<p>CH. 35 Busch Notes for Quiz </p><p>35 Part 1</p><p>ABC-1 Agreement</p><p>Executive Order 9066—Korematsu v. USA, 1944</p><p>100th Battalion and 442 Regimental Combat Team</p><p>What “solves” or ends the Great Depression in the USA? Deficit Spending –Keynesian Economics Unemployment Rate drops from 17.2% in 1939 to 1.9% in 1945</p><p>ALL OUT WAR “MOBILIZATION” War Production Board – Mandatory –“Arsenal of Democracy” Office of Price Administration – Ration Books</p><p>Union Support for War Effort—less than 1% of work was slowed due to strikes</p><p>Armed Services of the USA- 15 million men –216,000 women WAACs, WAVES, SPARS</p><p>GIs- All service personnel—“Government Issue”</p><p>BRACERO PROGRAM 1942 +20YEARS ZOOT-SUIT RIOTS 1943</p><p>WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE- 25-30%---“Rosie the Riveter” ***6 million US Gov’t Day-Care Centers over 3000 built in or close to factories…but short lived over 2/3rds leave the workforce after the war---BABY BOOM--- BUT---huge future impact ---leads to a “revolution”</p><p>Phase 2- Great African American Migration from the South***1.6 leave the South… The South was the nations #1 economic problem in 1938***FDR 6 billion$ to the South California’s explosive growth 21st in population in 2nd most populous by 1950*** 8.6 Billion$ to Calif. alone Seeds of post-war “Sunbelt” </p><p>A. Phillip Randolph- head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Union**** with coordination from NAACP--Issue: Discrimination in hiring practices--- “March on Washington” Threatened---- FDRs Response*** Executive Order 8802—BEGINS THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT- creates the FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Committee)—prohibiting the practice of racial discrimination in hiring for gov’t defense jobs DOUBLE-V CAMPAIGN***victory over the dictators abroad and over racism at home***</p><p>War-Time Economy DOUBLES PERSONAL INCOME GNP doubles Corporate Profits DOUBLE</p><p>GI BILL & OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH FUNNELS BILLIONS INTO UNIVERSITY BASED RESEARCH PROGRAMS---WHICH CONTINUE AFTER WW2—LEADING TO THE DOMINANCE OF THE “TECH” SECTOR IN THE USA TODAY*** WW2 COST ----2X ALL GOV’T SPENDING FROM 1776 UNTIL 1941*** WW2 COST 10 MILLION DOLLARS PER HOUR***</p><p>***35 part 2 notes</p><p>Japan</p><p>We fight a delaying action in the Pacific due to the ABC-1 Plan</p><p>A race in time --- they knew they would have to win quickly…</p><p>China--- USA support-- flying supplies “over the hump” Philippines- Gen. MacArthur –Supreme Commander US Army in the Pacific—leaves on a sub---20,000 men and nurses surrender*** Bataan Death March*** “I shall return” </p><p>By May 6, 1942 Japan in Complete Control of Pacific Theatre</p><p>THE TURNING POINT IN THE PACIFIC THEATRE**** THE BATTLE OF MIDWAY ISLAND***</p><p>Just before Midway---tide begins to turn with the battle of the Coral Sea—a draw that prevents Japan from invading Australia***</p><p>MIDWAY— Japanese fake an all out attack on the Aleutian Islands (Alaska) “Al-CAN” HIGHWAY IS BUILT Admiral Chester W. Nimitz Supreme Naval Commander in the Pacific</p><p>Sink 4 Japanese Aircraft Carriers</p><p>This marks the beginning of US domination of skies and sea</p><p>New Strategy in the Pacific –Island Hopping/Leapfrogging*** on the way to Japan*** by-passing the most heavily defended Japanese Islands… leaving them to “whither” without supplies-we cut off supply links…</p><p>Beginning of Naval path of Leapfrogging-Guadalcanal—8/ 1942 casualty rate of 10 to 1 (US to Japanese) becomes typical.. due to suicide attacks Beginning of US Army’s path is New Guinea not until 1944—through the Philippines---led by Mac GOAL IS TO CUT-OFF SUPPLIES FROM MOST HEAVILY DEFENDED JAPANESE STRONGLHOLDS AND---TO INCH CLOSE ENOUGH TO BE ABLE TO HAVE BASES FROM WHICH TO BOMB JAPAN---</p><p>HITLER</p><p>North Atlantic battle v. U-Boats New Technologies “Tizard Mission”–Radar—Bletchley Park breaking Enigma Code—1st computers—we begin to HUNT “WOLFPACKS” and by 1943 render them much less effective….</p><p>Operation Torch—North Africa – November 1942 1st amphibious landings for USA—some experienced naval captains then go to the pacific through the Panama Canal---to continue these amphibious landings many times over.. German Army is crushed at Stalingrad –late 42’--- and gives Germany its first major defeats at the same time---taking valuable German assets away from North Africa</p><p>Supreme Commander of the Combined Forces in Europe is Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower Americans crushed at Kassarine Pass in Tunisia—PATTON IS BROUGHT IN TO TAKE OVER THE 7TH ARMY</p><p>BY MAY 1943 THE ALLIES HAVE DEFEATED HITLER IN NORTH AFRICA AND THEY ARE ON THE RETREAT IN THE USSR…..</p><p>***Casablanca Conference--- Churchill and FDR Jan. 1943 Unconditional surrender---what happens in Japan???</p><p>SICILY—TO ITALY---BY 8/1943 SICILY IS FREE---ITALY IS NEXT—MUSSOLINI DEPOSED—BUT GERMANY TAKES OVER HERE---ROME TAKEN JUNE 4, 1944 TWO DAYS BEFORE D-DAY –brutal fighting continues in Italy until May 2, 1945 (5 days before complete German surrender)</p><p>****This decision to attack the “soft-underbelly” of Europe enrages Stalin---and also allows Soviet Troops to be able to dominate eastern Europe—a control they will keep until 1989’-90’ with the fall of the Soviet Republics and communist Eastern European nations…</p><p>***Ch. 35 Part 3</p><p>Map(s) Europe and Operation Overlord</p><p>D-Day June 6, 1944- Operation Overlord</p><p>Soviet Union lost 9 million soldiers before we lost any 0.</p><p>****The Teheran Conference 1st meeting of the Big Three—Churchill, Stalin, and FDR Agreement on D-Day Cairo Meeting 2days before Teheran—with Jiang Jieshi (Chang Kai Sheck) and Churchill To discuss post-war Asia—USSR not at war with Japan at this time---???</p><p>D-DAY==landing in French Normandy attacking the German ATLANTIC WALL –COMMANDED BY ROMMEL (Legendary German Commander in North Africa)</p><p>In Complete Allied Command –Eisenhower England our jumping off point (over 3 million US soldiers) Patton’s fake army—hugely significant in overall success</p><p>50 MILE FRONT 5 BEACHES—UTAH OMAHA (saving pvt. Ryan) GOLD JUNO SWORD</p><p>PARIS IS LIBERATED BY 8/44’</p><p>FDR WINS 4TH TERM AS PRESIDENT IN 1944 defeating Thomas Dewey (NYC district atty who crushed the MOB)</p><p>****Harry S. Truman—becomes FDRs VP at last minute replacing a too friendly to communists Henry Wallace--- New Deal Coalition leads Democrats to victory—Union, Black, working class, immigrant & STRANGELY “SOUTHERN CONSERVATIVES” LEADS FDR TO VICTORY***</p><p>Last days of Hitler- The “Pinch” from west and east—was beginning to crush the Germans</p><p>Battle of the Bulge---Hitler’s last big fight---Patton comes to the rescue of the 101st airbone at Bastogne*** 3/1945 US forces Bridge the Rhine into Germany---reach the Elbe River 4/1945 and meet the USSR here.</p><p>“Final Solution” discovered in its entirety…</p><p>Monuments Men***</p><p>Race v. the USSR to find Nazi captured art, gold, Nazi Scientists—</p><p>FDR Dies April 12, 1945 before the end of WW2—Harry Truman becomes Pres.</p><p>May 7, 1945 is V-E Day</p><p>Japan dies hard----</p><p>Subs sink 50% of all Japanese shipping Bombing takes a horrendous toll—fire bombing of Tokyo—using “napalm” may 9-10, 1945 damages equal or greater than A-bombs…</p><p>After the surrender of Germany---Japan only enemy remaining***</p><p>Gen. Douglas MacArthur--- Invades the Philippines 10/1944---“he did return” Kamizaze Pilot attacks cause havoc on US Navy Battle of Leyte Gulf—Japanese Navy destroyed--- Captures Manila 3/45 and the rest of the Philippines by 7/45</p><p>US Navy—continues to “leapfrog” closer and closer to Japan Iwo Jima*** 3/45 Okinawa by 6/45</p><p>The price we begin to pay as we move closer and closer to Japan is heavier and heavier****at this point the Manhattan Project is about to be considered***Truman has to make an awful decision***never made aware of this program as VP—only as he became President*** To invade Japan or drop the Atomic Bomb***</p><p>“ I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds”… I suppose we all thought that, one way or another.” –J. Robert Oppenheimer leader of “Los Alamos” Nuclear Testing Facility-Physicist -from the Bhagavad-Gita- after the Trinity explosion 7/1945 @ Trinity—the first atomic explosion in World History***</p><p>Truman’s choices- (very controversial today, but not at the time… afterwards very much so…but—interestingly after—many opponents create a “false” controversy— one of the most significant discussions still to this day for historians---READ VV***** SHORT ANSWER QUESTION ON TEST*****</p><p>1 An invasion of Japan—millions in Japanese and Allied deaths 2 Use Atomic Bombs- horror</p><p>TWO BIG CONFERENCES OCCUR JUST BEFORE THIS DECISION*** ONE WHILE FDR STILL ALIVE AND ONE AFTER HIS DEATH—PAY ATTENTION—THESE WILL HAVE HUGE IMPACTS ON THE END OF THE WAR AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE POST-WAR WORLD---INTO THE “COLD WAR”</p><p>Yalta Conference-**** Feb. 1945 (just before FDRs death) THE FATE OF POST-WAR EUROPE FDR-Churchill-Stalin---last war time meeting for Big Three*** Cold War implications*** 1-German portioned into 4 occupation zones—Berlin, totally within the USSR Sphere is to be portioned as well… governed by GB, USA, FR. And USSR 2- Status of eastern Europe---“free elections” promised by Stalin*****leads to Cold War*** 3- Commitment to post-war United Nations 4 – Stalin agrees to enter War against Japan 5-Nazi War Criminals on Trial--@ Nuremberg</p><p>THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE—8/1945 (GERMANY SURRENDERED 5/45)</p><p>“NEW” LEADERS EMERGE---Truman, Stalin, Churchill/Atlee (elections in the UK) Jiang Jieshi present from China (Mao not present?)</p><p>Potsdam Declaration****huge*** calling on surrender of ALL Japanese forces—if not---they would face prompt and utter destruction</p><p>1 –HIROSHIMA 8/6/45- “enola gay’ drops first Atomic bomb---180,000 casualties— Japan still DOES NOT SURRENDER</p><p>2- 8/8/45 USSR DECLARES WAR ON JAPAN—TAKES NORTH KOREA AND MANCHURIA</p><p>3- NAGASAKI 8/9/1945 – 2 nd and final A-bomb dropped 80,000 deaths</p><p>4- JAPAN SURRENDERS V-J DAY- 8/10/1945*** with a condition that the Emperor stay in power*** accepted by Allies 8/19/1945</p><p>WW2—effects</p><p>Maybe 100 million deaths world wide---85% in just China and the USSR USA—over 1million “casualties” killed/wounded (appx. 350,00 deaths) 1st time ever more loss to bullets than disease—“penicillin” and “blood-plasma”)</p><p>****America emerges “undamaged”—AND BECOMES THE “HEGEMON” OF THE WORLD*** BOTH MILITARILY AND ECONOMICALLY ---AND WILL NEVER AGAIN BE “ISOLATIONIST” ---A MASSIVE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EMERGES AND WILL STAY THIS WAY UNTIL TODAY****</p>