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Feeding Behaviour and Reproductive Biology of the Shrimp Scad Alepes Djedaba (Forsskal, 1775) Off Cochin Coast, Kerala, South India

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Feeding Behaviour and Reproductive Biology of the Shrimp Scad Alepes Djedaba (Forsskal, 1775) Off Cochin Coast, Kerala, South India Indian J. Fish., 66(3): 32-40, 2019 32 DOI: 10.21077/ijf.2019.66.3.76411-04 Feeding behaviour and reproductive biology of the shrimp scad Alepes djedaba (Forsskal, 1775) off Cochin coast, Kerala, south India N. SAJANA, S. BIJOY NANDAN AND C. K. RADHAKRISHNAN Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi - 682 016, Kerala, India e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Food and feeding habits, sex ratio, spawning behaviour, size at first maturity, fecundity and ova diameter of the shrimp scad Alepes djedaba (Forsskal, 1775) exploited off Cochin coast, Kerala are presented in this study. A. djedaba is a pelagic carnivore, with a preference for fishes. Low gastrosomatic index (GaSI) values and very low feeding intensity during spawning season indicated poor feeding behaviour during the period. The sex ratio did not deviate from the expected 1:1 ratio. Size at first maturity was estimated to be193 mm for male and 174 mm for female. Monthly gonadosomatic index (GSI) values, monthly distribution of gonadal maturation stages and ova diameter revealed that the species had a prolonged breeding season from June to September with a peak in July. Estimated absolute fecundity was 59,744 to 3,30,190 with an average of 1,94,965 eggs. Keywords: Alepes djedaba, Fecundity, Feeding behaviour, Ova diameter, Sex ratio Introduction Materials and methods Carangids form important pelagic fishery resources Fish samples were collected randomly from landings contributing substantially (5.8%) to the total marine at Munambam (10o10'57'' N; 76o10'12'' E), Kalamukku fish landings in India (CMFRI, 2015). The shrimp scad (9o59'00'' N; 76o14'33'' E) and Cochin (9o56'19'' N; 76o15' Alepes djedaba (Forsskal, 1775) belonging to the family 44'' E) fisheries harbours on a weekly basis during January Carangidae, is a shoaling pelagic fish, widely distributed 2012 to December 2013. A total of 605 fishes (315 males in the Indo-Pacific region. It forms a major constituent and 290 females) were collected for the analysis and total of scads landed along Cochin coast, Kerala and has got length and weight were recorded to the nearest 1 mm and 0.1 g respectively. For analysing the diet composition and good demand in the domestic market due to its affordable feeding behaviour of the species, the guts were dissected price. Though several species constitute the carangid out and length, weight and distension of the stomach were fishery, A. djedaba assumes greater significance as it noted. The guts were classified as Gorged, Full, ¾ full, forms an important constituent in both, artisanal as well as ½ full, ¼ full, trace and empty based on the fullness of mechanised fishery, along the Indian coast. stomach and amount of contents present in the stomach Information on biology of A. djedaba from Indian (Pillay, 1952). Index of preponderance was calculated to waters is scanty except, for a few reports. Feeding habits get a clear idea about the food preferences, percentage and breeding biology of the species was studied by frequency and occurrence of different food items in the Kuthalingam (1955) from Madras, Venkataramani et al. diet (Natarajan and Jhingran, 1961). (1984) from Porto Novo, Sivakami (1990) from Cochin Index of preponderance = (Vi Oi)/(Ʃ Vi Oi)×10 and Raje (1993) from Veraval coasts. El-Sayed (2005) where, Vi = Percentage volume of different food contents; estimated the growth, mortality and yield per recruit of Oi = Percentage occurrence. the species from Abu Qir Bay, Egypt. Shuaib and Ayub Intensity of feeding was calculated from gastro- (2011) studied some aspects of biology of the species from somatic index (GaSI) (Desai, 1970) and feeding behaviour Pakistan coastal waters and Barr et al. (2014) reported was analysed from relative length of gut (RLG), which on stock evaluation of A. djedaba from Arabian Gulf off was expressed as the ratio of length of gut to the total body Saudi Arabia. The present study focussed on the feeding length (Al- Hussainy, 1949). Data on sex, stage of maturity, and reproductive biology of A. djedaba off Cochin in length, weight and appearance of gonads were collected south-west coast of India. from the fish samples and gonads were transferred to N. Sajana et al. 33 Gilson’s fluid for further analysis. Maturity stages were males and females, approximately similar proportions of determined by macroscopic and microscopic examination poorly fed condition were noted in all the seasons whereas of gonads and classified following Bensam et al. (1989). The moderately fed condition was more in post-monsoon length at first maturity (Lm) was estimated by plotting a season. graph of percentage of fishes in stage III and above against their respective length class. The spawning season was 80.0 inferred from the values of GaSI and gonadosomatic index 70.0 (GSI) (Vladykov, 1956; Hopkins, 1979). The sex ratio for different months was calculated and statistically tested 60.0 Empty by performing Chi squared (χ2) analysis (Snedecor and 50.0 Trace 1/4 Full Cochran, 1967). Ova diameters were taken from ovaries 40.0 1/2 Full of stage III to stage VI by the method described by Antony 30.0 3/4 Full Raja (1964) and the frequency polygons were constructed intensity Feeding 20.0 Full from these measurements. The measurements were taken Gorged with the help of an ocular micrometer, where 1 ocular 10.0 micro division = 10.7 µm. Fecundity was estimated from 0 15 ovaries (stage V and VI) of fishes in the length and Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec weight range of 210-310 mm and 86.7-300 g, respectively. The ovaries were preserved in Gilson’s fluid, and maturing Fig. 1. Feeding intensity of A. djedaba during different months and mature ova from a set of subsamples (weighing approximately 0.01g) were counted and fecundity was calculated using the following formula: Well fed Moderately fed Fecundity = (Total weight of the ovary)/(Weight of Poorly fed sub sample) × No. of ova in the sample 40 The relation between fecundity to the total length, 30 total weight and gonad weight were formulated by 20 applying least square method: 10 Well fed b 0 F = aX intensity Feeding Moderately fed where F = Fecundity, a = Constant, b = Regression Pre-monsoon Poorly fed coefficient and X = Length/ Weight/Gonad weight of fish. Monsoon Post-monsoon All statistical analyses were done using the SPSS Fig. 2. Seasonal variation in feeding intensity of male A. djedaba 16.0 analytical software. Results 40 Feeding intensity and diet composition Poorly fed Out of 605 gut samples examined, 48.6% had empty 30 Moderately fed stomachs. Empty stomachs were predominant in all months (Fig. 1) and in all length groups (Table 1), followed 20 by poorly fed condition (‘¼ full’ and ‘trace’ condition for their stomachs). The study indicated significant variation 10 Well fed in feeding intensity within each sex (F = 4.108, p<0.01), intensity Feeding Moderately fed but no variation was observed between sexes (p>0.05). In 0 males, well fed fishes (with ‘3/4 full’, ‘full’ and ‘gorged’ Poorly fed condition for stomachs) were more during pre-monsoon Pre-monsoon Monsoon season and low during monsoon season (Fig. 2). In Post-monsoon females too, maximum number of well fed individuals was noticed in pre-monsoon season while monsoon and post- monsoon seasons had comparable values (Fig. 3). In both Fig. 3. Seasonal variation in feeding intensity of female A. djedaba Biology of shrimp scad Alepes djedaba 34 Table 1. Feeding intensity (%) of A. djedaba for different size class Length class (mm) Empty Trace 1/4 full 1/2 full 3/4 full Full Gorged 120-139 52.6 36.8 10.5 _ _ _ _ 140-159 47.3 26.4 12.1 3.3 5.5 4.4 1.1 160-179 58.1 23.9 6.0 3.4 5.1 0.9 2.6 180-199 44.4 23.2 11.1 8.1 6.1 4.0 3.0 200-219 54.1 16.4 13.1 11.5 3.3 1.6 _ 220-239 40.8 20.4 18.4 10.2 8.2 2.0 _ 240-259 39.4 28.8 18.2 9.1 4.5 _ _ 260-279 60.0 14.0 12.0 8.0 4.0 _ 2.0 280-299 35.4 12.5 14.6 16.7 4.2 8.3 8.3 300-319 46.5 11.6 9.3 4.7 4.7 9.3 14.0 320-339 70.0 _ _ _ _ _ 30.0 Analysis of stomach contents revealed that the diet of A. djedaba consisted of fishes, shrimps, shrimp larvae, 100 ostracods and semi-digested matter. Fishes dominated 90 in the diet, Stolephorus spp. being the most preferred, 80 Digested matter Ostracods with an index of preponderance of 89% followed by 70 Shrimp larvae semi-digested matter (9.3%), shrimps (1.16%), ostracods Shrimps 60 Fishes (0.28%) and shrimp larvae (0.09%) (Table 2). Fishes were % more preferred in all the months (Fig. 4) and in all the 50 length groups (Table 3) while others were found to be a 40 part of the diet during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon 30 seasons. 20 Relative length of gut (RLG) and gastrosomatic index (GaSI) 10 The RLG was very low for both the sexes (Fig. 5; 0 Jan Feb Jun Jul Sep Oct Nov Dec Mar Apr Aug Table 4), ranging from 0.03 to 0.3 for male (with an average May Fig. 4. Index of Preponderance of different food items during Table 2.
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