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Native Willow Varieties for the Pacific Northwest Native Preface Contents Willow

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Native Willow Varieties for the Pacific Northwest Native Preface Contents Willow vallis Plant Materials Center Oregon Native Willow Varieties for the Pacific Northwest Native Preface Contents Willow Varieties for The use of native plants for restoration and Introduction. ............................... 1 re vegetation is receiving renewed popular the Pacific inlereslnatioll widc. Thisdocumcnt [mponance of wi ll ows ....... 1 describes six willow varieties that are suitable for such purposes, if prudently 'Clatsop' hooker willow ............................ 2 Northwest and intelligently applied. They are: - 'Clalsop' hooker willow 'Multnomah' Columbia River willow .. .4 -' Multnomah' Columbia River willow . 'Nehalem' Pacific willow 'Nehalem' Pacific willow ........ ...... ..... ....... 6 Dale C. Darris -'Placer' erect willow Conservation ag ronomist . ' Plumas' si tka willow 'Placer' erect willow ....... ............. 8 U.S. Department -' Rogue' arroyo willow of Agriculture These wi llows were developed and are 'Plumas' sitka willow .... .. 10 Soil Conservation Service promoted in response to the need for Corvallis Plant Materials Center locally adapted plant materials that can 'Rogue' arroyo willow ........................... 12 Corvall is, Oregon help stabilize eroding streambanks. improve water quality. and enhance or Table-Adaptation and use of willows restore degraded wi ldlilfe habitat in the in the Paci fi c Northwest.... 14 Pacific Nonhwesl. Scott M. Lambert Propagation and establishment 15 Plant Materials Specialist Although the authors have described each U.S. Department wi llow species "natural range" in general Availability .... 15 of Agriculture terms. the reader is encouraged to use Soil Conservation Service official publications on local nora and Related references 15 Spokane, Washington other appropriate botanical references if more specific information on biogeogra- ph y is desired. More attention is given instead to the concept of "area of adapta- ti on" that. as used herein. encompasses a region of similar climate. soils. and topography within which a variety or strain is known or anticipated to do well. Although all th e willows in this publica- ti on are considered either native to all or at least a pan of western Washington. western Oregon. or nonhwestern Califor- nia. "area of adaptation" for some may not be wholly contained within the known distribution of wild populations. For some varieties. the area of adaptation is wider and for others. it is narrower than the species "native" range. Ultimately. the end users of plants must decide whether or not these willow varieties. or any other plants. meet the panicular ecological. physical. aesthetic. and legal requirements of a project. Original sketches of the willows appearing in this publicaton were created by Gail Lovell. Beavenon. Oregon. All programs and services of the SoH Conservation Service are offered on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to r(lce, color, religion, sex, age, marital status, handicap, or national origin. June 1993 Introduction The U.S. Dcpanmcn\ of Agriculture. Importance of willows Although short-li ved and not pest free, Soil Conservation Service, Plam Riparian wi lluws Me: valuable: for willows are easy to establish, fast Materials Cenler at Corvall is, Oregon. erosion control. Large shrub types that growing. gener<llly hardy. and extremel y tests and se lects nntivc and introduced have flexible stems will bend and fonn effective when properly applied. Native pl:l l1t s for conservation usc in Ihe Pacific effective "bank liners" fo r streams during species are useful for naturalized Nonhwest. Wood y plants arc evaluated spring floods, whi le the fibrous roots help land scaping and maintaining or re storing spedficull y for ~( n: ;]11lban k stubi li;(ution, hold the soil in place year round. Most endemic riparian and wetland pl an t fish an d wildlife habitat improvement. willows can reroot and resprout readi ly if communities. Some can be planted as and other reclamation and erosion control broken or d:mlaged by a storm. livestock. windbreaks or screens. and others are purposes. After years of screening with or debris flow. By resisting fl ow and useful for stabilizing dredge spoi ls or public agencies and privalc landowners. hcl ping to fi lt er or intercept runoff water drawdown w nes along the shores of Ihe six willows de!>Cribed in this brochure before it enters a stream. willows reduce manmade reservoir:;. The selection of were approved and released as culti vars sediment loads and im prove water quality. more vigorous ecOlypes means beller (varieties of willows) by the Oregon Willows are important for many growth and survival for the intended Agricultural Experiment Station. wi ldlife species. Deer, elk. and moose purpose. Finally, male varieties thaI Corvallis. Oregon. ~nd the W ashington browse the twigs and foliage and certain regenerate vegetati vely. but do not sprcad Agricultural Research Cenler, Pull man, birds and small game eat the catkins and by seed, are less likely to become weedy. Wu sh in glon. These var ieties were not buds. The dense growth provides cover and bred or hybridized but rather selected nesting si tes. The pollen is an imponant from nalive popu lati ons for certain source of food for honey bees early in the characteristics such as stcm dcnsit y, spring. Willows also enhance aquatic form, survival. growth rate. and vigor. habitat by allracling insects that fi sh feed on and by shading streams thereby reducing water temperatures. 'Clatsop' hooker willow Hooker or coast willow is a medium Description 10 large shrub ":!live (0 (he coastal fog C1UlSOP hooker willow (SCIIi.l bell of northwestern California. Oregon. hookeri(II/{l Barr.ltl ex Hook.) will grow Washington. and southwestern British 10 a height of 1010 26 fect (3 - 8 Ill ) Columbia as well as the Yakullll Bay area depending on the sile. [ts overall of Alaska. II most commonly occurs on appearance is typical of the species. dcnmion plains or stabilized dunes. ncar Mulurc shrubs grown well spuced and in lagoons. :md along slreums within 5 mi les full sun afC dense. multistemmed. and of the coas\. upright to broadly branching in form. 'Clatsop' is a cultivar of hooker The species can be distinguished in pan willow well suiled to sircambank by ils SIOut hairy Iwigs and oblong stabilization and the revegetation of shaped 1e,l\'CS Ihal afC thid:.. woolly coastal marshes or other moist. sandy beneath. and "leathery" 10 the louch. The areas. It may also be used for wildlife broad leaves have margins Ihal are h3bital improvement. nmural area smooth to somewhat wavy. They are landscaping. windbreaks and screens in alternate and deciduous, falling by mid to moist environments. Clatsop was late NO\'ember. Young tw igs are green. cooperatively released in 1988. and the bark of older limbs is dark gray. '''e plant collection that led 10 the release of C[atSOp was made in 1978 by the Soil Conservation Service. The original stand was found in Clalsop County. Oregon, 1·looker willow. like lllOSI willows. bears male and female flowers on separate plants. Clatloop. however. is a female clone and. as such. bears only pislillate (female) catkins in March or April. They are upright. appear before the foliage. and arc retained for several weeks. 2 Performance Adaptation Uses Clatsop hooker willow (9O().l737, PI- Clatsop hooker willow is tolerant of Clatsop hooker willow is 508554) was evaluated in:m mOSl soil textural types and dnlinage recommended for stabilizing the banks of observation:ll row nurscry against 105 classes where moisture is nOllimiling. low velociry streams. improving wildlife clones or :lcccssions comprisi ng atlcast 8 The species. however. prefers moist. habitat. and resroring nalivc plant native species. As the best of four clones sand y. gravelly. or mucky sites at communities along lakes. marshes. and of hooker willow te sted, il was chosen for elevations below 1.500 feet (460 m). It is older dunes near the coast. Deer. moose, its allractive foliage. density. Stout best s uited to streantbanks. moiSI coastal and rabbits browse the sterns; carkins are bmnching. and fewer observ;]ble disease I11c<ldows. swbilized dunes. and marshes food for small game and songbirds. The ~ymplom ~. Thi ~ vari cty demonstrated where sunlight is abundant. shade created by willows along a srre;]m rapid ilt il i:l l gro..... th the fi rst few years Known areas of adapt.1rion for reduces water temperatures and improves after establishment. Clatsop include valleys. sloughs. and conditions for many fi sh. In 40 field plantings along streams. riparian areas west of the Cascade This \'ariery may also be used for watcrcourse~, and on similar moist. low Mountain ridge in weSlem Oregon. certain stream and slope protection maintenance sites in western Oregon and westcm Washingron. and northwestem measures such as walliing, brush matting. Wa~hingto n. the survival rate averaged California. On upland sites Ihe average or br.L1lch packing; il may be used alone 49 perce nt. Stands varied from I to 5 annual precipiration should exceed 40 o r with tradirional mcchanicaltreatments years old. Under sewl"\! grass inches ( 101.6 em). Potemial areas of s uch as rock riprap. It has e.\cellent compet ition. Clatsop rllled hi gher in adaptation include rhe species native porenrial for natural area landscaping. terms of vigor ;]lId was more pcrsistem range as wei! as regions of si milar screens. and windbreaks on moist sires. than six out of seven willows. including climate and soils within USDA plant The large female catkins. thick leathery 'Bankers' dwarf willow (S(llix x COletti). h:udincss zones 7a 10 9b. leaves. and stour branches add Where proper sile ~e1ect i o n and plaming o mamenw! value. The wood has no methods weI"\! used. survival has commercial use. exceeded 80 percent. _ Known adaptation D Probable adaptation * Origin 01 'CtalSO!)' 3 'Multnomah' Columbia River willow Columbia River willow is a suckering Description shrub or small tree native only to the Multnomah Columbia River wi llow shores of the lower Columbia River and (S(l/ixjluI'iatilis NUll.) will grow to a related tributaries in western Oregon and height of 1010 20 fect (3 - 6 m), Washington.
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