing Units

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25 PRINTERS AND MULTI-FUNCTION PRINTING UNITS

26 VERSION 2 (January 2018)

27 VALID THROUGH (January 2023)

Version Description History 1 Printers and Multifunction Printing Units, initial publication December 2012 2 ● Update of v1 by original committee to include January 2018 conventional Ink Jet printers within scope and remove the scope exclusion on printers with speeds greater than 75 ppm. ● Update of impact assessment methodologies to TRACI 2.1 and ReCiPe2016. ● Table of Contents added for ease of navigation and general style reformatting ● General restructuring under sections “Goal and Scope, Requirements for the LCA,” “Data, Calculation and Reporting requirements,” “Use Stage Calculations,” and Content of the EPD”. 28 Versions overview

30 Editor’s Note

31 This proposed PCR is based on revisions made to existing PCRs that address laser printers and other imaging 32 devices. In an effort to harmonize this PCR with existing PCRs, the Laser Printers (EDP 2004-26[0]) PCR from 33 Korea and the Electro-photographic and Inkjet Printer PCR from JEMAI were used as references. These PCRs were 34 expanded to reflect global manufacturing data availability, conformity with existing imaging equipment 35 environmental standards, and conformity with reference standards (PAS 2050, ISO 14065). Revisions/discussion 36 points to make this PCR applicable to the U.S. include: units, functional unit, impact assessment methods, testing 37 methods and requirements, use phase options, references, and standards.

38 This PCR is intended to serve the global B2B and B2C markets, reflecting the global manufacturing and distribution 39 networks for these products. It is expected that region-specific versions of these PCR will not differ significantly.

40 41 42 43 1 General Information

44 The intended application of this Product Category Rules (PCR) document is to provide guidance 45 for developing Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) for printers and multi-function 46 devices and to pinpoint the underlying requirements of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) pursuant 47 to ISO standards that address appropriate environmental aspects of the product life cycle. The 48 user of this PCR will be manufacturers of printers and multi-function devices and other 49 interested parties and will enable EPDs that support comparable, informed, and objective 50 evaluation of these products.

51 This document was developed under the UL Environment EPD Program, operating in 52 conformance with ISO 14025:2006 and the following international standards:

53  ISO 14040, LCA - Principles and procedures 54  ISO 14044, LCA - Requirements and guidelines 55

56 The rules and requirements of the UL EPD Program are defined in the UL General Program Instructions, available 57 at: http://industries.ul.com/environment/transparency/product-category-rules-pcrs.

58 The information contained in an EPD created using this PCR is intended to complement existing environmental 59 impact metrics for imaging equipment (i.e. EPEAT, Energy Star, Blue Angel). For example, this product category 60 rule facilitates the creation of Environmental Product Declarations that will satisfy optional criteria within the the 61 IEEE 1680.2 for imaging equipment to be released in (INSERT DATE).

62 1.1 Identification of Product

63 This product category rule is applicable to output devices: copiers, digital duplicators, fax machines, multifunction 64 devices (MFDs), and printers that use high-temperature technologies such as Electrophotography (EP) and Solid Ink 65 (SI), and those that provide comparable functionality. It is not intended for low-temperature technologies, nor for 66 Large-format or Small-format products. Not included are EP printers using continuous form paper or printers using 67 paper sizes larger than A3 or printers.

68 For purposes of this PCR, the speed of the product that was used to determine the job size for the TEC in Section 2.4 69 will be used (the manufacturer’s reported maximum claimed simplex speed in images per minute (ipm) for making 70 monochrome images on standard-sized paper (8.5” x 11” or A4), rounded to the nearest integer).

72 1.2 Geographic Coverage

73 This PCR is intended to serve the global B2B and B2C markets, reflecting the global manufacturing and distribution 74 networks for these products. It is expected that region-specific versions of these PCR will not differ significantly.

75 1.3 Period of Validity

76 This PCR is valid for 5 years and is subject to annual review by UL Environment. 77

78 1.4 Public Comment

79 In accordance with the UL Environment General Program Instructions, this PCR is made freely available for public 80 comment for at least one calendar month and open to all public comments. Identifiable sources are addressed and 81 responses will be provided upon request.

83 1.5 PCR Review Panel

84 The PCR review of Version 1 of this was conducted by:

Chairperson Panel Member Panel Member Lise Laurin Marcos Esterman, Ph.D. Tim Strecker EarthShift, LLC Associate Professor Environmental Program 31 Leach Road Rochester Institute of Technology Manager Kittery, Maine 03904 Kate Gleason College of Engineering Hewlett-Packard Company [email protected] 81 Lomb Memorial Drive 3000 Hanover Street Rochester, NY 14623-5603 Palo Alto, CA 94304-1185 [email protected] [email protected]

85 1.6 Other Relevant Product Category Rules

86 In an effort to harmonize this PCR with existing PCRs, the Laser Printers (EDP 2004-26[0]) PCR from Korea and 87 the Electro-photographic and Inkjet Printer PCR from JEMAI were used as references. These PCRs were expanded 88 to reflect global manufacturing data availability, conformity with existing imaging equipment environmental 89 standards, and conformity with reference standards (PAS 2050, ISO 14065).

90 91 2 Definitions and Acronyms

92 Automatic Duplexing

93 The capability of a copier, fax machine, MFD, or printer to produce images on both sides of an output sheet, without 94 manual manipulation of output as an intermediate step. A product is considered to have automatic duplexing 95 capability only if all accessories needed to produce duplex output are included with the product upon shipment. 96 [Energy Star, 2006]

97 Consumable

98 A consumable is a replacement product integral to the functioning of the imaging equipment product with the intent, 99 when depleted or worn, to be replaced or replenished by the user during the normal usage and life span of the 100 imaging equipment product. Note: Consumables may include: toner, toner containers, toner bottles, toner cartridges, 101 waste toner cartridges, ink cartridges, ink heads, ink sticks, ribbon ink, thermal paper, copy paper, imaging units, 102 transfer belts, transfer roller, fusers, drum maintenance units, and other associated items. Items not intended to be 103 replaced or replenished by the user would be not be considered consumable supplies, but rather "spare parts". [IEEE 104 1680.2:June 2011]

105 Consumer

106 Individual member of the general public purchasing or using goods, property or services for private purposes. [ISO 107 14025:2006]

108 Continuous Form

109 Products that do not use a cut-sheet media format, and that are designed for applications such as printing of bar 110 codes, labels, receipts, banners, and engineering drawings.

111 Continuous form products can be of small, standard, or large format. [Energy Star, 2012]

112 Copier

113 A product whose sole function is to produce paper duplicates from paper originals. This definition is intended to 114 cover products that are marketed as copiers, and upgradeable digital copiers (UDCs). [Energy Star, 2006]

115 Ecosphere flow

116 A flow directly to and from nature.

117 Electro-photographic (EP)

118 A marking technology characterized by the illumination of a photoconductor in a pattern representing the desired 119 output image via a light source, development of the image with particles of toner using the latent image on the 120 photoconductor to define the presence or absence of toner at a given location, transfer of the toner to the final print 121 media, and fusing to cause the output to become durable. For purposes of this specification, Color EP products 122 simultaneously offer three or more unique toner colors, while Monochrome EP products simultaneously offer one or 123 two unique toner colors. This definition includes Laser, Light Emitting Diode (LED), and Liquid Crystal Display 124 (LCD) illumination technologies. [Energy Star, 2012]

125 Environmental impact

126 Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization's 127 environmental aspects. [ISO 14001:2004] 128 Functional unit

129 Quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit. [ISO 14040:2006]

130 Facsimile (Fax) Machine

131 A product whose primary functions are (1) to scan paper originals for electronic transmission to remote units, and 132 (2) to receive electronic transmissions for conversion to paper output. A fax machine may also be capable of 133 producing paper duplicates. Electronic transmission is primarily over a public telephone system, but may also be via 134 a computer network or the Internet. This definition is intended to cover products that are marketed as fax machines. 135 [Energy Star, 2012]

136 Ink Jet (IJ)

137 A marking technology characterized by the deposition of colorant in small drops directly to the print media in a 138 matrix manner. For purposes of this specification, Color IJ products offer two or more unique colorants at one time, 139 while Monochrome IJ products offer one colorant at a time. This definition includes Piezo-electric (PE) IJ, IJ 140 Sublimation, and Thermal IJ. This definition does not include High Performance IJ. [Energy Star, 2012]

141 Large Format

142 Products designed for A2 media and larger, including those designed to accommodate continuous-form media 143 greater than or equal to 406 mm wide. Large-format products may also be capable of printing on standard-size or 144 small-format media. [Energy Star, 2012]

145 Life cycle

146 Consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation from: natural 147 resources to final disposal. [ISO 14040:2006]

148 Multifunction Device (MFD)

149 A product that performs two or more of the core functions of a Printer, Scanner, Copier, or Fax Machine. An MFD 150 may have a physically integrated form factor, or it may consist of a combination of functionally integrated 151 components. MFD copy functionality is considered to be distinct from single-sheet convenience copying 152 functionality sometimes offered by fax machines. This definition includes products marketed as MFDs, and “multi- 153 function products” (MFPs). [Energy Star, 2012]

154 Packaging

155 All products made of any materials of any nature to be used for the containment, protection, handling, delivery and 156 presentation of goods, from raw materials to processed goods, from the producer to the user or the consumer. 'Non- 157 returnable' items used for the same purposes shall also be considered to constitute packaging. 'Packaging' consists 158 only of a) sales packaging or primary packaging, i.e. packaging conceived so as to constitute a sales unit to the final 159 user or consumer at the point of purchase; b) grouped packaging or secondary packaging, i.e. packaging conceived 160 so as to constitute at the point of purchase a grouping of a certain number of sales units whether the latter is sold as 161 such to the final user or consumer or whether it serves only as a means to replenish the shelves at the point of sale; it 162 can be removed from the product without affecting its characteristics. [IEEE 1680.2:June 2011]

163 Printer

164 A commercially-available imaging product that serves as a hard copy output device, and is capable of receiving 165 information from single-user or networked computers, or other input devices (e.g., digital cameras). The unit must 166 be capable of being powered from a wall outlet or from a data or network connection. This definition is intended to 167 cover products that are marketed as printers, including printers that can be upgraded into MFDs in the field. [IEEE 168 1680.2:June 2011]

169 Product category rules (PCR) 170 Set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for developing Type III environmental declarations for one or 171 more product categories. [ISO 14025:2006]

172 Product category

173 Group of products that can fulfill equivalent functions. [ISO 14025:2006]

174 Product Family

175 A group of product models that are (1) made by the same manufacturer, (2) subject to the same ENERGY STAR 176 qualification criteria, and (3) of a common basic design. Product models within a family differ from each other 177 according to one or more characteristics or features that either (1) have no impact on product performance with 178 regard to ENERGY STAR qualification criteria, or (2) are specified herein as acceptable variations within a product 179 family. For Imaging Equipment, acceptable variations within a product family include: a) Color, b) Housing, c) 180 Input or output paper-handling accessories, d) Electronic components not associated with the marking engine of the 181 Imaging Equipment product. [Energy Star, 2012]

182 Scanner

183 A product whose primary function is to convert paper originals into electronic images that can be stored, edited, 184 converted, or transmitted, primarily in a personal computing environment. This definition is intended to cover 185 products that are marketed as scanners. [Energy Star, 2012]

186 Small Format

187 Products designed for media sizes smaller than those defined as Standard (e.g., A6, 4”x6”, microfilm), including 188 those designed to accommodate continuous-form media less than 210 mm wide. [Energy Star, 2012]

189 Solid Ink (SI)

190 A marking technology characterized by ink that is solid at room temperature and liquid when heated to the jetting 191 temperature. This definition includes both direct transfer and offset transfer via an intermediate drum or belt. 192 [Energy Star, 2012]

194 Standard Format

195 Products designed for standard-sized media (e.g., Letter, Legal, Ledger, A3, A4, B4), including those designed to 196 accommodate continuous-form media between 210 mm and 406 mm wide. Standard-size products may also be 197 capable of printing on small-format media. [Energy Star, 2012]

198 Technosphere flow

199 A flow related to economic activity; any flow not taken directly from the earth (ecosphere).

200 Third party

201 Person or body that is recognized as being independent of the parties involved, as concerns the issues in question. 202 “Parties involved” are usually supplier (“first party”) and purchaser (“second party”) interests. [ISO 14024:1999]

203 Type III environmental declaration or ecolabel

204 Environmental declaration providing quantified environmental data using predetermined parameters and, where 205 relevant, additional environmental information. The predetermined parameters are based on the ISO 14040 series of 206 standards, which is made up of ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. The additional environmental information may be 207 quantitative or qualitative. [ISO 14025:2006]

208 Typical Electricity Consumption (TEC) 209 For the purposes of this specification, a method of comparing product energy performance via an evaluation of 210 typical electricity consumption (measured in kilowatt-hours) during normal operation over a specified period of 211 time, as specified in Section 8 of the ENERGY STAR Imaging Equipment test method. [Energy Star, 2012]

212 Verification

213 Confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence, that specified requirements have been fulfilled. [ISO 214 9000:2005]

215 Verifier

216 Person or body that carries out verification. [ISO 9000:2005]

217 2.1 Symbols and Abbreviations

218 AF&PA American Forest & Paper Association 219 EP Electro-photographic 220 EPD Environmental Product Declaration 221 EPEAT Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool 222 FEFCO European Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers 223 IJ Inkjet 224 ISO International Standards Organization 225 JEMAI Japan Environmental Management Association For Industry 226 LCA Life Cycle Assessment 227 LCI Life Cycle Inventory 228 LCIA Life Cycle Inventory Assessment 229 MFD Multi-Function Device 230 PCR Product Category Rule 231 SI Solid Ink 232 TEC Typical Electricity Consumption 233 UL Underwriters Laboratories Inc. 234 USB Universal Serial Bus 235 WiFi Wireless Fidelity 236

237 3 Requirements for the Life Cycle Assessment

238 A life cycle assessment, complying with ISO 14040/14044, describing the declared product and based on plausible, 239 transparent and credible data, must be presented in support of the EPD. Model assumptions with a relevant influence 240 on the declared results must be clearly stated in the EPD. Comparative descriptions with other products are 241 inadmissible.

242 For the respective product, an LCA complying with ISO 14040 and based on plausible, transparent and credible data 243 must be submitted. All model assumptions with a decisive influence on the result should be specified. The report 244 structure complies with the structure of this document, following ISO 14040.

245 The background report must address all material-specific stages of the life cycle. The stages which are taken into 246 account in the assessment must be thoroughly presented in relation to the considered processes. That is to say, the 247 production (cradle to gate) must always be thoroughly presented. If use and/or recycling/disposal are part of the 248 analysis, these stages must also be addressed. If use and/or disposal are not considered, this fact has to be justified. 249 In this case, the processes must be documented in detail. As the use stage generally depends on the construction and 250 environment, it is not required within this PCR. If desired, a hypothetical use stage scenario may be included. 251 Assumptions and key parameters must be clearly stated. The following sections must be carefully considered for any 252 form of comparative decision-making.

253 3.1 Functional Unit

254 The functional unit is defined as a 1000 page simplex job.

255 Print Pattern

256 ● If printer product has color printing capabilities use pages 1 – 4 as specified in Annex A of 257 INCITS/ISO/IEC 24712:2007[2008]. Note that this will result in 250 submissions of this 4-page job in 258 order to fulfil the 1000-page job specified above.

259 ● If a printer product does not have color printing capabilities (monochrome), use the print pattern as 260 specified in Annex C of ISO/IEC 19752[2004]. Note that this will result in 1000 submissions of this 1-page 261 job in order to fulfil the 1000-page job specified above.

262 It is important to take note that these print patterns were selected because they are deemed to be representative of 263 pages that are printed by consumers and they have been vetted through an ISO review process. It should be further 264 noted that these pages are not intended to be used when making energy consumption measurements during the use 265 phase. The TEC method and test pattern (as described below) have been deemed the most appropriate for that 266 purpose.

267 This method is in harmonization with the Japanese PCR for EP/IJ printers which also specifies a 5% coverage color 268 test page and is more representative of the ‘typical’ marking material consumption.

269 3.2 Product Lifetime

270 The lifetime of the product is assumed to be 5 years for all products defined in Section 1.2 Scope of Validity of the 271 PCR.

272 3.3 System Boundaries

273 The description of the system boundaries shall follow the definitions of the key life cycle phases as referenced 274 below:

275  Raw Material Extraction and Processing

276  Manufacturing

277  Distribution

278  Use

279 o Generation and delivery of consumed electricity

280 o Toner/cartridge manufacturing, transportation, and disposal

281 o Paper manufacturing, transportation, and disposal

282  Maintenance 283  End-of-life

284 All packaging (except for packaging that is used repeatedly in general application) and accessories for performing 285 functions include printer drivers provided on floppy disks, CD-ROMs, or other media, and manuals provided in 286 printed form, CD-ROMs, or other forms are also included.

287 3.3.1 Raw Material Extraction and Processing 288 The raw material stage includes all materials and energy inputs, transportation stages, needed for 289 the raw material supply stage, as well as end of life treatment of final residues produced during 290 the raw material supply stage. However, production of capital goods, infrastructure, production 291 of manufacturing equipment and personnel-related activities are not included.

292 The raw material supply module will account for:

293  Extraction and treatment of non-renewable primary materials (e.g., mining and refining processes) 294  Production and treatment of renewable primary material (e.g., agricultural or forestry operations); 295  Processing of primary and secondary materials; Processing of secondary material from a previous product 296 system (e.g., recycled tire) will be modelled using the cut-off rule, i.e. not including processes that are counted 297 as waste processing in the previous product system (Section Allocation Rules); 298  Consumption of electricity, steam and heat from primary energy resources, also including their extraction, 299 refining and transport; 300  Consumption of energy recovered from a previous product system or produced from secondary fuels, but not 301 including processes that are counted as waste processing in a previous product system (Section Allocation 302 Rules); 303  Transportation up to the factory gate and internal, on-site transport; 304  Consumption of ancillary materials or pre-products (e.g., lubricants); 305  Waste processing or disposal, including any packaging waste. 306

307 3.3.2 Manufacturing 308 The manufacturing stage concerns the manufacturing of raw materials into the finished printer or multi-function 309 device, and includes all materials and energy inputs, transportation stages needed for the manufacturing stage, as 310 well as end of life treatment of final residues produced during the manufacturing stage. However, production of 311 capital goods, infrastructure, production of manufacturing equipment and personnel-related activities are not 312 included.

313 The manufacturing module will account for:

314  Consumption of electricity, steam and heat from primary energy resources, also including their extraction, 315 refining and transport; 316  Consumption of energy recovered from a previous product system or produced from secondary fuels, but not 317 including processes that are counted as waste processing in a previous product system (Section Error: 318 Reference source not found); 319  Internal transport; 320  Consumption of ancillary materials or pre-products (e.g., lubricants); 321  Production of co-products during the manufacturing process; 322  Packaging production (material and manufacturing); 323  Waste processing or disposal, including any packaging waste. 324 325 3.3.3 Distribution 326 The transportation of the product from the manufacturing sites to the regions of use shall be considered. 327 Representative models for average logistics providers (air, sea, truck, and rail freight) may be used based on a 328 production-weighted average distance between production and consumption sites.

329 1.1.1 Use 330 The product use stage impacts shall be included and calculated according to Section Use Stage Calculations and 331 shall include generation and delivery of consumed electricity, toner/cartridge manufacturing, transportation, and 332 disposal, and paper manufacturing, transportation, and disposal.

333 3.3.4 Maintenance stage 334 Expected replacement of consumable parts (i.e. parts not designed to last the full life of the products, such as: 335 rollers, fusers, intermediate transfer bands) must be considered, including any consumables or transportation of 336 service personnel associated with servicing the product.

337 3.3.5 End-of-life stage 338 This phase is classified into recycling, incineration and landfill, depending on the materials and disposal method of 339 the product. A disposal scenario shall be developed and applied. Recycling shall be considered using the cut-off 340 method (Frischknecht 2010):

341 ● If the wastes resulted from the manufacturing or end-of-life phase are recycled into other product systems, 342 i.e. an open loop recycling system, it shall be excluded from the system boundaries.

343 ● When the materials recycled through the open loop recycling system are used as inputs into any process, 344 the recycling process shall be included within the system boundaries, but no burden taken for virgin 345 material.

346 ● The incineration process shall be included within the system boundaries. When recovered heat is used for 347 the system, it shall be deducted from the total environmental impact. Electricity and heat production from 348 incineration used outside the system it shall be outside the system boundary.

350 The end-of-life stage shall include the following:

351 ● Transportation of the product, e.g. to recycling site and transportation of waste e.g. to disposal,

352 ● Collection of waste fractions from the deconstruction and waste processing of material flows intended for 353 reuse, recycling and energy recovery. Waste processing shall be modelled and the elementary flows shall 354 be included in the inventory.

355 ● Final disposal.

356 357 In principle, waste processing is part of the product system. In the case of materials leaving the system as secondary 358 materials or fuels, such processes as collection and transport before the end-of–waste stage are, as a rule, part of the 359 waste processing of the system under study. However further processing may also be necessary in order to replace 360 primary material or fuel input in another product system. Such processes are considered to be beyond the system 361 boundary and considered in an optional analysis for recycling/reuse credits.

362 3.4 Cut-off Criteria 363 The cut-off criteria which are used shall be declared. When cut-off criteria are applied clear reasons shall be stated 364 to support the criteria. The sum of all excluded flows shall be judged to be less than 5% of mass, energy, or 365 environmental impacts in any criteria.

366 ● All inputs and outputs to a (unit) process shall be included in the calculation, for which data are available. 367 Data gaps may be filled by conservative assumptions with average or generic data. Any assumptions for 368 such choices shall be documented.

369 ● In case of insufficient input data or data gaps for a unit process, the cut-off criteria shall be 2% of 370 renewable and non-renewable primary energy usage and 2% of the total mass input of that unit process. 371 The total sum of neglected input flows shall be a maximum of 5% of energy usage and mass. Conservative 372 assumptions in combination with plausibility considerations and expert judgment can be used to 373 demonstrate compliance with these criteria.

374 ● The total sum of neglected impacts per life cycle stage shall be a maximum of 5 % of energy usage and 375 mass. This applies particularly to material and energy flows known to have the potential to cause 376 significant emissions into air and water or soil during the life cycle of the product; it also applies to 377 processes that are known to be resource intensive. Conservative assumptions in combination with 378 plausibility considerations and expert judgement can be used to demonstrate compliance with these criteria.

379 ● The project report shall contain:

380 ● Description of the application of cut-off criteria and assumptions;

381 ● List of excluded processes.

383 Example: Standard ISO 14040 cutoff criteria have been assumed. All flows above the following thresholds are included in the model:

384 <2% of product mass, provided environmental relevance is not a concern

385 <2% of total energy production, provided environmental relevance is not a concern

386 <2% of total impact for any impact category

387 3.5 Allocation Rules

388 Allocations (assignment of burdens to several products) relevant for the calculation must be indicated, at least:

389 ● Allocation for the input of recycled material and secondary raw material,

390 ● Allocation of the utilities, auxiliary materials and supplies used to the individual products of a plant,

391 3.5.1 Attribution of plant data to the declared products 392 If products other than the ones being declared are manufactured in a plant facility where primary data is being 393 collected, then the attribution of the plant data (production energy, raw material, additives and auxiliary substances, 394 wastes, etc.) shall be described. 395 Energies, auxiliary substances, and fuels used in the plant that cannot be unambiguously allocated to a specific 396 product in terms of processes or a formulation shall be allocated by economic values. The attribution of the plant- 397 wide data to the declared products must be documented. 398 3.5.2 Allocation of co-products 399 Allocation shall be avoided as far as possible by dividing the unit process to be allocated into different sub-processes 400 that can be allocated to the co-products and by collecting the input and output data related to these sub-processes. 401 ● If a process can be sub-divided but respective data are not available, the inputs and outputs of the system 402 under study should be partitioned between its different products or functions in a way which reflects the 403 underlying physical relationships between them; i.e. they shall reflect the way in which the inputs and 404 outputs are changed by quantitative changes in the products or functions delivered by the system;

405 ● In the case of joint co-production, where the processes cannot be subdivided, allocation shall respect the 406 main purpose of the processes studied, allocating all relevant products and functions appropriately. The 407 purpose of a plant and therefore of the related processes is in general declared in its permit and should be 408 considered. Processes with very low contribution to the overall revenue may be neglected. Joint co-product 409 allocation shall be allocated as follows:

410 ● Allocation shall be based on physical properties (e.g. mass, volume) when the difference in 411 economic value from the co-products is low.

412 ● In all other cases allocation shall be based on economic values.

413 ● Material flows carrying specific inherent properties, e.g. energy content, elementary composition 414 (e.g. biogenic carbon content), shall always be allocated reflecting the physical flows, irrespective 415 of the allocation chosen for the process.

416 ● Contributions to the overall economic value of the order of 1% or less may be regarded as very 417 low. A difference in value of more than 25% is regarded as high.

418 3.5.3 Allocation on multi-input processes 419 Various products are processed simultaneously within one process, e.g., in a solid waste incineration plant, a 420 biomass power plant, or a landfill. The allocation method should be documented. Where appropriate, the 421 environmental impacts linked to the inputs are distributed depending on how they influence the subsequent 422 production process.

423 3.5.4 Allocation at open and closed-loop recycling on the input side 424 When recycled material is used in manufacturing, the current plant’s specific material use and fate must be assessed. 425 The system boundary for recycled material is set according to the rules described under system boundary (Section 426 2.1). As a conservative assumption and for practical purposes, the system boundary can be assumed at collection of 427 the recycling material.

428 Internally re-used production waste is modeled as closed-loop recycling. In parallel, loads and benefits from reuse, 429 recycling, and energy recovery can be presented in the Additional Life Cycle Scenarios section.

430 3.5.5 Allocation at end-of-life recycling 431 The system boundary at the end of an end-of-life stage of the product system under study is set where outputs, e.g., 432 materials, products or electronic elements, have entered the waste stream or where the end-of-waste stage is reached. 433 Waste processing for material flows undergoing recovery or recycling processes during the end-of-life stages of the 434 product system (e.g., during the end-of-life stage of electronics equipment) are included up to the system boundary 435 of the system under study as defined above.

436 Reuse, recycling or recovery processes leading to potential loads and benefits of secondary material or secondary 437 fuels beyond the system boundary of the system under study may be included in a separate analysis in Additional 438 Life Cycle Scenario section. This acknowledges the “design for reuse and recycling” concept for products through 439 modelling of the recycling benefits and loads of secondary materials or fuels leaving the system boundary. 440 Where a material flow crosses the system boundary at the end-of-life stage and has a positive economic value or has 441 reached the end-of-waste stage and if it substitutes another product or energy, the benefits or avoided loads can be 442 calculated and declared in the additional product reuse/recycling stage based on:

443 ● Average existing technology

444 ● Current practice

445 ● Net impacts

446 447 In this optional second analysis, the avoided burden approach should be taken (ISO 14049). This approach provides 448 credit for recycled product at end of life, which means that the use of recycled product essentially carries full burden 449 of virgin production.

450 Net impacts in this stage are the impacts connected to the recycling or recovery processes from the system boundary 451 as defined above up to the point where the secondary material or energy substitutes primary production, minus the 452 impacts resulting from the production of the product or generation of energy from primary sources.

453 The system boundary at the end of an end-of-life stage of the product system under study is set where outputs, e.g., 454 materials, products or electronics elements, have gained an economic value or where the end-of-waste stage is 455 reached, whichever occurs first.

456 Explanatory example: To produce 1000 kg of a metal product, 80% primary material and 30% secondary material are used today. The 457 production therefore comprises 800 kg metal from primary production and 200 kg metal from secondary production. Based on the assumption 458 that for the secondary production 10% more scrap will be required (220 kg), 780 kg scrap is still available as recycling potential for the second 459 life cycle, after the scrap needs of the initial product have been provided. From the 780 kg sent to recycling, a 10% loss would yield 702 kg 460 secondary material. Thus, the recycling potential is calculated from the „avoided production“ of 702 kg of primary material.

461 3.5.6 Allocation of energy recovery 462 Energies gained from energy recovery of packaging (and production waste) or as an end-of-life scenario, are outside 463 the system boundary. However, they can be offset by an equivalent process in the optional avoided burden analysis. 464 Electricity and heat have to be assessed as the current average electricity grid and heat generated from natural gas, 465 with reference to the base year.

466 In this optional assessment, credits gained from energy recovery of packaging and other production waste (for 467 external recycling) shall be allocated to the material credit stage. Energies gained from energy recovery as an end- 468 of-life scenario can be offset by an equivalence process. For a main market in Europe, electricity has to be assessed 469 as the current average “electricity Europe” and heat as “thermal energy from natural gas”, with reference to the base 470 year.

472 4 Data, calculation, and reporting requirements

473 4.1 Data sources and data quality requirements

474 4.1.1 Data sources 475 All foreground technosphere data shall be primary data collected over the most recent calendar 476 year of operation or measurement year. Companies shall seek primary data from first tier 477 suppliers where available. 478 Primary data shall be collected by the manufacturer of the printer or multi-function device. It 479 shall include the location of the manufacturer, the quantity and source location of all materials 480 and energy used to manufacture the product, relevant emissions to air and water during 481 manufacturing1, relevant manufacturing waste produced and how it is managed (e.g. recycled, 482 landfill, incineration) and the distance traveled to disposal. Primary data, gathered from the sites 483 where specific processes are carried out, shall be used. The requirement for primary data also 484 includes actual product weights, amounts of raw materials used, and amounts of waste. In cases 485 where a product is produced in different locations (e.g. countries), results shall be calculated and 486 reported on the basis of a weighted production average.

487 Only when primary data are not available may secondary data sources be used. When neither 488 primary nor secondary data are available, tertiary data shall be used as proxy or substitution and 489 derived from life cycle databases and peer reviewed literature on the basis of chemical 490 composition. Generic datasets may be used for processes the manufacturer cannot influence, e.g. 491 processes dealing with the production of input commodities, raw material extraction or 492 electricity generation, or processes often referred to as upstream data or background processes. 493 As a matter of principle, consistent and equivalent generic data shall be used, such as for 494 background processes to support comparability of results.

495 4.1.2 Data quality requirements 496 Data quality requirements shall be treated according to the following criteria and shall be 497 documented in the Background Report according to ISO 14044.2

498  Time representativeness:

499 o Age of data:

500 . The foreground data used shall not be older than five (5) years for primary 501 data (e.g. mass of the printer, energy consumption for printing process), 502 i.e. shall have been collected over the most recent calendar year of 503 operation or measurement year where the start date is not more than two 504 (2) years prior. The measurement dates shall be disclosed in the LCA 505 study. If primary data for more than one location are averaged for a unit 506 process, a sensitivity analysis shall be performed using a plus or minus 507 one standard deviation.

508 . The foreground data shall not be older than ten (10) years for generic data 509 (i.e. generic data calculated based on literature and default).

1 1 « Relevant air and water emissions » refers to air and water emissions that have to be measured to calculate the 2 impact assessment methods and inventory.

2 For further insight on data quality, refer to: 1. Weidema, B. and M. Suhr Wesnaes. Data quality management for life cycle inventories, an example of using data quality indicators. Journal of Cleaner Production, 1996 , Vol. 4, no. 3-4, p. 167-174 2. University of Leiden. Quality Assessment for LCA, CML Report 152, http://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/publications/quality.pdf 510 . For generic background datasets, the last version of databases should be 511 used.

512 o Minimum length of time over which data should be collected: Primary data shall 513 be based on one (1) year of typically averaged data; deviations shall be justified.

514  Geographical coverage:

515 o Primary data should be gathered from the sites where specific processes are 516 carried out.

517 o Where secondary data are used, the most relevant data shall be used, in the 518 following order of preference, from most to least desired: same locality > global > 519 other locality.

520 o In case of using tertiary data from databases, where properly reviewed U.S. LCI 521 database sets, EU ELCD, IDEA or other national or regional datasets are 522 available, they shall be used for national data.

523  Technology coverage: Where generic data are used, technological equivalence (specific 524 technology or technology mix) shall be fulfilled, i.e. shall adhere to “Data deriving from 525 the same chemical and physical processes or at least the same technology coverage 526 (nature of the technology mix, e.g. weighted average of the actual process mix, best 527 available technology or worst operating unit)”;

528  Representativeness: The representativeness of the datasets with respect to time, location, 529 and technology shall be documented, and deviations from the actual time, location, and 530 technology relevant to the product shall be disclosed;

531  Completeness: The LCI shall disclose the percent of the technosphere flows that are 532 primary data based on number of product system flows.

533  Data sources:

534 o All data sources shall be specified. If consensus data are used for primary 535 materials, it shall be documented. When generic data are used, they shall be 536 documented as to the name of the database and the age of the data. Sources of 537 data for transport models and thermal energy production shall be documented. 538 Any changes or alterations to information from the LCI libraries in the LCA 539 software shall be documented with the reasons for making the alteration. For 540 example, if the EU electric grid information on a substance from the EU ELCD 541 was replaced by the average US electric grid information to make it relevant, then 542 this action shall be documented. Generic data shall be checked for plausibility by 543 the verifier of the EPD.

544 o Data sets taken from databases shall be identified as such in the Background 545 Report, including the source, the year for which the dataset is representative, and 546 the year at which the dataset was last updated or pre-verified. The 547 representativeness of the datasets with respect to time, location, and technology 548 shall be documented, and deviations from the actual time, location, and 549 technology relevant to the product shall be disclosed.

550  Data gaps: The treatment of missing data and the use of data models shall be 551 documented. When data from comparable processes must be used to cover gaps, the 552 technological similarity shall be documented.

553 4.2 Transport

554 Transportation distances and methods shall be documented, as far as they are relevant. In 555 addition, the average hauling distance for the distribution chain in the specific region or country 556 can be used.

558 4.3 Selection of the waste management method

559 The selection of the waste management method, e.g., for the packaging or as end of life scenario, has to be based on 560 currently used and representative technologies. For products where the manufacturer provides a takeback system, 561 this take back system and any remanufacturing/reuse should be modelled; otherwise a representative mix of a 562 landfilling and recycling based on best estimates of average product treatment should be used.

563 4.4 Electricity grid

564 The following applies in selecting the power mix:

565  For the United States, regionally specific inventory data on electricity shall be based on 566 subnational consumption mixes that account for physical power trade between the regions. If 567 such regional data are not available (the database US LCI provides only production mix and 568 not regional consumption mixes), the production mixes of the three continental 569 interconnections (East, West, Texas) shall be used as a proxy3, as well as those of Hawaï and 570 Alaska. Those production mixes have to be remodelled based on eGRID data 571 https://www.epa.gov/energy/egrid. The sources for electricity and the calculation procedure 572 shall be documented. 573  On-site renewable electricity sources, when directly used by a facility to offset grid 574 electricity purchases, may be included in calculations. 575  Renewable electricity sources that are part of a country or region specific grid mix have to be 576 included in calculations. 577  For other regions than the United States, country-specific processes shall be used provided 578 they are representative. For production facilities in several European countries, the applicable 579 power mixes shall be assessed specifically for each country or combined, weighted by 580 production volumes in the respective countries. The sources for electricity and the calculation 581 procedure shall be documented.

3 3 4 Using production mixes of the three continental interconnections, as well as those of Hawaï and Alaska is a good 5 proxy for consumption mix since there are a few power trades between those three main regions. 582

583 Credits may not be applied to LCA baseline when renewable or “green” power certificates are 584 used, but certificates may be reported in Additional Environmental Information. Renewable 585 power certificates must be available and provided to the EPD Program Operator for the entire 586 period of EPD validity.

587 5 Use Stage Calculations

588 This section provides the concepts and framework for calculating the use stage energy 589 consumption of printers and multi-function devices over their defined life validity. Section 590 Energy ConsumptionError: Reference source not found details the calculations for energy 591 consumption. Section Paper and Media Consumption (Optional) outlines calculations for 592 consumables (i.e. toner) and Section Consumable Use is optional and details the calculations for 593 paper and media consumption

594 5.1 Energy Consumption

595 Calculation criteria conform to the conditions for the test procedure for the Typical Electricity Consumption (TEC) 596 method for the most current version of the ENERGY STAR Imaging Equipment (IE) specification. The procedure 597 is to be used to obtain and evaluate the TEC of Standard-size IE products such as copiers, digital duplicators, fax 598 machines, multifunction devices (MFDs), and printers that use high-temperature technologies such as Electro- 599 photography (EP) and Solid Ink (SI), and those that provide comparable functionality. It is not intended for low- 600 temperature technologies such as conventional Ink Jet (IJ) or Impact, nor for Large-format or Small-format products. 601 The key result of this test procedure is a value for typical weekly electricity consumption.

602 The Typical Electricity Consumption (TEC) method for the most current version of the ENERGY STAR Imaging 603 Equipment (IE) specification is available at: http://www.energystar.gov

604 To calculate the energy consumption that should be allocated to the print job, use the following procedure:

605 606

607 Where, as defined in the job table in the TEC 608 test procedure. See the job table which presents the number of images per day as a function of the reported printer 609 speed.

611 5.2 Consumable Use

612 The consumption of marking material (e.g. toner cartridges) will be reflected in the model for the product’s use 613 phase. Manufacturing, transportation, and disposal of the consumables will be reflected in this product life cycle. 614 The following guidelines are intended to create the most accurate use phase model possible. 615 5.2.1 Method for measuring Consumable yield 616 Consumable use will be modelled on the calculation of average consumable use per 1000 impressions. This will be 617 based on the number of impressions per consumable, as measured in accordance with INCITS/ISO/IEC 618 19798:2007[2008] for color printing equipment and ISO/IEC 19752[2004] for monochrome printing equipment. 619 (impressions/cartridge). Both of these test standards prescribe printing of a test protocol with approximately 5% 620 average coverage per color per page.

622 For black consumable cartridges, with Lifeblack being the yield as tested in ISO/IEC 19752[2004], the number of 623 cartridges that will be consumed per the defined functional unit will be:

625 For color consumable cartridges, with Lifecolor being the yield as tested in INCITS/ISO/IEC 19798:2007[2008], the 626 number of cartridges that will be consumed per the defined functional unit will be:

627 628

629 5.2.2 High-Capacity Cartridges 630 If high-capacity cartridges are available with the printer model, the cartridge life will be based on the yield standards 631 defined above. In order to determine the number of cartridges of each type, the number of cartridges N (defined 632 above) will need to weighted in proportion with its market share (i.e. its usage rate). The following example assumes 633 two cartridge types to illustrate the procedure.4

636 And 637 638

639 5.3 Paper and Media Consumption (Optional)

640 If paper and media consumption is chosen to be added to the assessment, AF&PA life cycle inventory shall be used 641 in the modelling for paper consumption based. The FEFCO dataset may be used as an alternative dataset.

642 Calculation criteria for Paper and Media Consumption conform to the conditions for the test procedure for the 643 Typical Electricity Consumption (TEC) method for the most current version of the ENERGY STAR Imaging 644 Equipment (IE) specification.5

6 4 7 This method allows for the credit for having high-capacity consumables based on documented use assumptions.

8 5 9 The PCR committee understands that this method tends to overestimate energy consumption but has chosen to use the TEC method because it ensures consistent 10 assumptions across studies. The PCR committee believes that using TEC still delivers LCA results that correctly prioritize the opportunities for improvement in the 11 printer lifecycle. The energy consumption model should be considered for improvement in future revisions of the PCR if doing so substantially benefits the users of 12 the EPD. 645 If the product declared does not have an automatic mechanical duplexing feature, assume no duplexing and account 646 for the printing of 1000 pages as specified by the functional unit. If the product has an automatic mechanical 647 duplexing feature, assume a 50% rate of duplexing and scale the simplex results by 75% (750 pages).6

13 6 14 This method gives credit to for the reduction of paper consumption and allows for ease in comparison between simplex and duplex results. 15 648 6 Content of the EPD

649 The creation of the EPD shall contain the following sections in the order shown below. Each section shall be titled 650 as seen below with exception to the numbering.

651 6.1 EPD Summary

652 The summary must contain the following elements:

653 ● Product name (including e.g. product code)

654 ● Declaration holder (the manufacturer completing the EPD)

655 ● Full name, logo, and website of Program Operator

656 ● Declaration number as provided by the program operator

657 ● Date of issuance

658 ● End date of validity period (5 years after issuance)

659 ● Reference PCR (name, version)

660 ● Signature of the LCA and EPD verifiers

661 ● Outline of the content in the EPD

662 ● Optional: product image

663 The header/footer must contain the following elements:

664 ● Product name (product number)

665 ● Environmental Product Declaration according to EN ISO 14025

666 ● Declaration number

667 ● Date of issuance

669 While conformance to this PCR minimizes that variations and deviations, there are still components that might 670 influence the comparability of EPDs (ISO 14025, Section 6.7.2). Caution should be used when interpreting results 671 and applying them for comparative decisions making. The declarer must, where possible, use quantitative metrics to 672 capture the uncertainty. At a minimum, the declarer will provide qualitative guidance in relevant sections to guide 673 users in interpreting the information contained within the EPD relative to comparability and use for decision- 674 making. The declarer must state in the EPD that differences between environmental declarations are not 675 guaranteed for comparative purposes. 676 6.2 Product Description

677 This section of the EPD covers description of the product in a manner that enables the user to clearly identify the 678 product. This section shall contain the following criteria:

679 6.2.1 Scope of Validity/Applicability of the EPD 680 Indicate the manufacturer, product, and geographic regions for which this EPD is representative.

681 6.2.2 Functional Unit 682 The functional unit has been defined as simplex printing of 1000 pages in either monochrome or color. This must be 683 clearly stated within this section of the EPD.

684 6.2.3 Product Characterization 685 The declared product(s) must be described. This description includes the condition in which the product is provided 686 to the consumer, any installation services, and secondary equipment such as accessories, packaging, power supply, 687 cabling, manuals, default settings, etc, must be indicated.

688 The product lifetime and intended use/application (i.e. home, office, or both) shall be clearly stated. However, the 689 product lifetime used in the life cycle assessment shall be 5 years. If the product’s life is longer (or shorter) than 5 690 years, then scale the impact assessment results up/down accordingly.

691 Example: A multi-function color printer includes printing, copying, and scanning functionalities in one system. The laser jet engine fuses toner 692 of different colors onto the medium for printing and copying functionalities. Network connectivity allows for printing, scanning, and faxing 693 to/from remote locations. The intended use/application of this unit is to scan, copy, and print images or text in color onto paper or paper-like 694 media for 5 years.

695 6.2.4 Technical Properties 696 The following technical properties of the declared products in delivery condition must be indicated:

697 ● Color options (monochrome or color)

698 ● Color print resolution (if applicable)

699 ● Color print speed (if applicable)

700 ● Color scan speed (if applicable)

701 ● Connectivity/data inputs (i.e. WiFi, Bluetooth, Ethernet, USB)

702 ● Display/interface

703 ● Duplexing capability

704 ● Duplexing setting default or optional

705 ● Energy efficiency or environmental labels (EnergyStar, EPEAT)

706 ● Energy setting (default or optional)

707 ● Functions (print, copy, scan, fax)

708 ● Marking Material Capacity Options 709 ● Maximum document print size

710 ● Maximum document scan size

711 ● Maximum scan resolution

712 ● Media Breadth Supported

713 ● Modules (i.e. automatic document feeder, scanner, copier, two-sided printing)

714 ● Monochrome print resolution

715 ● Monochrome print speed

716 ● Monochrome scan speed

717 ● Print Modes

718 ● Printer memory

719 A hyperlink to a description of the product may be provided.

720 6.2.5 Declaration of Basic Materials 721 The product content shall be described in the declaration. Information protected under US law as confidential is not 722 required to be disclosed; in such cases, a notation that the information is confidential shall be made along with a 723 description of the function of the compound. The product(s) must declare as hazardous materials using a safety data 724 sheet. The declaration of material content of the product shall list as a minimum the “substances of very high 725 concern”.7

726 6.2.6 Product Supply Chain 727 The number and nation of manufacturing sites for the final product assembly shall be indicated. Information 728 protected under US law as confidential is not required to be disclosed; in such cases, a notation that the 729 information is confidential shall be made.

730 6.3 Life Cycle Inventory Results

731 6.3.1 Life Cycle Inventory 732 The results of the life cycle inventory assessment shall be reported. The data must be interpreted, e.g. to what extent 733 the LCA information depends on certain product characteristics (e.g. duplexing rate, toner cartridge yield) or 734 production characteristics.

735 3.3.1.1 Use of Material and Resources during Manufacturing8 736 ● Use of non-renewable material resources

16 7 17 The “substances of very high concern” are listed in annex XIV of REACH directive. Indications such as “... is free from...” shall not be used in this section of the 18 declaration.

19 8 20 Implementation of LCIA methods Data v2.2 (2010) for guidance on classification 737 ● Use of renewable material resources

738 ● Use of non-renewable primary energy in megajoules, for example:

739 ○ Fossil fuel

740 ○ Natural gas

741 ○ Coal

742 ○ Nuclear

743 ○ Peat

744 ○ Use of renewable primary energy in megajoules, for example:

745 - Hydropower

746 - Wind power

747 - Solar power

748 - Biomass

749 ○ Use of water

751 3.3.1.2 Energy Consumption during Utilization 752 Report energy consumption during utilization for the following scenarios as a table based on Section Energy 753 Consumption Energy Consumption (i.e. at-wall power consumption).9

Energy Consumption During Utilization Lifetime Per 1000 Pages Functional Unit 754 755 Life Cycle Impact Assessment Results

756 The life cycle impact assessment shall include:

757 ● The LCIA procedures, calculations and results of the study for the LCIA indicators defined in part 1; mean 758 value and data range should be stated if generic data are declared from several sources or for a range of 759 similar products;

760 ● The relationship of the LCIA results to the LCI results;

761 ● Reference to all characterization models, characterization factors and methods used;

762 ● A statement that the LCIA results are relative expressions and do not predict impacts on category 763 endpoints, the exceeding of thresholds, safety margins or risks.

21 9 22 TEC Energy Star Power Consumption calculations 765 The following impact categories shall be assessed per functional unit AND per printer unit in the units indicated 766 below:

Climate Change/Global Warming Potential kg CO2-equiv to air

Ozone Depletion Potential kg CFC 11 equiv

Acidification Potential kg SO2 equiv to air

Eutrophication Depletion Potential kg P equiv to freshwater

Fossil Fuel Depletion Potential kg oil equiv

Mineral Resource Depletion Potential kg Fe equiv

768 This assessment does not include human health and eco-toxicity. A statement to this affect must be included in the 769 declaration beside the results. See Section Additional Environmental Information for additional information 770 on human health and eco-toxicity.

771 The H characterization factors of ReCiPe 2016 shall be used.

772 The Impact Assessment results shall be presented in the following tabular format:

Life Cycle Impact Assessment Results ReCiPe2016 Results for Each Scenario Per Functional Unit Per Printer Unit (per 1000 pages) (per lifetime) Impact Category Units Paper Paper Paper Paper Included Excluded Included Excluded Global Warming Potential kg CO2-equiv to air

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion kg CFC 11 equiv Potential Terrestrial Acidification kg SO2 equiv to air Potential

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P equiv to Depletion Potential freshwater

Fossil Resource Depletion kg oil equiv Potential

Mineral Resource Scarcity kg Fe equiv Potential

773 The results shall be interpreted in reference to the most important contributions in the different environmental 774 impact categories.

775 Other characterization factors may be reported in the environmental product declaration in the “Additional Life 776 Cycle Assessment Scenarios” section of the EPD. The methodology shall be clearly documented in this section 777 using the tabular format indicated below. For example, TRACI impact factors may be reported as shown in the 778 table below.

Life Cycle Impact Assessment Results

US EPA TRACI 2.1 Results for Each Scenario Per Functional Unit Per Printer Unit Impact Category Units Paper Paper Paper Paper Included Excluded Included Excluded Global Warming Potential kg CO2-equiv to air

Ozone Depletion Potential kg CFC 11 equiv Acidification Potential kg SO2 equiv to air Eutrophication Depletion kg P equiv to Potential freshwater

Fossil Fuel Depletion Potential kg oil equiv

Mineral Resource Depletion kg Fe equiv Potential

779 Replace the Impact assessment methodology used, Impact categories, and Units with applicable information for the 780 methodology chosen.

781 6.3.2 Interpretation of Life Cycle Impact Assessment Results 782 The interpretation shall contain:

783 ● the results;

784 ● assumptions and limitations associated with the interpretation of results as declared in the EPD, both 785 methodology and data related;

786 ● data quality assessment;

787 ● full transparency in terms of value-choices, rationales and expert judgments.

788 ● To check the declaration, a dominance analysis10 should be carried out. Primary energy and impact 789 categories are to be divided up according to the relevant contributing modules. 790

791 The influence of assumptions due to data gaps or other uncertainties should be assessed with a sensitivity analysis, 792 as far as the assumptions are relevant to the result.

793 6.4 Assumptions and Estimations

794 Assumptions and estimations that are significant for the interpretation of the results of the LCA shall be 795 documented:

796 Example: An average production scenario representing a mix of manufacturing sites has been used. Or average distribution distances and modes 797 based on the product’s forecast sales are used.

798 Product BOM information has been used as the basis of modeling the production of components and subassemblies. 799 For EPDs that declare optional scenarios (i.e. use in different countries/regions), the additional technical information 800 related to the scenarios underlying these modules are a mandatory part of the information of the declared 801 information modules.

23 10 24 See ISO 14044:2006 Section B.2.3 from additional guidance. 802 6.5 Description of Data and Period under Consideration

803 The source of the specific data, background data, and the period under consideration used shall be indicated.

804 Example: Product production is based on BOM information, product teardowns, and collection of product yield data from manufacturing sites 805 from 2011 through 2012.

806 6.6 Data Quality

807 Data quality shall be reported based on the requirements in Section Data quality requirements.

808 Example: All primary data are from CY2011 and represent average production technologies. All background data used are less than 5 years old.

810 6.7 Background Data

811 The use of background data shall be described per the requirements in Section Data sources.

813 While conformance to this PCR minimizes that variations and deviations, there are still components that might 814 influence the comparability of EPDs. Caution should be used when interpreting results and applying them for 815 comparative decision making. The declarer must, where possible, use quantitative metrics to capture the uncertainty. 816 At a minimum, the declarer will provide qualitative guidance in relevant sections to guide users in interpreting the 817 information contained within the EPD relative to comparability and use for decision-making. The declarer must state 818 that differences between environmental declarations are not guaranteed for comparative purposes

819 Example: Background data is based on "GaBi 2017" Software System for Life Cycle Engineering, and GaBi Databases 2017. All background 820 data sets relevant to production, power generation, and material disposal were taken from the GaBi ts software.

821 6.8 Allocation and Methodological Principles

822 Allocations (assignment of burdens to several products) relevant for the calculation must be clearly indicated. (See 823 Section Allocation Rules)

824 6.9 Standards and Laws

825 Standards and laws listed in the EPD must be correctly referenced

826 Example: DIN EN ISO 14040:2006-10, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework (ISO 14040:2006); 827 German and English version EN ISO 14040:2006

828 6.10Additional Environmental Information

829 An assessment of human toxicity and ecotoxicity shall be included in this additional information section of the 830 declaration to give readers an understanding that these impacts are significant for printers. This assessment may 831 include GreenScreen, USEtox, QCAT, ReCiPe midpoint version H method, CleanGredients, etc. 832 The project report shall include any documentation on additional environmental information declared in the EPD. 833 Such documentation on additional environmental information may include, e.g. as copies or references:

834 ● Type I and/or Type III environmental label

835 ● Acquisition of ISO 14001 certification

836 ● Certificates, approvals, or awards from national or industry organizations

837 ● Information on hazardous substances

838 ● Information on recommended recycling or reuse methods at end-of life.

839 ● VOC and PM emissions during manufacturing or use

840 ● Waste Categories: Additional information on environmental aspects describing different waste categories 841 per functional unit, such as: Hazardous waste to final disposal, in kg, Non-hazardous waste to final 842 disposal, in kg, Radioactive waste to final disposal, in kg, Waste to energy in kg. The tool and the dataset 843 used to categorize the waste shall be specified when reporting this information.

845 Example: GGTM.P058.GREENGUARD Test Method for Office Equipment (Hardcopy Devices)

846 6.11Additional Life Cycle Scenarios

847 Other life cycle scenarios may be reported in this section of the environmental product declaration (e.g., avoided 848 burden recycling approach,). Each scenario shall be based on the relevant technical information. The source of the 849 background data used must be indicated to determine the energy consumption of the product. Additionally, an 850 assessment of data quality must be done and provided to the program operator. If additional scenarios, the additional 851 data and information of importance for the development of the additional scenarios shall be published in the EPD in 852 a supplement appendix titled “Appendix: Supporting Documentation of Additional Life Cycle Scenarios”. Data and 853 information on how the scenario was established shall also be presented in a transparent manner in the supplemental 854 appendix.

855 The additional scenarios shall be realistic. Scenarios shall not include steps or procedures that are not in current use 856 or which have not been demonstrated to be practical.

857 6.12References

858 The literature cited in the EPD must be referenced in full (see also references in this document)

859 6.13Verification

860 The verification of the Environmental Product Declaration shall record that the LCA-based information and the 861 additional information as declared in the EPD meet the requirements of ISO 14025.

863 864 7 References

865 Bauprodukte [Guideline for Setting Up the Product Category Requirements of AUB Declarations (Type III) for 866 Construction Products], Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. www.bau-umwelt.com

867 BBS 1997, Bundesverband Baustoffe, Steine und Erden (Hrsg.): Leitfaden zur Erstellung vonSachbilanzen in 868 Betrieben der Steine-Erden-Industrie [German Building Materials Association (ed.): Handbook on the creation of 869 life cycle inventory analyses in companies of the non-metallic mineral processing industry], Frankfurt, 1997.

870 Ecoinvent, 2007. The Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, ecoinvent V2.01, www.ecoinvent.ch.

871 ELCD, 2012. European Commission, ELCD II, http:// http://lct.jrc.ec.europa.eu/assessment/data

872 ENERGY STAR, 2011. Program Requirements Product Specification for Imaging Equipment Test Method for 873 Determining Imaging Equipment Energy Use, http://energystar.gov/products/specs/sites/products/files 874 /ENERGYSTAR_Imaging_Equipment_Version_2.0_Draft_Test_Method.pdf.

875 ENERGY STAR, 2012. Product Specification for Imaging Equipment Eligibility Criteria Draft 2 Version 2.0

876 Frischknecht, R., 2010. LCI modeling approaches applied on recycling of materials in view of environmental 877 sustainability, risk perception and eco-efficiency. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (2010) 15:666– 878 671.

879 GaBi 2006, GaBi 4: Software and Database for Life Cycle Engineering, IKP [Institute for Polymer Testing and 880 Polymer Science] University of Stuttgart and PE Europe GmbH, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, 1992 – 2006.

881 IBU, 2006, Leitfaden Umwelt-Produktdeklarationen (Ausgabe 20.01.2006) für die Formulierung der 882 produktgruppen-spezifischen Anforderungen der Umwelt-Produktdeklarationen (Typ III) für

883 ISO 14025: 2007-10, Environmental Labelling and Declarations - Type III - Environmental Declarations - Principles 884 and Procedures (ISO 14025:2006); German and English version

885 ISO 14040:2006-10, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework (ISO 886 14040:2006); German and English version EN ISO 14040:2006

887 ISO 14044:2006-10, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines (ISO 888 14044:2006); German and English version EN ISO 14044:2006

889 ISO 14065:2007. Greenhouse gases -- Requirements for greenhouse gas validation and verification bodies for use in 890 accreditation or other forms of recognition

891 ISO/TR,14049:2000. Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Examples of application of ISO 14041 892 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysis

893 PAS 2050:2011 Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services

895 REACH, 2006. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 896 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a 897 European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 898 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 899 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC 900 ReCiPe2016, A harmonized life cycle impact assessment method at midpoint and endpoint level. RIVM Report 901 2016-0104. MAJ Huijbregts et al.

902 903