CH. 35 Busch Notes for Quiz
35 Part 1
ABC-1 Agreement
Executive Order 9066—Korematsu v. USA, 1944
100th Battalion and 442 Regimental Combat Team
What “solves” or ends the Great Depression in the USA? Deficit Spending –Keynesian Economics Unemployment Rate drops from 17.2% in 1939 to 1.9% in 1945
ALL OUT WAR “MOBILIZATION” War Production Board – Mandatory –“Arsenal of Democracy” Office of Price Administration – Ration Books
Union Support for War Effort—less than 1% of work was slowed due to strikes
Armed Services of the USA- 15 million men –216,000 women WAACs, WAVES, SPARS
GIs- All service personnel—“Government Issue”
BRACERO PROGRAM 1942 +20YEARS ZOOT-SUIT RIOTS 1943
WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE- 25-30%---“Rosie the Riveter” ***6 million US Gov’t Day-Care Centers over 3000 built in or close to factories…but short lived over 2/3rds leave the workforce after the war---BABY BOOM--- BUT---huge future impact ---leads to a “revolution”
Phase 2- Great African American Migration from the South***1.6 leave the South… The South was the nations #1 economic problem in 1938***FDR 6 billion$ to the South California’s explosive growth 21st in population in 2nd most populous by 1950*** 8.6 Billion$ to Calif. alone Seeds of post-war “Sunbelt”
A. Phillip Randolph- head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Union**** with coordination from NAACP--Issue: Discrimination in hiring practices--- “March on Washington” Threatened---- FDRs Response*** Executive Order 8802—BEGINS THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT- creates the FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Committee)—prohibiting the practice of racial discrimination in hiring for gov’t defense jobs DOUBLE-V CAMPAIGN***victory over the dictators abroad and over racism at home***
War-Time Economy DOUBLES PERSONAL INCOME GNP doubles Corporate Profits DOUBLE
GI BILL & OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH FUNNELS BILLIONS INTO UNIVERSITY BASED RESEARCH PROGRAMS---WHICH CONTINUE AFTER WW2—LEADING TO THE DOMINANCE OF THE “TECH” SECTOR IN THE USA TODAY*** WW2 COST ----2X ALL GOV’T SPENDING FROM 1776 UNTIL 1941*** WW2 COST 10 MILLION DOLLARS PER HOUR***
***35 part 2 notes
Japan
We fight a delaying action in the Pacific due to the ABC-1 Plan
A race in time --- they knew they would have to win quickly…
China--- USA support-- flying supplies “over the hump” Philippines- Gen. MacArthur –Supreme Commander US Army in the Pacific—leaves on a sub---20,000 men and nurses surrender*** Bataan Death March*** “I shall return”
By May 6, 1942 Japan in Complete Control of Pacific Theatre
THE TURNING POINT IN THE PACIFIC THEATRE**** THE BATTLE OF MIDWAY ISLAND***
Just before Midway---tide begins to turn with the battle of the Coral Sea—a draw that prevents Japan from invading Australia***
MIDWAY— Japanese fake an all out attack on the Aleutian Islands (Alaska) “Al-CAN” HIGHWAY IS BUILT Admiral Chester W. Nimitz Supreme Naval Commander in the Pacific
Sink 4 Japanese Aircraft Carriers
This marks the beginning of US domination of skies and sea
New Strategy in the Pacific –Island Hopping/Leapfrogging*** on the way to Japan*** by-passing the most heavily defended Japanese Islands… leaving them to “whither” without supplies-we cut off supply links…
Beginning of Naval path of Leapfrogging-Guadalcanal—8/ 1942 casualty rate of 10 to 1 (US to Japanese) becomes typical.. due to suicide attacks Beginning of US Army’s path is New Guinea not until 1944—through the Philippines---led by Mac GOAL IS TO CUT-OFF SUPPLIES FROM MOST HEAVILY DEFENDED JAPANESE STRONGLHOLDS AND---TO INCH CLOSE ENOUGH TO BE ABLE TO HAVE BASES FROM WHICH TO BOMB JAPAN---
HITLER
North Atlantic battle v. U-Boats New Technologies “Tizard Mission”–Radar—Bletchley Park breaking Enigma Code—1st computers—we begin to HUNT “WOLFPACKS” and by 1943 render them much less effective….
Operation Torch—North Africa – November 1942 1st amphibious landings for USA—some experienced naval captains then go to the pacific through the Panama Canal---to continue these amphibious landings many times over.. German Army is crushed at Stalingrad –late 42’--- and gives Germany its first major defeats at the same time---taking valuable German assets away from North Africa
Supreme Commander of the Combined Forces in Europe is Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower Americans crushed at Kassarine Pass in Tunisia—PATTON IS BROUGHT IN TO TAKE OVER THE 7TH ARMY
BY MAY 1943 THE ALLIES HAVE DEFEATED HITLER IN NORTH AFRICA AND THEY ARE ON THE RETREAT IN THE USSR…..
***Casablanca Conference--- Churchill and FDR Jan. 1943 Unconditional surrender---what happens in Japan???
SICILY—TO ITALY---BY 8/1943 SICILY IS FREE---ITALY IS NEXT—MUSSOLINI DEPOSED—BUT GERMANY TAKES OVER HERE---ROME TAKEN JUNE 4, 1944 TWO DAYS BEFORE D-DAY –brutal fighting continues in Italy until May 2, 1945 (5 days before complete German surrender)
****This decision to attack the “soft-underbelly” of Europe enrages Stalin---and also allows Soviet Troops to be able to dominate eastern Europe—a control they will keep until 1989’-90’ with the fall of the Soviet Republics and communist Eastern European nations…
***Ch. 35 Part 3
Map(s) Europe and Operation Overlord
D-Day June 6, 1944- Operation Overlord
Soviet Union lost 9 million soldiers before we lost any 0.
****The Teheran Conference 1st meeting of the Big Three—Churchill, Stalin, and FDR Agreement on D-Day Cairo Meeting 2days before Teheran—with Jiang Jieshi (Chang Kai Sheck) and Churchill To discuss post-war Asia—USSR not at war with Japan at this time---???
D-DAY==landing in French Normandy attacking the German ATLANTIC WALL –COMMANDED BY ROMMEL (Legendary German Commander in North Africa)
In Complete Allied Command –Eisenhower England our jumping off point (over 3 million US soldiers) Patton’s fake army—hugely significant in overall success
50 MILE FRONT 5 BEACHES—UTAH OMAHA (saving pvt. Ryan) GOLD JUNO SWORD
PARIS IS LIBERATED BY 8/44’
FDR WINS 4TH TERM AS PRESIDENT IN 1944 defeating Thomas Dewey (NYC district atty who crushed the MOB)
****Harry S. Truman—becomes FDRs VP at last minute replacing a too friendly to communists Henry Wallace--- New Deal Coalition leads Democrats to victory—Union, Black, working class, immigrant & STRANGELY “SOUTHERN CONSERVATIVES” LEADS FDR TO VICTORY***
Last days of Hitler- The “Pinch” from west and east—was beginning to crush the Germans
Battle of the Bulge---Hitler’s last big fight---Patton comes to the rescue of the 101st airbone at Bastogne*** 3/1945 US forces Bridge the Rhine into Germany---reach the Elbe River 4/1945 and meet the USSR here.
“Final Solution” discovered in its entirety…
Monuments Men***
Race v. the USSR to find Nazi captured art, gold, Nazi Scientists—
FDR Dies April 12, 1945 before the end of WW2—Harry Truman becomes Pres.
May 7, 1945 is V-E Day
Japan dies hard----
Subs sink 50% of all Japanese shipping Bombing takes a horrendous toll—fire bombing of Tokyo—using “napalm” may 9-10, 1945 damages equal or greater than A-bombs…
After the surrender of Germany---Japan only enemy remaining***
Gen. Douglas MacArthur--- Invades the Philippines 10/1944---“he did return” Kamizaze Pilot attacks cause havoc on US Navy Battle of Leyte Gulf—Japanese Navy destroyed--- Captures Manila 3/45 and the rest of the Philippines by 7/45
US Navy—continues to “leapfrog” closer and closer to Japan Iwo Jima*** 3/45 Okinawa by 6/45
The price we begin to pay as we move closer and closer to Japan is heavier and heavier****at this point the Manhattan Project is about to be considered***Truman has to make an awful decision***never made aware of this program as VP—only as he became President*** To invade Japan or drop the Atomic Bomb***
“ I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds”… I suppose we all thought that, one way or another.” –J. Robert Oppenheimer leader of “Los Alamos” Nuclear Testing Facility-Physicist -from the Bhagavad-Gita- after the Trinity explosion 7/1945 @ Trinity—the first atomic explosion in World History***
Truman’s choices- (very controversial today, but not at the time… afterwards very much so…but—interestingly after—many opponents create a “false” controversy— one of the most significant discussions still to this day for historians---READ VV***** SHORT ANSWER QUESTION ON TEST*****
1 An invasion of Japan—millions in Japanese and Allied deaths 2 Use Atomic Bombs- horror
TWO BIG CONFERENCES OCCUR JUST BEFORE THIS DECISION*** ONE WHILE FDR STILL ALIVE AND ONE AFTER HIS DEATH—PAY ATTENTION—THESE WILL HAVE HUGE IMPACTS ON THE END OF THE WAR AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE POST-WAR WORLD---INTO THE “COLD WAR”
Yalta Conference-**** Feb. 1945 (just before FDRs death) THE FATE OF POST-WAR EUROPE FDR-Churchill-Stalin---last war time meeting for Big Three*** Cold War implications*** 1-German portioned into 4 occupation zones—Berlin, totally within the USSR Sphere is to be portioned as well… governed by GB, USA, FR. And USSR 2- Status of eastern Europe---“free elections” promised by Stalin*****leads to Cold War*** 3- Commitment to post-war United Nations 4 – Stalin agrees to enter War against Japan 5-Nazi War Criminals on Trial--@ Nuremberg
THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE—8/1945 (GERMANY SURRENDERED 5/45)
“NEW” LEADERS EMERGE---Truman, Stalin, Churchill/Atlee (elections in the UK) Jiang Jieshi present from China (Mao not present?)
Potsdam Declaration****huge*** calling on surrender of ALL Japanese forces—if not---they would face prompt and utter destruction
1 –HIROSHIMA 8/6/45- “enola gay’ drops first Atomic bomb---180,000 casualties— Japan still DOES NOT SURRENDER
2- 8/8/45 USSR DECLARES WAR ON JAPAN—TAKES NORTH KOREA AND MANCHURIA
3- NAGASAKI 8/9/1945 – 2 nd and final A-bomb dropped 80,000 deaths
4- JAPAN SURRENDERS V-J DAY- 8/10/1945*** with a condition that the Emperor stay in power*** accepted by Allies 8/19/1945
WW2—effects
Maybe 100 million deaths world wide---85% in just China and the USSR USA—over 1million “casualties” killed/wounded (appx. 350,00 deaths) 1st time ever more loss to bullets than disease—“penicillin” and “blood-plasma”)
****America emerges “undamaged”—AND BECOMES THE “HEGEMON” OF THE WORLD*** BOTH MILITARILY AND ECONOMICALLY ---AND WILL NEVER AGAIN BE “ISOLATIONIST” ---A MASSIVE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EMERGES AND WILL STAY THIS WAY UNTIL TODAY****