CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF RESEACH LITERATURE CHAPTER-2
REVIEW OF RESEARCH LITERATURE
2.0 Introduction
Management of DLs i.e. procurement, preservation, and access to digital resources in the library is first activity which have a great challenge for LISc professionals. Various attempts have been made related to issues, challenges, policies, planning etc. of DLs (Bouchet, 2006(59); Flannery, 2008 (157)) and these have been discussed from time to time. Before starting the study, a survey of literature related to the subject was carried out. The purpose of this exercise is to understand the existing trends, outcomes and fall drops, so as to arrive at the right perspective. The research topic is divided in to various sections and subsections. A thorough search has been made on the literature directly/ indirectly related to the topic of present study in various documents viz research journals, seminar/ conference proceedings, books, etc and a bibliography is prepared for most relevant and related research based articles. The purpose of review is to convey to readers what is currently known regarding the topic of interest. It traces out the critical points of existing knowledge. Its main aim is to bring the researcher to the nascent information with current literature on the topic of interest and forms the basis for another goal, such as the justification for future research in the area, etc. For the systematization and convenience, the review of the literature has been divided in the following headings and subheadings.
2.1 International Scenario
It was Glandney, et al (1994)(178), who reported about the DL, its gross structure and requirements, while describing intelligent access to online. However, Greenstein and Thorin (2002) (183) gave a detailed biography on DL. Berry (1996) (41-42) propagated DLs new initiatives with worldwide implications. It was Digital Library Federation (2004) (136) who gave a working definition of DL during 1998 which was documented during 2004 followed by Fox (1999) (162) with updating DL initiatives. Ying (2007) (491) highlighted the problems of libraries in the digital age. Although the digital technology offers several advantages over their print counterpart but also has many challenges. This includes dynamic nature of digital contents, machine dependency, fragility of the media, technological obsoleteness, short life of digital media, standards, formats/ styles,
12 copyright/ IPR issues, etc. However, literature review indicates that some efforts have been made in this direction but there are no systematic and serious programmesto cope up the above problems.
2.1.1 Barriers/ Challenges
Zhou (1998) (498) discussed the Chinese copyright law and the influence of digital technology on the present system. In order to accommodate the digital environment, he advocated for the revision of copyright protection law of China. However, it was Chen (1999) (96) who gave semantic research for DLs and described an overview on the knowledge management in US.
Hamilton (2004) (189) described various aspects for sustainability of digital libraries. Economic sustainability is a pressing concern for many DL projects. One key to achieving economic sustainability is to make the DL an integral part of its parent organization. This can be done by having a sound product, launched at the right stage, and valued by the users. Influential champions for the digital library are also required and librarians must be prepared to network and cultivate useful contacts. Funding sources may be sponsorship, in-kind support, fee charging and the ultimate aim, integration.
George (2005) (176) made a study of various issues related to acquiring copyright permission for Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) libraries with the goal of determining effectiveness and efficiency using the least complex process. The CMU libraries conducted a two year study to explore the issues related to acquiring permission to digitize copyrighted material and provide digital access via internet. The goal of the study was to determine a realistic estimation of time, complexity, and issues related to the process. Based on a random sample drawn from library shelves, 273 titles were selected for taking copyright permission. The study provided in?'ght into the process, problems, and obstacles confronting libraries seeking to develop their digital collections. However, the study yielded some discouraging results. Less than one-fourth of copyright holders granted permission to digitize their books. Nearly one-third of copyright holders did not respond to queries, even after diligent follow-up. However, the study also yielded valuable strategies that have made subsequent copyright permission projects quantifiable more successful. In the long run, this and other projects will be rewarded by the development of robust digital libraries in the world.
Joint (2006) (231) offered clear insights into methods for assessing the risk of mounting digital objects in a networked electronic library environment. The author summarized briefly the work carried out till today in this area. The principles outlined by the author may offer practitioners some
13 useful insights into how to manage copyright aspects of their digital library collections on a day to day practical level.
Zhang (2007) (495) focused on the needs of digital library and provided recommendations on digital library intellectual property rights evaluation and method. The author also analyzed the digital library intellectual property right evaluation and method, application scope of commonly used methods, and digital library copyright evaluation and method. According to the author, for the electronic resources, the number of copiers, the term of usage, quality of information, copyright, and the contract with authors should be considered; for technologies used in the digital library, the evaluation should cover the novelty, inventiveness, usefulness, and the access mode. In addition, the quantitative and qualitative evaluation should be combined with experience to evaluate virtual library resources and actual resources with stable right of use.
Gonzalez & Gil (2008) (180) highlighted the various issues involved in semantic copyright management. The copyright management is a key issue for internet-wide knowledge sharing and use because most of the artifacts used for knowledge storage and communication are governed by copyright rules. The authors contributed a novel approach to Digital Rights Management (DRM), based on semantic web technologies, that takes into account the underlying copyright legal framework. The copyright ontology facilitates interoperation while providing a rich framework that accommodates copyright law and copes with custom licensing schemes.
Seadle (2008) (387) in the editorial "The digital library in 100 years: damage control" aimed to look at damage control for the problems digital libraries will face in 100 years because of choices we make today. The approach looks at the market choices for archiving systems and considers what factors could cause contemporary choices to go wrong. The author found that interoperability is the preferred choice for helping to ensure that the wrong choice of an archiving system will have minimal consequences for the documents in that system. Libraries choosing archiving systems must make choices based on limited information and on expectations about that system's long term viability that could well be wrong. The author said that the libraries should prepare for some archiving systems to fail and should plan for interoperability so that documents can move readily from one system to another.
Zheng (2008) (497) made a study on how traditional reading habits of the library users are influencing the construction of digital libraries in developing countries and provided some solutions to solve this problem. The functions of digital libraries in developing countries are seriously
14 diminished due to traditional reading habits. This study provides general tactics on how to develop digital libraries in the developing countries. Before discussing digital resources and their applications, a brief introduction is presented to the development of digital libraries in main land China. This study also provides some observations and insights into the design and development of digital libraries in developing countries.
Silva, et. al. (2010) (409) described the challenges and requirements faced in creation of a digital library for epidemic modeling and forecasting. These were presented within the context of the Epidemic Marketplace, a distributed data management platform where epidemiological data could be stored, interlinked, and made available to assist epidemiologists and public health scientists in sharing and exchanging data. The authors introduced ivs architecture and implementation plan based on open- source tools. The Epiwork project is a large multi-organizational initiative funded by the European Commission.
Alison et al (2012) (8) reported a study done on electronic information resources usage in three universities offering medical education in Uganda. The study revealed that utilization of e-resources was influenced by human and institutional factors. The study also mentioned other factors that affect usage of e-resources, such as poor searching skills and limited number of resources available to users, slowness of access to internet information mainly caused by low bandwidth, lack of awareness of resources, limited number of facilities not matching the number of users, lack of skills to make productive searches, etc.
Millawithanachchi (2012) (302) conducted a questionnaire based survey on postgraduates belonging to seven faculties of University of Colombo, Sri Lanka to investigate the Critical Success Factor (CSF) on e-resources usage and reported factor analysis results. The study identified nine factors which affect e-resources usage. Among the nine factors, postgraduates identified "Technology" as the most critical factor in using e-resources. Library support, information literacy, computer competency, usefulness and users attitude were identified as other CSFs for using e- resources.
2.1.2 Design and Development
Hulser (1997) (201) discussed briefly about information services trends, need for digital libraries, digital library planning and development, IBM Digital Library and its integrated functions of create and capture, search and access, distribution, storage and management, and rights management, etc. The author also provided guidelines and considerations required for implementation of a digital library project.
Moffat & Witten (1997) (307) identified three issues of storage, indexing, and retrieval in compression-based digital library from an implementation point of view, showing how data compression techniques could be used to increase both space and time efficiency. To set a context for the development, the authors discussed New Zealand digital library initiatives, a web-based tool that provides various services, and indexes over 40,000 technical documents drawn from sources around the world
Lied Library is one of the premier research libraries of the United States, located at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, opened in January 2000, and is a model for the library of the future. As one of the largest and most technologically advanced libraries in the USA, the Lied Library delivers the highest level of information services to the campus and community. The author described about the most technologically advanced Lied Library, incorporation of 3M digital identification (ID) collection management in the library and its benefits. (Yorkovich, 2001) (492).
Arms (2000) (16) presented an overview of digital libraries in his book "digital libraries," partly it was about technology but equally it was about people and organizations. According to him, digital libraries brought together facets of many disciplines and experts with different backgrounds and different approaches. The book described the contributions of various disciplines and their interactions in the development and management of digital libraries. It discussed different aspects of digital libraries like importance of digital libraries, cost of digital libraries, technical developments, access to digital libraries, items in digital library, challenges, digital libraries initiatives, building for digital libraries, legal issues, etc.
Preston & Lin (2002) (352) stated that the database technology advancements have provided many opportunities for libraries. These advancements can bring the world closer together through information accessibility. Digital library projects have been established worldwide to ultimately, fiilfill the needs of end users through more efficient and convenient ways. Resource sharing will continue to be the trend for libraries. The changes often create issues which need to be addressed. The authors reviewed various issues relating to database technology and digital libraries and ideified some of the major challenges and managerial issues in digital libraries.
Talk (2003) (152) looked at the long term implications of library digitization and suggested that he changes might be an introduction to a much greater transition in future. It refers to the experiences 16 of academic libraries, where there has been a sweeping transition to electronic journals and growth in the availability of other digital collections. Wider access to rare and special collections is offered by digitization and steps to achieve more universal access to international repositories are underway. The author also examined the experience to date of digital library operations beyond academia-public libraries, and schools- and the growth of online library reference services. He feels that as digital library resources increase, the importance of the library as a physical setting where patrons go to find information and borrow books, appears to diminish, and increased reliance on digital collections is leading to a decline in the importance of collections of printed materials.
Dawson (2004) (122) demonstrated the importance of metadata in digital information environment. Substantial work has gone into creating complex metadata schemes for describing digital content. Yet increasingly web search engines and Google in particular, are the primary means of discovering and selecting digital resources, although they make little use of metadata. The author explained how digital libraries can gain more value from their metadata by adapting it for Google users, while still following well established principles and standards for cataloguing and digital preservation
According to Hildegard (2004) (195) the introduction of digital resources has not only had considerable impact on the role of libraries in the information society, but it has also had a remarkable effect on back office procedures, i.e. on the way the library is organized. The author presented a case study of a reengineering process at the BayerisheStaatsbibliothek.(Bavarian State Library) in Munich, Germany. It was founded in 1558 as a court library, and is a special kind of academic library with local, regional, and supra-regional responsibilities for supplying literature and information. Its holdings include 8 million volumes, 40000 current print serials, 5100 electronic journals, 87000 manuscripts, 18700 incunabula, and millions of units of other material. It also functions as an international research library because of its special collections. The author described the reengineering process of the library to provide digital services and access to the collection to the users at local, regional, and supra-regional levels. Also mentioned various problems faced during reengineering process in the changed management in digital era.
Sennema (2004) (395) explained how a small liberal arts college library created a digital library using existing staff and financial resources? The Hekman Digital Archive (HAD) was created using a digital media archive module of the library's integrated library system, and is maintained by one library staff member with the help of numerous student assistants. The Hekmam library provides access to over 1.6 million items including 1, 75,000 e-books and over 10,000 e-joumals. 17 The advancements in information technologies present an interesting opportunity for the creation of personalized information spaces, such as digital libraries with collections and services that correspond to targeted needs and situations. It is also worth stressing that digital library users are changing their way of using digital libraries. Digital library users are nowadays often playing more and more different roles at different times and places, for example, as consumers of information and producers of information at the same time (Bertini et. al, 2005) (43).
Frumkin (2005) (167) described how collaborative tools, such as Wikis, can be utilized in a digital library environment? The author explained the three potential applications of a digital library wiki (the wiki as a knowledge base tool, the wiki as a content management tool, and the wiki as a tool to empower interactive finding aids). The author also provided ideas for digital library developers and implementers, especially those looking for increasing collaboration and interactivity in digital libraries.
Lytras, et. al. (2005) (282) have introduced about the importance of semantic web technology in the development of digital libraries. Intensive research has been undertaken worldwide in research centres and several achievements have been accomplished towards the ultimate objective: the expression and the exploitation of humanity's collective knowledge. The authors sketched the overall requirements for a semantic approach to digital libraries and highlighted the major challenges for libraries and library management. Also provided help in understanding the Semantic Web Roadmap of Digital Libraries.
Paul& David (2005) (346) demonstrated the application of semantic knowledge technology to a case study in intelligent content management, specifically the BT digital library. The intention was to test the technology developed within semantically-enabled knowledge technology (SEKT) and to provide feedback to the development process. The SEKT project was funded by the European Commission under the 6th Framework Program. During the initial stage of the project user requirements were collected through questionnaire and also an in-depth focus group. This enabled an enhanced digital library system to be designed using SEKT technology. The first stage of project work has verified that semantic knowledge technology can be used to enhance the value of digital libraries. While Zhou (2005) (499) reported about the development and shaping of DLs in China.
Vassiliadis (2005) (469) described sustainable design for multiple audiences. Also, conducted the usability study and iterative redesign of the documenting the American South digital library. The author highlighted some problems along with suggestions. 18 Bawden & Vilar (2006) (37) made a review on the nature of, and rational for, user expectations in digital library setting and ways in which they might best be met and/ or managed. User expectations of digital libraries are often unrealistic, usually unrealistically high, mainly due to the ubiquity of the web search engine as an information environment. Expectations differ between user groups. Both meeting and managing expectations have been promoted as a solution; it is likely that a mix of the two will be most effective. More empirical and conceptual studies are needed. Ways of making the nature of digital library collections and their organization "visible" embedded in a natural way within their interfaces are desirable.
Castelli (2006) (71) has described about the digital libraries of the future, their enabling technologies, and their organizational model. The author first discussed the requirements for the digital libraries of the fiiture, then presented the DILIGENT (Digital Library Infrastructure on Grid Enabled Technology) infrastructure as a technological response to these requirements and finally the role of libraries in the organizational framework envisioned by DILIGENT. Digital libraries of the future would give access to a large variety of multimedia and multi-type documents created by integrating content from many different heterogeneous sources that range from repositories of text, images, and audio-video, to scientific data archives, and databases. The digital library would provide a seamless environment where the co-operative access, filtering, manipulation, generation, and preservation of these documents would be supported as a continuous cycle. Users of the library would be both consumers and producers of information, either by themselves or in collaborations with other users. Policy ensuring mechanisms will guarantee that the information produced is visible only to those who have the appropriate rights to access it. The realization of these new digital libraries requires both the provision of a new technology and a change in the role played by the libraries in the information access-production cycle. Digital libraries of the fiiture will be core instruments for serving a large class of applications, especially in the research field. The author briefly introduced one of the most innovative technologies for digital libraries and discussed its contribution to the realization of a" novel digital libraries scenario.
Frumkin (2006) (166) expressed about the experiences of creating digital library service registry and explored the need for a complete digital library technical platform. If digital libraries are looked upon not as individual systems, but as collection of services on top of a common platform then progress may be made to move beyond the limitations that current standards uphold. As the author described digital library as a platform instead of individual service/ systems, it should be of interest to digital library developers, librarians, and information scientists.
19 Kani-Zabihi, et. al. (2006) (240) made a survey as part of this study to obtain users' suggestions for functionality and features of digital libraries and ranked their opinions on a range of suggested digital library features. The study revealed that, irrespective of information technology (IT) backgrounds of the users, their expectations for functionality of the digital libraries are same. However, based on users' previous experiences with digital libraries, their requirements with respect to specific features may change. Involving users in digital library design should be an integral step in the process of building a digital library- in addition to the classic role of evaluation and testing. In previous digital library user studies, users were involved implicitly (e.g. observed) or explicitly (e.g. dairy notes). However, they were never asked to suggest digital library features or functionalities, as this easy left to usability and domain experts. This study approached digital library design from new perspectives, giving users an oppormnity to express their suggestions on ftiture functionality and features of digital libraries. Moreover, in contrast to previous work, this study has explicitly taken into account the IT abilities of those interacting with a digital library.
Saumure & Shiri (2006) (381) compared three visual learning environments (VLEs) (WebCT, Blackboard and creation of study environments) with respect to how well they have incorporated elements of digital libraries? The comparative evaluation technique has been used to compare the three selected VLEs along with five key dimensions of digital libraries: content/ format support, metadata, search/ browse features, customizability, and preservation. The authors made some recommendations related to seamless access, metadata implementation, controlled vocabulary, and preservation. The authors gave a sense of how well some current VLEs are implementing elements of digital libraries, as well as what areas are lacking. This paper is of the value to librarians, digital library developers, instructors and VLE designers-giving them feedback on how these environments should be structured to enhance information access. It is the first comparative evaluation of these three VLEs with respect to the implementation of digital library elements.
Sharifabadi (2006) (398) explored the advantages of digital libraries for e-leaming and the types of e-leaming that can be supported by digital libraries. Digital libraries have the potential to offer unprecedented resources for supporting e-learaing. This paper addresses and discusses such aspects as what is meant by "e-leaming", and how can it be supported by the library environment, the functionality of the digital library, and how e-leaming resources are included and organized in the digital library. Online information resources are generally used for research and teaching but this seems to be matched by a lack of awareness of how best to integrate these resources into the e-
20 learning environment. This study provides usefiil insight into the role and influence of digital libraries and online resources on e-leaming.
Chen, et. al. (2007) (93) proposed "recommendation system architecture" to promote digital library services in electronic libraries. In the proposed architecture, a two-phase data mining process used by association rule and clustering methods is designed to generate a recommendation system. With the advanced filter, the recommendation supported by the proposed system architecture would be closely served to meet users' needs. This proposed recommendation architecture not only constructs a recommendation service for readers to search books from the web but also helps in finding the most suitable books for readers as well. Furthermore, library managers are expected to purchase core and hot books from a limited budget to maintain and satisfy the requirements of readers along with promoting digital library services.
Ding et. al. (2007) (137) provided a Rule-based metadata interoperation system to support querying across distributed digital libraries created in heterogeneous metadata schemas, without requiring the availability of a global schema. A prototype system was built based on examples instead of practical experience. The advantages and weaknesses of ontology based applications were investigated and justified the utility of inferential rules in expressing complex relations between metadata terms in different metadata schemas. A process for combining ontologies and rules for specifying complex relations between metadata schemas was designed. The process was collapsed into a set of working phases and provided examples to illustrate how to interrelate two similar bibliographic ontology fragments for further query formulation. A new approach has been proposed for facilitating heterogeneous metadata interoperation in digital libraries as a way of empowering ontologies with rich reasoning capabilities. A more flexible and dynamic environment was studies i.e. P2P based digital libraries, where peers may join and leave freely.
Tsai (2007) (453) made a review on the methods of image retrieval for digital cultural heritage resources to identify the retrieval methods which are supported by the current digital cultural heritage libraries. It has been found that current digital cultural heritage libraries mostly provide only general retrieval methods based on image-based low-level features, i.e. query by image contents and very few libraries consider other retrieval methods such as browsing and semantic-based retrieval. In addition, none of the current systems provide all possible retrieval methods for users. This study is the first one which examined image-based retrieval methods in digital cultural heritage libraries and supports for the improvement of retrieval functionality for digital cultural heritage libraries in future..
21 Xie (2007) (487) evaluated "Help features" in digital libraries and identified problems related to their designs. This study selected six digital libraries to represent a variety of digital libraries developed or sponsored by different types of organizations. The Help features of these selected digital libraries were examined by their types (explicit versus implicit), formats (text, images, screenshots, multimedia materials, and interactive formats), and presentation styles (descriptive, guide, procedural, and exemplary). In the process of analysis, the author identified six types of problems: lack of standards, tradeoff between using explicit Help and implicit Help, tradeoff between using general Help versus specific Help, lack of interactive Help features, lack of dynamic presentation styles, and lack of Help features for advanced users and users who do not understand English. This smdy provides current status and problems of the Help features in the existing digital libraries.
Candela, et. al. (2008) (69) introduced DELOS digital library reference model- foundations for Dls. However, Macgregor (2008) (284) introduced the papers published in the special issue on digital libraries and the semantic web:'context, applications and research which explored some of the potential opportunities and challenges to be found in greater library and information science alignment with semantic web developments. For many digital libraries or cultural institutions, the semantic web offers an opportunity to better expose valuable digital resources pertaining to research, culture or history, using common standards and technologies in a collaborative and "joined up" way. The papers published in this issue "paint a rainbow", exploring the issues through elements of case studies, reviews research and conceptual expositions and viewpoints.
Passos, et. al. (2008) (341) reported the experience of implementing a university digital library by introducing all the technical/ administrative and scientific production in the education field. The authors described the process of conception, information architecture, the steps and methodology for structuring and establishing the digital library of the Faculty of Education of the State University of Campinas (BDE-FE/UNICAMP), with the partnership of the UNICAMP Libraries system (SBU/ UNICAMP), which manages the Nou-Rau software and stores the digital library of UNICAMP (BDU). It also identifies the skill and abilities the information professional must have, concerning the definition of criteria for the evaluation and selection of documents to be scanned, and establishes management procedures for the implementation of services derived from this new tool for retrieving information in the educational area. The purpose of the BDE-FE/UNICAMP is to store and make electronically available to users the production of professors, students, employees (technicians) and the administration staff, generated within the faculty. The implementation of this source of research, therefore, meets the expectations of the users and helps in spreading the information.
22 Information visualization offers a variety of ways in which digital library collections can be represented on the interface and shown to the user. Metadata has been utilized to enhance visual user interfaces to digital libraries. Shiri (2008) (406) conducted a shidy to investigate and analyze a specific category of digital library visual interface that supports information seeking, exploration and retrieval based on metadata representations, namely metadata-enhanced visual interfaces. This study examined 21 metadata-enhanced digital library visual interfaces from the following perspectives: (a) information access and retrieval features; (b) metadata elements; (c) visualization techniques and metaphors. The results demonstrated that the combined use of visualization techniques and metaphors is becoming increasingly prevalent as a design strategy to support users' information exploration. The results also suggest that visual interface enhanced with metadata is becoming more widespread to provide a richer representation of digital collections.
Zhang (2008) (496) investigated the effects of different search and browse features in digital libraries (DLs) on task interactions, and on the features leading to poor user experience. Three operational digital libraries: ACM, IEEE CS, IEEE Xplore were used in this study. These three DLs present different features in their search and browsing designs. Two information-seeking tasks were constructed: one search task and one browsing task. An experiment was conducted in a usability laboratory. Data from 35 participants were collected on a set of measures for user interactions. The results showed significant differences in many aspects of the user interactions among the three DLs. For both search and browse designs, the features leading to poor user interactions were also identified. The study provided empirical evidence to the effects of interaction design features in digital libraries on user interactions and performance. The study results contributed to our knowledge about digital library designs in general and about the three operational DLs in particular.
Zheng (2008) (497) suggested some general tactics to develop digital libraries in the developing countries keeping traditional reading habits of the users in view. Before discussing digital resources and their applications, a brief introduction is presented to the development of digital libraries in main land China. This study provides some observations and insights into the design and development of digital libraries in developing countries.
Soh (2009) (420) gave an overview of the digital libraries and globalization. According to him library digitization on a global basis is essential in the twenty-first century. The digital library development initiatives in most of the countries depend substantially on their national libraries. He presented an overview of national libraries of 14 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The national libraries covered are National Library of China (http;//www.nic.gov.cn). National Diet Library, Japan 23 (http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/index.html), National Library of Korea (http://www.nl.go.kr), National Central Library, Taiwan (http://www.ncl.edu.tw/english/index.asp), National Library of India (http://www.nlindia.org/modemisation.html). National Library of Sri Lanka (http://www.natlib.lk), Bandung Institute of Technology Central Library, Indonesia (http://www.itb.ac.id). National Library of Malaysia (http://www.pmn.my), National Library of the Philippines (http://www.nlp.gov.ph), National Library Board (NLB), Singapore (http://www.nlb.gov.sg), National Library of Thailand (http://www.nlt.go.th). National Library of Vietnam (http://www.nlv.go.vn). National Library of Australia (http://www.nla.gov.au), and National Library of New Zealand (http://www.natlib.govt.nz). Most of these libraries participate in the collaboration efforts to build digital libraries with support from their government. Some focus on digitization and preservation activities, while others concentrate on digitization standards. The requirements for digital library implementation from a global perspective are essential. The globalization of digital libraries is what the world should be heading towards as we enter the next century.
Stephen et. al. (2009) (427) conducted questionnaire-based study on the requirements of digital libraries. According to the authors, the gathering of user requirements is the key for gaining a deeper understanding of the needs evolving from the user's operational context and from the use of the system. The user requirements are pivotal in guiding the development process of any system. This is no less true in the arena of digital libraries. The digital library requirements should be collected with the understanding that the anticipated digital library user interface should accord support to the user throughout the entire digital library usage/ interaction process. The study covered a wide range of issues pertinent to the design of user interfaces for digital libraries including user characteristics/ profiles, current experience in digital library usage, functional requirements (integration of knowledge, access to knowledge, administration of content, etc.), nonfiinctional requirements (usability, accessibility, etc,), and contextual requirements
Bia (2010) (51) discussed about the changes of web 2.0 and its impact on digital library users- experience, along with examples of efforts to enhance the user experience in several aspects, such as improving website design, empowering library collections with rich services, improving social aspects, etc. The Miguel de Cervantes Digital Library (MCDL), Espana, was used as a case study
Chaudhuri, et. al. (2010) (90) reported about e-library services of the Novartis Knowledge Centre (NKC), USA, to meet the fast changing user needs and worldwide industry challenges. User enabled e-library model of NKC was developed in 2006. The authors also provided details on how the service
24 group empowered end users to locate needed resources to produce a positive impact on the company's success.
Creamer (2010) (107) described about the development of digitized library at the International Bureau of Education (IBE), Geneva. The author also mentioned a brief history of IBE, the problems in developing digital library and their solutions.
This study aimed at to provide general guidelines for design of a low cost digital library providing services required by various categories of special library users in developing countries. The study illustrated strategies and methods which could be adopted for building such projects as well as the phases and the stages required for building such projects from scratch. It also highlighted the barriers and obstacles facing Arabic content and how could such problems overcome. It gave an overview of the National Oil Corporation-Digital Library, Libya (Elaiess, 2010) (147).
Although a vast number of books are available in digital form, the problem of access to the material in a way that is meaningful to scholars has not been resolved. The authors in this study tried to resolve the problem by discussing accessing content in digital books, indexers and their legacy, building a test collection, analyzing the test collection and building a meta-index, and future research using index content to augment search. (Huggett & Rasmussen, 2010) (200).
Lagzian & Abrizah (2010) (265) reported the current status of digital library development in Iran. The study outlined the issues and challenges in resource-sharing among the digital library initiatives in the country.
Paul (2010) (345) conducted a study on two techniques: on one hand aggregating smaller sources in a bigger searchable database and on other hand federated searching through several existing databases/ digital libraries in one simultaneous action. Concrete applications that could be exploited by end-users were presented. For the two approaches, the study outlined differences as well as similarities in features, limitations, concerns, advantages and disadvantages. Some recommendations were formulated for digital librarians.
Safahieh & Ngah (2010) (370) presented set of factors that affect users' acceptance and successfiil usage of digital library, extracted from the published literature. These factors are related to the technology characteristics, organization characteristics, and user characteristics, which are important in designing digital libraries and user training. The authors presented the results to enhance and promote digital library acceptance.
25 This study aimed at to discuss a generalized metadata framework to describe the architecture of digital manga- a Japanese term meaning graphic novels and comics. The metadata framework was based on Functional Requirements of Bibliographic Records (FRBC) and TV-Anytime. The author first discussed some basic issues in digital publishing environment and metadata, and then showed the metadata framework for manga. (Sugimoto, 2010) (428).
Taha (2010) (431) proposed a digital library service model that includes research information processing and delivery to virtual knowledge research community (VKRC) emerging within a networked research and learning environment at the United Arab Emirates University (UAEU). The author also proposed that UAEU should provide its user-"centered services" to meet new e- information needs of the researchers
On the basis of Danish experiences, Thorhange (2010) (445) focused on the strategy for the development of digital library services to all. The study is based on the fundamental view that digital libraries interact with traditional libraries, or rather: it is up to the existing libraries to develop and manage digital libraries. This point of view was justified by the fact that the aim of library service is the same whether the library is analogue or digital; to further research, general enlightenment, and cultural activity.
Zhang (2010) (494) presented a review of research and development of digital libraries in China in the past ten years and analyzed the construction and operation of digital libraries in China.
Anunobi & Ezeani (2011) (15) discussed about the design and development of digital library in the university library in the developing countries in general and in Nnamadi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria in particular. They also presented the challenges faced during this initiative as well as its prospects.
Garcia-Marco (2011) (172) addressed the issues of the impact and evolution of digital libraries and information services using the concept of information ecologies. Trends affecting modem information ecology, in which digital libraries were evolving, were studied. Specifically, eight noteworthy processes in this development were analyzed: ubiquity information management; digital convergence; technological standardization and leverage; the surging of worldwide space of collaboration, and competition; swift advances in the international division of information work; the transformation of the physical information units toward the provision of proximity services; the entry of new agents in the field; and the growing emphasis on data management.
26 Shiri, et.a]. (2011) (405) conducted a qualitative user sttidy of searching- an experimental visual interface that allowed users to leverage a bilingual thesaurus for query formulation and enhancement. The searchling interface provided the users with three working spaces on one screen: the thesaurus space, query space, and document space. A total of 15 graduate and faculty researchers at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, were interviewed who used this interface. The participants found searchling interface quite useful in browsing, querying and examining the results all at the same time and also suggested for its future improvements
Ziemba, et.al. (2011) (500) evaluated a technology that assists in organizing and retrieving knowledge stored in variety of forms (books, papers, models, decision support systems, databases)through a real world application. They used ontology to manage the Water Conservation Digital Library in Florida, USA which holds a dynamic collection of various types of digital resources in the domain of urban water conservation. The ontology based back-end system demonstrated numerous benefits, including easier and more precise finding of resources, information sharing and reuse, and proved to effectively facilitate information management.
Collaboration in the digital domain offers an opportunity to provide enhanced digital services and extended reach to the community. This study adopted a service-oriented perspective through which it considered environmental drivers for digital library collaboration; discussed emergent collaborative partnerships across UK educational institutions, social services, health services, private industry, and cultural sectors; considered associated challenges; and identified best practices. The degree of digital service collaboration was also explored through an indicative- review of Scottish public library websites, encompassing thirty-two regional library networks and including the National Library.(Buchanan, et. al. 2012) (62).
The decision to establish a large digital library leads necessarily to a complex set of considerations. Decisions in one area will affect decisions in other areas. The focus of this study was on understanding the core infrastructure elements of a few large digital libraries with diverse approaches that could serve as models for a large-scale digital library for U.S. cultural heritage assets. Attention to the issues discussed in this study would lay a strong foundation for the complex endeavor of building a large digital library that could be sustained over time. Proceeding with out early attention to the elements discussed in this study would put any digital library project at risk of failing or requiring a costly redesign down the road, especially if the system is intended to support very large amounts of content.(Henry, 2012) (194).
27 2.1.3 Digital Collections Development
Vignau & Quesada (2006) (473) discussed collection development in a digital environment. Developing digital collections is a logical consequence of inserting information technologies in organizations. The usual route towards other models of libraries has allowed the development of the digital collections as a source of digital libraries. The idea is based on the development of a user- oriented concept of digital collections. The advance of technologies has made possible to extrapolate knowledge and moving collection development from a traditional environment to a digital environment. The cycle for the development of proposed collections includes all the valid stages for creation and maintenance of digital collections in a digital library.
Rogani (2007) (368) conducted a study on library consortia and digital services to find out users' perceptions at the University of Calabria.
Segbert-Elbert & Kupryte (2010) (388) studied and analyzed the work of eIFL.net (Networked Electronic Information for Libraries) library consortia across the world as one of the business models to bridge the digital divide. The authors also touched upon its management of sustainable consortia program; the negotiation and access to knowledge program as practical solution to enable research and academia to connect with up-to-date quality scholarly information; its open access and IPR program activities addressing technical organizational and legal questions of building local content repositories; its FOSS program including building the local digital library and most recently its Public Library Irmovation Program with a strong e-Inclusion component. eIFL.net started in 1999 as a project of the Open Society Institute, Budapest, and became independent NGO in Rome, the Netherlands in 2003. It has been working currently with library consortia in48 developing and transition countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa, embracing more than 4400 mostly higher education and research libraries and a growing number of public libraries.
2.1.4 Digitization and Digital Preservation
Price (1997) (353) mentioned various experiences of digital librarians on digitization projects in the academic establishments in UK, and in the Europe, as well as in the US. The author also mentioned about the digital media/ information available, such as CD-ROM, WWW browsers, etc., in early 1990s. Various digitization projects carried out at Oxford like Celtic and Medieval Manuscripts,
28 Internet Library of Early Journals, Beazley Archive Projects, Toyota Project, etc., have been discussed.
Dobler (1998) (140) described the main concepts and methods of retrospective catalogue conversion and retrospective digitization of collections in Germany. The argument for conversion and digitization despite of high cost was discussed. It then referred to examples from major library projects carried out in German speaking countries
Fourie (2004) (160) provided the essential guide to planning and preservation for protecting library's digital sources.
Liu (2004) (275) investigated the current practice in digitizing the library materials in the USA. Building a good digital collection has been a common task, pervasive in all types of libraries. The digitization becomes more and more crucial, affecting libraries while they work towards becoming digital. Researchers and practitioners would like to know what practices have been developed to deal with the challenges that pose the most significant problems or concerns for libraries in digitization. Through probing some widespread issues on what materials to digitize, and the associated standards and technologies in digitization in US libraries, the survey of current literature reveals a number of prominent library digitization practices, methods and challenges, and highlights the best practices, trends and interests in library digitization pertaining to both policy and technology marketplace issues.
Anderson (2005) (13) focused on digital preservation in the areas where most of us have some control like files format, storage media, and technology infrastructure. The major issues in digital preservation are file formats, storage media. Technology, infrastructure (including security), organization stability, financial sustainability, and administration and accountability. The first three items are usually handled on the "front lines" by the creators of the digital files and the IT/ systems personnel.
Maxymuk (2005) (297) outlined the various metadata schemes and the digital initiatives undertaken by the library community to preserve material in digital formats. The author made a survey of a number of library metadata initiatives and digital repositories to illustrate that. Even in the ever changing technological world, the preservation is essential. Digital technology changes at an ever-increasing rate, which makes it very difficult to preserve digital information. Nonetheless, if
29 information digitally created to day is to be usefiil in future, it is important to save it in many ways, and migrate it to modem formats when possible.
Michel (2005) (300) presented issues related to digitization in context of the historical role and purpose of academic special collections. The author also presented a comparison between the current issues related to digitization and the historical issues related to the management of traditional print special collections. The author discussed digitization at University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV) libraries, which started in 1995.
White (2005) (483) highlighted the twin issues of academic authenticity and accuracy of digital representations in the case of two case studies of digital archives: "Troubled Images CD-ROM project" and "the Act of Union Virtual Library Project (AUVLP)". Troubled Images CD-ROM project produced around 3500 digital replications of posters and artifacts relating to Northern Irish Politics from 1966 to 2001. AUVLP contains digital representations of pamphlets, parliamentary papers, newspapers, and manuscripts contemporary with the 1800 Act of Union between Britain and Ireland. These digital archives are designed by library and information professionals and historians. It is argued that academics are often distrustful of the authenticity of much that appears in digital form and doubtful as to its accuracy. The case studies are used as a means to demonstrate the measures that library and information professionals can take to assuage these concerns. However, accuracy is much more problematic and is often compromised by the unwieldy nature of these types of projects.
Hochx-Yu (2006) (197) discussed the issues and challenges of digital preservation facing institutional repositories as well as illustrated the view of Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) on institutional repositories and its key initiatives in helping UK institutions address these issues. Digital preservation is a complex process. There are still many unsolved issues which make it a challenging task for institutional repositories. However, the wide deployment of institutional repositories also provides new opportunities for digital preservation. A number of ongoing JISC- fiinded projects are briefly reported which explore different models for the provision of digital preservation services for institutional repositories. These models may be a way forward to tackle collectively the issue of long term preservation within the setting of institutional repositories. This report would help the reader to gain a better understanding of the issues related to digital preservation in general and how JISC's work has helped to tackle these issues.
Laurie (2006) (268) conducted a survey of the literature on library digitization projects, issues and guidelines. Lopatin (2006) (279) made a survey of the literature and provided a selective 30 bibliography of literature which explores the issues and provides guidelines on library digitization projects. Literature published from 2000-2005 on library digitization projects was examined. The author presented the issues involving in digitization projects as well as case studies and resources for digitization projects. The author's presentation has the following sections: project management, funding digital library projects, selection of materials, legal issues, metadata creation, interoperability, and preservation issues. It explained how important issues in library digitization projects are being encoimtered and resolved, and provided many practical guidelines and resources for librarians undertaking such projects. Wentzel (2006) (482) dealt with the problems in scanning of digitization projects. Yeates (2006) (489) made suggestion for collaborative working for large digitization projects.
Gorman (2007) (182) examined the issue of the development digital publishing and also preservation of the data. As the writers, publishers, and readers become increasingly digital, there is a greater burden being placed on libraries and other repositories to deal effectively with digital artefacts. It also reveals that preservation of digital artefacts/ media is a context-specific activity. The author provided insight into the dilemma of digital preservation facing libraries and other repositories.
Allen (2008) (10) reported on preserving digital local news. Harvey (2008) (191) provided an overview of the range of principles, strategies, and practices, available for digital preservation. It also examined the requirements of viable and effective approaches. The author covered need for a new preservation paradigm in the digital world, Australian experience, criteria for effective strategies and practices, factors for digital preservation technology selection, topologies of principles, strategies and practices; digital preservation methods, topology of digital preservation, selection of preservation, attributes of digital materials, preservation technology, digital preservation initiatives, challenges, etc.
Calvert (2008) (68) provide a step-by-step approach to the digitization process for subject access to a multilingual museum database.
Powell (2008) (347) carried out a study on OPAC integration in the era of mass digitization based on the Mbook experience and found a best way of delivering digital contents. The study highlighted some problems also.
Brown (2010) (60) discussed the importance of digital preservation for India as well as at international level, its challenges, standards, frameworks, auditing, collaboration, etc.
31 Rauber, et. al. (2010) (365) presented an approach to address the challenges of digital preservation faced by the institutions and individuals during development of digital libraries/ repositories.
Vaidya (2010) (463) described briefly all the aspects of digital library including the advantages of creating a digital library. The author covered digitization efforts made by a few important libraries of the world and of Nepal.
Seifi & Nikan (2011) (390-391) reported about the digital preservation of manuscripts, universal initiatives in digital preservation of manuscripts, and digitization of manuscripts in the Central Library and Documentation Centre, the University of Tehran, Iran. The library started digitization in 2008 and digitized over 4500 manuscripts from the total of 17000 manuscripts.
Tjalsma & Sesink (2012) (446) designed a model for data archiving and networked services (DANS) institute, a well-known trusted repository. The DANS-Activity Based Costing (ABC) model was tested on empirical cost data from activities performed by 51 employees in framing of over 40 different national and international projects. The DANS-ABC model supports costing of services provided by a data archive.
Beth & Shu (2013) (44) presented about the digital preservation strategies at Colorado State University libraries.
Muhammad (2013) (312) presented an overview of the digitization in universities of Pakistan. The author discussed various problems and prospective of digitization in universities libraries in Pakistan.
2.1.5 Evaluation
Bryan-kinns & Blandford (2000) (61) made a survey of user studies for digital libraries and analysed the use of digital libraries in terms of interaction and its properties. The authors reported about the surveys of users and potential users of digital libraries, activities in a digital library, digital libraries' user interfaces, techniques used in studies, and design implications.
Saracevic (2000) (375) stated that there were many efforts in the research and practices of digital libraries, but evaluation was not a conspicuous activity. It is well recognized that digital library evaluation is a complex and difficult undertaking. The author discussed the challenges facing digital
32 library evaluation and suggested a conceptual framework for evaluation derived from the system approach. A review of evaluation efforts in research and practice concentrates on derivation of criteria used in evaluation. Essential requirements for evaluation are stated. The constructs, context, and criteria of digital libraries are discussed. What should we evaluate? For what purpose do we evaluate? Who should evaluate? At what level do we evaluate? Upon what criteria do we evaluate? Suggestions for adaptation of criteria from related activity are also reported.
Barton (2004) (36) demonstrated the need for performance measurement in the digital library. It is fair to say that proven approaches to the assessment of digital library are still relatively new. However, progress has been made through initiatives such as the ARL Statistics and Measurement Program and projects such as the EQUINOX project, COUNTER, the ARL's LIBQUAL+ initiative, the JUBILEE project, and most recently the eVALUED project. The terms performance measurement, performance assessment, and evaluation are loosely interchangeable. Measurement of digital services has a valuable role to play in supporting day-to-day library management, service development, reporting, marketing, and advocacy. It can support strategic planning and change management in an environment of continuous, rapid, and radical change. It can be a means of demonstrating the value of digital library services and their contribution to institutional goals, thereby securing resources for the friture.
Ferreira & Pithan (2005) (156) intended to integrate concept and techniques of two fields that is Information science (IS) and human-computer-interaction (HCI) to analyze the usability of the InfoHab digital library, having as theoretical base the constructivist model of user study proposed by Carol Kuhlthau and the criteria of usability established by Jacob Nielsen. InfoHab is the center of Reference and Information in Habitation. The center offers researchers, professionals and companies a free digital databank on Brazilian technical and academic production in the construction field. The author reported a qualitative study starting with a review of the fundamental concepts of HCI and IS used in this research followed by presentation of the methodology applied, analyzes of the results found and recommendations for the future studies.
Chowdhury, et. al. (2006) (100) made a review on the usability and impact of digital libraries. Specific studies on the usability and impact of digital libraries in specific domain have also been discussed in order to identify general and specific usability and impact measures. The usability studies reviewed by the authors showed that a number of approaches have been used to assess usability. In addition to the technical aspects of digital library design (e.g. architecture, interface and search tools), there are many usability issues such as globalization, localization, language, culture 33 issues, content and human information behaviour. This report provides insights into the state-of-the art in relation to the usability and impact of digital libraries.
Anderson (2007) (14) evaluated the Glasgow story digitization project. Atakan (2008) (26) made an evaluation of the second survey on electronic databases usage at Ankara University Digital Library.
Judy Jeng (2009) (233) introduced the concept of usability and provided examples of how usability has been used in digital library evaluation. Usability is a user-centered evaluation and has a theoretical base in human computer interaction. The most concise definition of usability is "fit for use." The dimensions of usability may also include usefulness, usableness, ease of use, effectiveness, efficiency, satisfaction; learn ability, memorability, and error tolerant. The author described the common methods of usability evaluation including formal usability testing, usability inspection, card sort, category membership expectation, focus groups, questionnaires, think aloud, analysis of site usage logs, cognitive walkthrough, heuristic evaluation, claims analysis, concept-based analysis of surface and structural misfits (CASSM), paper prototyping, and field study. Some evaluations employed one method and some used combination of methods. He suggested for more empirical studies in order to understand users' needs as well as to explore Culturability which is an interesting area.
The authors intended to present the approach to evaluating the EU SHAMAN (Sustaining Heritage Access through Multivalent ArchiviNg) project outcomes fi^om the point of view of the needs and requirements of memory institutions. SH AMAN is a European Union project involving seventeen partners in the EU and the University of San Diego in the USA. The complex approach to the evaluation of the outcomes was defined by the complexity of the projects goals. The evaluation was carried out fi'om the perspective of the representatives of research and development community, the memory organizations such as libraries, archives, and museums, the end-users of technology, such as librarians, curators, and archivists and the end-users of preserved materials, such as researchers, educators, and artists. Quantitative and qualitative data collection tools and methods were constructed for the use in assessment process. The particular requirements that memory institutions had for long term digital preservation systems were taken into account (Maceviciute, 2010) (283).
Zhang,et.al. (2011) (493) studied the users' information behaviour at seven "211Project" universities in Wuhan, a city in central China. These universities all have access to the resources of the National Science and Technology Library (NSTL). The findings suggest that the electronic 34 resource producers should offer more foreign literature and providers should improve the quality of services to fiilfill the information needs and requirements of users.
Sinn (2012) (419) made a survey of research articles in the field of history to observe how frequently and widely digital collections were used, what kind of digital collections were used more extensively and for what purposes, and what the current status of digital archival collections among other resources is in historical research. The citations and figures in articles of the American Historical Review for the period of 2001-2010 were analysed with a specific focus on digital archives collection, the use patter by material types and formats of references and the impact of digital archival collections among other resources identified from two perspectives of impact; intensity and extensity. Observation of the direct relationships with digital collections and historical studies suggest some practical guidelines for the future digital library projects concrete data.
Kostkova & Madle (2013) (256) presented complete description of the impact-ED framework, a definition of the comparative impact score and application of the framework to a real-world medical digital library, the national resource of infection control (NRIC) to evaluate its impact at the point of care and demonstrate the generalizability of this novel methodology. The analyzed the data from a cohort of 53 users. NRIC has a positive impact on users' knowledge in over half of visits to the library (52.8%). NRIC actual impact score Ia=0.65 and the study revealed several areas for potential development to increase its impact.
2.1.6 Human Resource Development
The authors designed a course on digital libraries for librarians/ library professionals defining the objectives, the topical content, and the reasons for developing a course. The authors also discussed about changes in librarianship, importance of internet, digital libraries/ digital projects in brief The course provided a broad overview of technical and professional issues related to digital libraries. It gave students/ participants the practical experiences with tools necessary for creation and use of information resources in networked digital formats (Yerkey & Jorgensen, 1996) (490).
McMenemy (2007) (299) proposed that the notion of digital content creation needs to be more firmly perceived by the library community as an essential skill for all new entrants to the profession rather than occasionally desirable one. In other words, all new entrants to the profession should be taught the skills and knowledge necessary to manage digital creation projects. The author also made some observations regarding potential critical success factors for libraries engaged in digitization projects. 35 Tammaro (2007) (434) analysed the trends for digital library education in Europe. The author addressed two questions: what are the roles of digital librarians? How should they be educated? The analysis is based on the results of the project "European Curriculum Reflection on Library and Information Science Education" and the proceedings of the Workshops on Digital Library Education, held in Italy in 2005 and in Croatia in 2006. Three approaches to education for digital library have been described: the emergence of the concept of "memory institutions", the library based approach to knowledge management, and the isolation of IT from library and information science (LIS) schools. The roles of the digital librarian are suggested and the structure of a course for digital library education is proposed but further research is needed on the definition of the digital library concept. A digital librarian should have a combination of technological and librarianship competences.
2.1.7 Institutional Repository Initiatives
The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) is an international effort aimed at ensuring that the future scholars are more effectively prepared for the information age by understanding publishing and digital libraries. The NDLTD streamlined the entire theses process, not only simplifying searching and retrieval, but also making submission and approval easier. Individual universities play a key role in the development of the NDLTD. It is an open initiative, with all educational institutions invited to join and other organizations encouraged assisting as appropriate. The authors discussed about the NDLTD, its software support, role of universities and information professionals, pilot initiatives, and collaboration. Virginia Tech has been supporting the NDLTD. (Fox et.al. 1997) (161).
Davis et. al. (2010) (121) highlighted the role of the IR@UF playing in increasing access to agricultural publications and how the VIVO@UF semantic web initiative of the University of Florida (UF) Libraries opens institutional assets to the global community. The University of Florida Libraries is a nexUs for the distribution of agricultural information and it provides access to print and other formats through all appropriate technologies. The authors suggested for fully integrated functionality of the semantic web with the rich content of institutional repositories for better searching of information.
The different kinds of repositories offer an opportunity for Open Access Publications. The author pointed out that the repositories exist worldwide for various disciplines in almost every scholarly institution. In order to take repositories to higher quality and greater level of acceptance, the author
36 emphasized for the networking of these repositories to provide better and more effective information services (Schirmbacher, 2010) (384).
2.1.8 Management
Tracey (2002) (447) has discussed about the management of digital collection of the Garst photographic collection Bridget. Also discussed some problems and made some suggestions.
Cervone (2008) (76) provided an overview of the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) framework and its relevance to digital library projects and operations. The use of ITIL has been pervasive in the corporate environment, particularly in the UK. With the release of version 3 of the library, the use of the library is expected to grow and expand into newer areas, such as digital library infrastructure management.
Moore, et. al. (2010) (308) described how policy management in digital libraries can be performed using the integrated Rule Oriented Data System (iRODS) to encode policies as internal rules and compose procedures from micro-services? The iRODS is used to build data grids for sharing data, digital libraries for publishing data, persistent archives for data preservation, and real time data processing. Policy-based data management is emerging as a new paradigm that automates the execution of administrative fiinctions by expressing management policies as computer actionable rules, and enables application of management procedures as server-side executable computer workflows.
2.1.9 Marketing Strategies
Dresel & Kaur (2010) (143) outlined the marketing strategies adopted by the National Library Board (NLB), Singapore for increasing awareness and usage of its digital resources available through ttp://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/.
2.1.10 Metadata
Hansen (1998) (190) gave a picture of metadata in the wider context. The author described metadata in general and Dublin Core metadata set in particular. The author also described one collaborative effort between the Nordic countries—The Nordic Metadata Project.
37 2.1.11 Open Access Initiatives (OAI)
Oppenheim (2008) (335) made a review on recent development in electronic publishing with a focus on Open Access (OA). He described the two main types of OA, i.e. the 'gold' OA journal route and the 'green' repository route, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the two, and the reactions of the publishing industry to these developments. Quality, cost and copyright issues are explored, as well as some of the business models of OA are made. Conclusions about the future scholarly publications are drawn.
2.1.12 Requirements
Marcum (2003) (291) explained the requirements for the future DL. Kani-Zabihi, et al (2006) (240) conducted a survey as part of the study to obtain users' suggestions for digital libraries and ranked their opinions on a range of suggested digital library features. According to the authors involving users in digital library design should be an integral step in the process of building a digital library. In the previous digital library user studies, the users were involved implicitly. However, they were never asked to suggest digital library features or functionality. This study approached digital library design from new perspectives, giving users an opportunity to express their suggestions on future fiinctionality and features of digital libraries.
Stephen Kimani, et al. (2009) (427) conducted a questionnaire-based study on the requirements of digital libraries. According to them, the gathering of user requirements is the key for gaining a deeper understanding of the needs evolving from the user's operational context and fi-om the use of the system. User requirements are pivotal in guiding the development process of any system. This is no less true in the arena of digital libraries. The gathering of digital library requirements should be conducted with the understanding that the anticipated digital library user interface should accord support to the user throughout the entire digital library usage/ interaction process. The study covered a wide range of issues pertinent to the design of user interfaces for digital libraries including user characteristics/ profiles, current experience in digital library usage, functional requirements (integration of knowledge, access to knowledge, administration of content, etc.), nonfunctional requirements (usability, accessibility, etc,), and contextual requirements
38 2.1.13 Research Projects
According to Berry (1996) (41) who focused on the projects at Carnegie Mellon University, The University of Illinois, and the Library of Congress, including how these initiatives would affect the way image and text archives are organized as we enter the next century, and their implications for the international community. Addressed the following issues: how can we encourage global intellectual access and participation by our citizenry? How does one locate (navigate) information of interest in a very large, distributed and possibly disconnected collection of libraries and archives around the world? And how can we protect the intellectual property of authors and publishers and detect violations in this new information environment.
The author made a survey of selected digital library projects in the United States. The projects included from academia, publishing agencies, and the Library of Congress. The author discussed briefly about the projects of University of Michigan, University of Illinois, Carnegie-Mellon University, University of California, Stanford University, Library of Congress, Xerox, Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), TULIP, etc. (Srinivasan, 1997) (426).
Borgman (2003) (58) in the book on "From Gutenberg to the global information infrastructure: access to information in the networked world" described in detail about various aspects of digital library such as digital library initiatives undertaken in USA, Europe, and other countries; perspectives on digital libraries; research vs. practice; community building; framing of issues; digital libraries as institutions or services; digital libraries as databases; digital libraries future; problems in digital libraries use; global digital library, etc.
Chen (2004) (94) provided a review of significant past and emerging digital library research activities based on research in the USA in the digital libraries initiatives and the National Science Digital Libraries Programmes. Research based on new knowledge management concepts and technologies was suggested. The author described digital library initiatives during 1994-1998 and digital library initiatives-2 and other projects from 1999-onward, including digital library challenges.
Cervone (2007) (78) provided a description of the model for standardized project management developed b> the Project Management Institute (PMI), as applied to digital library projects. The author developed a context for managing digital library projects according to the PMI's standard methodology. It was found that this standard methodology increases the likelihood of delivering projects on time and on budget.
39 Isfandyari-Moghaddam & Bayat (2008) (216) reviewed the literature of DLs, explored some issues, and indicated some considerations. The authors also demonstrated the current situation and orientation of research topics and priorities in DLs. The review of literature showed that a lot has been learnt in a short time via DL studies. However, a number of issues are yet to be resolved. In other words, research in the arena of DLs is still growing and it is predicted that new horizons would emerge, along with a variety of issues. The review did not claim to be comprehensive. This study did not include matters such as legal issues, social issues, standards, metadata, management of intellectual and digital rights and interoperability. This study can serve as a road-map of digital library research for researchers, designers, and users.
Chimes (2009) (96) has described about the scanning project of the Library of Congress. The author said that the Library of Congress has been moving into the digital world. It is the world's largest library, with tens of millions of items (books, recordings, photographs, maps, and manuscripts, etc.) that attracts scholars from all over the world to do research. But soon, those scholars may not have to travel far to do their research. Some of the library's treasures are starting to appear online. It is through a project that has so far put 25,000 books online for anyone to read or download. Doron Weber of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation had funded the $2 million project. The scanning had been done by the Internet Archive. The scanning project focused on fragile books that needed special handling, American history, genealogy and some rare books. The scanned books from Library of Congress were made online at the Internet Archive.
Comment (2010) (106) presented the project ARELDA (Archivierung vonelektronischenDaten und AktenimSchweizerischenBundesarchiv) of the Swiss Federal Archives. The author discussed the objectives and resuUs of the project as well as pointed out the open issues.
Karvonen (2010) (242) discussed about the Finland's National Digital Library project ensuring the availability of the electronic information resources of libraries, archives, and museums. The project focused on common services, operational models, and solutions. The project aimed at creating a common public interface for the essential electronic information resources of libraries, archives and museums as well as for their online services. The National Digital Library project would also prepare a plan for the long term preservation of electronic cultural heritage materials.
Noorhidawati & Azeana (2010) (330) reported an ongoing research on a system named DiLERN to digital library education. DiLERN system was funded by University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and developed by using DSpace, an open source digital repository platform. DiLERN has
40 three main objectives: (1) to facilitate digital collection management as well as metadata creation through a project-based learning (PBL) approach employed in digital library education; (2) to facilitate easy access and knowledge sharing of digital content; and (3) to facilitate communication amongst students and instructors in digital library education, The utilization of digital library in digital library education was further discussed.
Seadle & Schirmbacher (2010) (386) discussed about LuKIl project (LOCKSS und KOPAL Infrastnikture und Interoperabilitat).The main goal of this project was to establish interoperability between KOPAL (from Germany) and LOCKSS (lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) (from Standford University, USA) in order to marry German archiving goals for migration and usability with cost- effective bit stream preservation. In other words the goal of this study was to make open access repositories in German, both discipline-specific and institutional, more robust over time by developing a prototype hybrid archiving system that implemented a tested and low cost mechanism to preserve bit stream integrity (LOCKSS) with a well-developed mechanism for format-migration to preserve readability (KOPAL).
2.1.14 Roles of DLs
Kibirige (2000) (255) indicated a challenge for college and research libraries in managing the needs of students and faculty in digital environment.
Witten et. al. (2002) (484) highlighted the importance of digital libraries for human development in the developing countries. Digital libraries are a key technology for developing countries. They can assist human development by providing a non-commercial mechanism for distributing humanitarian information on topics such as health, agriculture, nutrition, hygiene, sanitation, and water supply. Many other areas, ranging from disaster relief to medical education, also benefit from new methods of information distribution; perhaps even more important than disseminating infonnation originating in the developed countries is the need to foster the ability for people in developing countries to build information collections locally. Outlined a broad range of issues and then described how a freely available digital library system called "Greenstone" provides a flexible tool that helps in meeting some of these needs. Being "open source" software Greenstone can be shaped by its users to meet new requirements.
Jarmo Saarthi (2005) (221) presented the role of repository libraries in Finland for medium sized university library in the digital environment. This study aimed at to attempt the answer of the question: how can a medium sized university library use a repository library as a strategic partner in 41 collection development for active use? The author gave a brief overview of the University of Kuopio and its library followed by discussions on strategic model of Finnish collection policies and their implementation in Kuopio University Library, challenges to the Kuopio university library, Firmish model of co-operation between libraries, etc. Collier (2006) (109) noticed strategic changes in the higher education libraries with the advent of DL during the fourth decade of programme.
Adrina (2007) (2) explored the role of digital academic libraries in changing needs of students. Lukasiewicz (2007) (280) expressed that academic librarians must embrace change and create digital libraries to offer innovative reference services and other cutting edge digital products such as podcasting and wikis. This study covered in-depth discussion of podcasting, wikis, and virtual reference in the context of academic library
Faisal Ahmad, et. al. (2009) (150) examined the current supports and future possibilities afforded by the digital libraries to support conventional consumers (i.e., information-users and information- curators), as well as emerging new types of consumers such as distributed computer applications. A flinctional analysis of conventional libraries is coupled with metaphor design methodology to explore new promising applications and usage scenarios for digital libraries. The authors discussed various new roles of digital libraries, for example, support to end users as a sieve, as information networks, as glue between digital and non-digital content, to support distributed computational applications, as an information warehouse for cyber-infrastructure, as a semiformal knowledge model for intelligent online applications, etc. They proposed a systematic way to extend the digital library research agenda through consumer focused functional role analysis.
Using historical perspectives from ancient libraries in Europe, Natalie Pang (2009) (321) focused on the core role of libraries as the centres of knowledge. Though not intended to be a comprehensive historical account, these perspectives are seen as a starting point in the discussion in looking at digital libraries as similar centres or repositories of knowledge. The ways technological and social context have been adapted in the ancient libraries are discussed, which helped to shed light on the digital libraries. Digital libraries are not only considered in terms of their technological aspirations, but also in their social constructions.
2.1.15 Roles of LIS Professionals
Joint (2006) (227) argued that unique contemporary cultural shifts are leading to a new form of librarianship that can be characterized as "postmodern" in nature, and that this form of professional specialization will be increasingly influential in the decades to come. The postmodern library and 42 informadon science (LIS) concepts will be a vital new strand to professional practice, but they will most likely subsist alongside more familiar concepts of practice which have proved readily applicable in the earlier years of "first wave" web technologies. The change from "first wave" web technologies to web 2.0 information technologies may have a greater impact on future techniques in digital librarianship that the change ft'om print to the first electronic libraries in the 1990s.
Osswald (2008) (336) made an analysis whether, and how far, library and information services (LIS) are involved in e-science and grid computing projects funded by the authorities in the European Union and Germany. Also explained and emphasized the relevan^^e of LIS-based information services and expertise in e-science activities. The projects were analysed to determine the extent to which institutions or persons with LIS expertise were involved and information services provided. Very few e-science projects made use of LIS-based services. This omission could reduce the quality of e- science-related research in the long term and LIS experts could lose their role and expertise in serving scientists. Further research is needed to verify this as well as to determine whether e-science projects in other countries are also lacking LIS services. The findings show a lack of LIS services in e-science projects, which could otherwise enhance the projects' development and the distribution of their results
2.1.16 Software
Muir, (2005) (313) introduced Greenstone DL software, produced by the New Zealand Digital Library Project at the university of Waikato, to create customize digital library collections. The Greenstone digital library software is a comprehensive system for building and distributing digital library collections. It provides a way of organizing information based on metadata and publishing it on the internet or on removable media such as CD-ROM/ DVD.
Witten et. al. (2005) (485) introduced Greenstone and explained how librarians use it to create and customize digital library collections. Through an end-user interface, users may add documents and metadata to collections, create new collections whose structure mirrors existing ones, and build collections and put them in place for users to view. The Greenstone digital library software is a comprehensive suite of software for building and distributing digital library collections. It provides a way of organizing information based on metadata and publishing it on the internet or on removable media such as CD-ROM/DVD.
Cervone (2006) (77) outlined the aspects of system software selection giving particular emphasis to those points where a digital library project differs from a traditional enterprise-level software 43 selection process. Digital library system software selection differs in some significant ways from traditional software implementations. In particular, security and authentication issues, long term cost and maintenance considerations, vendor viability, as well as training and documentation are the areas where the software selection team needs to devote greater attention if the project is to be successful. This study fills a gap in the digital project management literature by helping project managers understand how the software selection process for digital library system projects differs from the traditional process used in software selection. Dion (2006) (139) mentioned a check list for evaluating open source digital library software in his study.
DeRidder (2007) (132) suggested various parameters for selection of suitable software for digital libraries considering support capabilities, users requirements, objectives of organization, formats of materials digitized and to be digitized, cost, etc. Before final selection, test carefully and document your findings. Include your technical team, users, and clients when assessing the software.
Vargha (2010) (466) outlined the general development and history of Contentdm software for digital collection, digitization projects at the University of North Carolina and practical lessons learned from migrating PHP database to Contentdm and managing a digital collection in a department library.
2.2 Indian Scenario
The libraries in India have been migrating and refreshing their OPAC records ever since automation started in mid 1980s by building their in-house databases and began subscribing elecfronic resources viz curtent content on disk (CCOD) and other services on 51/2 floppy disks (now obsolete).Many studies on various aspects of digital libraries were carries out in India also. Some of these studies are role of digital librarians in management of digital information system by Srinivasulu (2000) (424); building e-resources for dissemination of traditional biomedical knowledge content by Chakraborthy, et. al. (2003) (81); digitization of library materials by Deshpande (2003) (133); DL for enhanced access to traditional biomedical literature by Kulkami (2003) (262); Management of digital resources by Sasikala and Anuradha (2006) (376); digitization initiatives by Singh (2006) (415); a bibliometric study of literature on DLs by Singh et. al. (2007) (411); designing DL of Perso-Arabic script by Khan et. al. (2010) (253); role of consortia in preservation of e-joumals by Gaur and Tripathi (2012) (175); imphcation of SUSHI for analysis of usage statistics of e-resources: a case study of UGC-INFONET DL consortium by Pradhan et. al.(2012) (349); INDEST-AICTE
44 consortium by Sahoo and Agarwal (2012) (371) etc. Some of important studies are discussed below in detail.
2.2.1 Barriers/ Challenges
Moorthy & Karisiddappa (1998) (309) discussed the developments of virtual libraries and the problems posed by the digital technologies and electronic information over internet. It described the nature of copyright violations in digital environment. The study concluded some pertinent questions about the use of digital information.
Murthy & Jain (1998) (315) indicated about implications of copyright on network access to electronic documents, in developing countries.
The digital age presents new challenges to fundamental copyright issues that are legal cornerstone of library services. The digital nature of information distributed on internet and intranet has opened new horizons not only for using one's own data but especially the use of work accomplished by others. The legal issues associated with acceptable use of scholarly materials (which include material available in public domain, ability to secure permission or license use, or decisions to exercise a statutory exception, such as "fair use") are complicated enough by themselves. This study has given a brief introduction about the copyright issues regarding digital material. (Paul, 2007)(344)
Information communication and digital technologies have drastically changed the collection of libraries, their fiinction and methods of collection, storage and retrieval of information for users. This study presented an overview of copyright issues of digital information and their application in libraries with a comparison of the important features of copyright law of developed countries, the right of copyright holders in the context of national and international scenario. This study highlighted Electronic Copyright Management Systems and suggested for strong copyright policy for "fair use/ fair deal" of information to protect the authors' rights (Ray & Sinha, 2007) (367).
Hombal & Prasad (2012) (198) made an attempt to introduce the issues concerning the copyright protection in the digital library environment. The authors also briefly discussed about the copyright infringement types. Digital Rights Management (DRM), DRM techniques and issues, open archives initiatives, etc.
45 2.2.2 Design and Development
The study presented an approach to classifying images into different classes based on their compression behavior. Different features of an image (colour, texture, etc) play a significant role in determining the quality of an image. All these features of an image could be extracted and measured using suitable metrics. Based on these values, the images could be grouped into different classes. Once the class of image is identified, it would be easier to predict the compression behaviour of an image. Different compression levels could therefore be associated with corresponding browsing levels of multi resolution browser. The study also explained how this set of rules could be incorporated into digital libraries with multiple levels of browsing, to achieve a faster response time? (Srinivasan & Kulkami, 1997) (425).
The development of digital libraries involves substantial planning. Lakshmi and Suma (1998) (266) emphasized planning digital library developed, especially planning for the IT infrastructure and financial planning.
Nair (1998) (318) examined tiic problem of information/ knowledge transfer in agriculture sector in India and utilization of the existing technologies tools to pool information resources and to develop a national level digital library on agriculture. The author discussed the plan of the library consisting of a national centre of digitized documents and a site connected to other related sites and databases, the web server and other software involved, type of collections of documents to be digitized, proper utilization of the existing network and communication links to make it accessible. The study also stressed on the role of digital librarians.
The author discussed about various aspects of the digital library and made a study on needs and development of digital library at Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad by using in-house developed software and the information technology infrastructure available at the laboratory. The study covered initially the collections like Ph.D. theses available in PS format (post Script format), database of PRL publications, etc in digital library for online access to the scientists of PRL. (Nishtha, 1998) (329).
Sahu & Raraesh (1998) (374) discussed the nature of existing library collection, their transformation towards digital collection, benefits, and shortcomings in their use. The authors highlighted the attitudes of users of digital collections and their expectations from the system and described the responsibilities of library and information professionals in the emergence of digital collections. The study also pointed out the emerging issues like copyright, role of publisher as 46 intermediary, author as indexer, publisher and distributor, high-speed networking, infrastructure costs, common standards, emergence of library network, bibliographic control, etc.
Vishwanathan et. al. (1998) (474) proposed a new class of techniques for knowledge discovery in digital libraries (KDDL) based on knowledge organization concepts widely applied in libraries.
With rapid developments in digital technologies, the world of digital information resources has expanded exponentially. Increasing number of publishers is using the internet as a global way to offer their publications to the international community of scientists and technologists. With the technology available at an affordable cost, the libraries are initiating small digitization projects as an individual library or as a group of libraries. Building-up digital collection and the infrastructure required to access them is a challenge that every library has to deal with. The study discussed technological evolution. Cultural Revolution, and contents enrichment that led to revolution in growth and development of digital libraries. The study has two distinct parts, while the first part discussed various aspects of building, accessing and organizing digital resources and collection, the second part elaborated on the process, technology, formats, compression techniques and tools used in digital imaging. The study described optical character recognition (OCR), and advocated for hybrid solution for preservation of digital information (Arora, 2001) (22).
According to Sharma and Vishwanathan (2001) (401) the digital libraries are here to stay and the conversion of traditional to digital is inevitable. Appropriate care should be taken to develop systems and managerial skills as well. Globalization of the digital concept will not be possible until we overcome the technological gap between developed and developing countries. Measures are needed to overcome the menace of computer viruses and also unauthorized use. Sufficient thought has not been to attain seli-sustained growth. It is therefore essential to explore new avenues for funding, particularly since initial investment in digital libraries is high, as is maintenance. The authors made an attempt to identify some of the problem areas and suggested measures to overcome them.
Krishnamurthy (2005) (261) presented a case sUidy approach to the design of the digital library service to provide insight into the development of online resources. The author discussed important services like online resources, online public Access Catalogue (OPAC), consortium, and how these resources are helpful in building digital collection in the library of Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore? The study gave an introduction to the digitization of the Indian Statistical Institute Library, Bangalore and focused on the key initiatives of the various databases.
47 Deb (2006) (123) presented a case study of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) Integrated Digital Library and how the digital resources can be accessed through a single window? It also dealt with basic problems and suggested practical solutions. TERI Integrated Digital Library was created to provide access to all digital and digitized offline and online resources, online e-joumals, electronic documents and virtual resources, and virtual libraries. The purpose of the integrated library was to provide a single window access to researchers. Once users are able to access the digital library home page, all the electronic resources arc accessible using linkages with a single click, no matter whether they are available in a database or as a simple file in a virtual collection. A physical digital library has been created to address access to all the LAN connected systems that provide CD-ROM access and journals and books downloaded or purchased for all time free access to in-house users. Integrated library has helped in saving researchers' valuable time. Library management has become easier and much more effective than was previously the case. Any additions to existing resources are announced by e-mail for user access. Future plans are to make the resources highly interoperable across platforms or applications, so that platforms should not be a problem. This study could be useflil for small and medium special and research libraries that do not have enough funds to start with commercially available digital library software and also showed the way to start using Open Source Software in libraries.
Harish Chandra (2007) (192) discussed the selected major studies on the importance of knowledge and its resources with the help of the knowledge value chain. The study highlighted various motivating factors, types of digital knowledge resources, major goals for the creation of digital knowledge resources and their impact on selected activities. Vision for creating knowledge portals for ISO 9001: 2000 application in libraries and information centres, basic components, major guidelines, model and what librarians needed to do have been included.
The authors gave a brief account of digital libraries, th^ir growth, and development. The emergence of computerization and information technologies in the development of digital libraries and information services has been discussed. The study stressed the need for digitization in libraries, and concluded with highlighting the advantages in providing efficient library and information services in the present era of networked society (Khan & Shailarani, 2007) (248).
Digital libraries are the systems providing users the organized information access to repository information. It is demand for high quality content and ease of access to, and use of information which will drive the initiation and development of digital libraries. Creation of digital library involves selection of material, scanning the documents, and web-hosting or providing access to the information 48 on the internet/ intranet. Copyright, licensing, and other legal issues become very crucial while creating digital libraries. This study discussed about the building a digital library, digital collection development, tools required for digital libraries, and digital library initiatives in India, etc. (Patra&Pani, 2007) (343).
Sharma & Mritimjay (2007) (400) made an attempt to understand the digital library setup in the universities with special reference to its establishment and working at A.C. Joshi Library, Punjab University, Chandigarh, which was established in 1963. The study highlighted the steps taken at Punjab University to transform its working from manual to digital environment as well as efforts to safeguard its digital environment by implementing security check through CCTV camera, RFID technology and beyond. A digital library was setup within the libraiy especially for accessing online journals and other electronic resources including Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) by the researchers. The library has also digitized its documents like manuscripts, Ph.D. theses, rare books, etc for digital library.
Kaul (2008) (244) made a review of literature related to Knowledge Management (KM) and libraries. The process of KM was examined and KM framework was developed. A case study of BrahMos Knowledge Centre was discussed to understand the KM process and initiated its digital library programme. BrahMos Knowledge Centre is a part of BrahMos.
Mahesh & Mittal (2008) (289) presented a literature review on the development and current status of digital library initiatives in India. The study revealed that most of the studies focused on developing digital libraries and digital collections except a few on copyright issues and management of digital libraries.
Prasad & Madalli (2008) (350) explored digital library retrieval based on semantic representation and proposed a semantic infrastructure for digital libraries. The approach taken was formal model based on subject representation for digital libraries. Search engines and search techniques have fallen short of users expectations as they do not give context based retrieval. Deploying semantic web technologies would lead to efficient and more precise representation of digital library content and hence better retrieval. Though digital libraries often have metadata of information resources which can be accessed through OAI-PHM, much remains to be accomplished in making digital libraries semantic web compliant. This study presented a semantic infrastructure for digital libraries, that would go a long way in providing them and web-based information services with products highly customized to users' needs. This study proposed a model for semantic infrastructure after studying
49 current user-centric, top-dovra models adopted in digital library service architectures. This study gave a generic model for building semantic infrastructure for digital libraries. Faceted ontologies for digital libraries is just one approach but the same may be adopted by groups working with different approaches in building ontologies to realize efficient retrieval in digital libraries.
Waydande & Deshmukh (2008) (480) brought out applications, peculiar requirements, and recommendations for building digital libraries in defence organizations in India after interaction with defence services personnel and DRDO scientists.
Librarians are constantly exploring various ways and means of supporting users in the emerging virtual community. The study discussed the impact of technological developments in libraries for providing new information services. It described recent trends in electronic libraries, with particular reference to academic libraries, to provide value-added library services to support virtual communities. The study demonstrated the dynamic nature of reference services in the context of rapid changing technologies and highlighted quality of service/ user expectations, and explored the issues associated with planning virtual reference services in an academic environment. With the use of library portal (Gyanoday portals), the desktop user's community of IIM Lucknow has been greatly benefited (Ganguly, 2009) (171).
The study presented overall framework of the digital library system in the network environment. The depth study of the different components of digital object was stated. It also described the functioning of digital library framework with respect to the uploading of digital information to the digital stores and downloading the same as per user request (Jana & Bhattacharya, 2009) (220).
The author reported various initiatives undertaken by DESIDOC regarding archiving of digital information. DESIDOC initiated projects such as archives of DRDO intellectual output using DSpace software, digital library of Defence Science Journal (DSJ) and DESIDOC Journal of Library and « Information Technology (DJLIT), scientific foreign language translations done at DESIDOC, and DRDO Photo Gallery, using Greenstone Digital Library (GSDL) software, Archives of Newspaper Clippings using DESIDOC software, etc. (Modi, 2009) (306).
Modem libraries are moving towards smaller and smaller with rich information potential. Consequently, different terminologies are being adopted to identify the technically emerging libraries, such as electronic library, digital library, and virtual library and so on. These terms are used some times synonymously, sometimes to denote a subset or superset, or some times to denote a rather different concept. These terms are in a folksonomy. These emerging terms should be properly defined 50 so that indexing languages and reference tools should play the desired role of information organization leading to retrieve precise information (Pradhan & Tripathi, 2009) (348).
Chandra (2010) (84) emphasized the significance of digital libraries in the present information era, its standards, their superstructure, technological requirements challenges in an Indian scenario.
Hussan et.al. (2010) (202) presented the state-of-the art in the field of document indexing and retrieval. The study briefly discussed different indexing schemes for Indian languages for which reliable OCR technologies were not available. Two word image based document indexing and retrieval frameworks: 1) using distance based hashing and 2) using Polysemous Latent Semantic analysis (PLSA) were presented.
Jain & Khulbe (2010) (218) highlighted the functions, objectives, and development of digital libraries. The study also covered the digital library initiatives of the Institute of Economic growth, Delhi for developing digital library.
Khan et. al. (2010) (251) have described about the creation and customization of multilingual digital library by organizing its collections using greenstone digital library software. It is an attempt towards creating and managing digital library collection in different scripts for M. Phil, and Ph.D. theses submitted to University of Kashmir in Arabic, Persian, Kashmiri, and Urdu.
Kundu (2010) (264) has discussed about the digital library developments. The study explained the architecture of a typical digital library and included some management issues of digital library.
Paliwal (2010) (337) reported about the digital information services and resources of TERI University, New Delhi, established in 1998. The TERI University Library promoted knowledge sharing, digital repository, electronic teaching, librarj'-faculty-student relationship, and user-centric services. The library has been offering services electronically on users' desktops.
Parikh, et. al. (2010) (340) focused on the creation of digital photo library at Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA). IIMA launched 'Digital Photo Library' containing 2500 photos, on 22 June 2009. Some difficulties faced during creation of digital library have been reported.
Raghavan et. al. (2010) (357) reported the results of an ongoing project for building interfaces in South Asian languages for the Greenstone digital library at Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science, Bangalore. Based on the experience gained, discussed some of the principal issues that needed to be addressed in building and operating digital collections in South Asian languages.
51 The Kannada and Tamil interfaces have been developed. Efforts are on to develop interfaces and test digital collections in a few other South Asian languages including Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi, Nepali, etc. The study also discussed a few issues and problems faced in building digital libraries of resources in South Asian languages.
Raghavan et. al. (2010) (358) showcased the interfaces in South Asian languages developed for the GSDL and some test collections developed as a part of elFL-funded project. The study focused on languages interfaces in Tamil and Kannada built under the project and demonstrated the test collections. The study also highlighted some of the innovations to 'add value' by way of hyperlinks to lexical resources for the test collections on Literary Devices and figures of speech. Certain important issues that limited the fiiU exploitation of DL technologies in the South Asian languages have been discussed indicating the kind of research and development work required to overcome some of these barriers.
Rajcndra & Panage (2010) (361) reported about the design and development of digital library at Pune University Jayakar Librar>' (PUJL), Pune. The study discussed various models of digital library and the future plans of PUJL. The library is a member of UGC-INFONET consortium for getting e- resources access and the participant of "Million Books on Web" of Carnegie Melon University, USA for digitization of books. Indian Institute of Science (llSc), Bangalore, identified the PUJL for this project in 2002.
Chaubey (2011) (89) discussed about action plan of IGNCA and Election Commission of India ( ECI) library and explained the infrastructure as well as most common issues which are required for creating and managing the e-collections. The author illustrated how to build up digital repository using DSpace software and creating the community, sub-community. The study also focused on how IGNCA digital library provided cost effective facilities for systematic archiving of research results and other documents of the institution.
Juran & Tripathi (2011) (234) discussed about various issues related to Indian languages, such as language based text retrie^'a!, lauj^uagc based digitizalion technologies, standard object description methods, development of search ami retrievals models for Indian languages, etc. They suggested for taking initiatives at global level for formulating and adopting standardized approach in object description across languages to develop effective digital libraries.
Kaur (2011) (245) conducted a survey on the impact of e-joumals on university libraries of Punjab and Chandigarh in terms of resources, staffing, space, teclinical services, and equipment. 52 Study revealed that now the university libraries are shifting to' electronic resources by increasing subscription of e-joumals and by setting up of infrastructure for providing access to e-resources
Mahapatra (2012) (288) examined the status of digitization of agricultural libraries in India and the role of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in developing new digital initiatives in content creation and agricultural digital library management. The study elaborated upon the tools and technologies required for agricultural digital libraries management. The study also discussed about the initiatives which have already been taken to digitize the agricultural book collection through e- Grantha, the conversion of Ph.D. theses of agricultural universities and research institutions into digital format through the project KrishiPrabha, establishment of a Consortium of e-Resources in Agriculture (CeRA) for agricultural scientists, etc. as well as fiiture plans for development of IRs of agricultural Institutes.
Shewale (2012) (404) reported about the methodology adapted for the development of Dhanajayarao Gadgil digital libran,' at Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune and explained various process involved in the development and access to digital library. Dhanajayarao Gadgil Library of GIPE started building up its digital library collections by scanning its valuable rare books during July 2011. The digital library has been created by using DSpace software and presently holding more than 7500 digital documents which are available to all the scholars worldwide at http;//library.gipe.ac.in.
2.2.3 Digital Collections Development and their usage
Arora & Vyas (1998) (21) elucidated some of the trends and factors for subscribing to electronic journals on the internet either for a fee or for free as well as provided an analysis of e-joumals in the field of engineering and technology. The issues and trends included in the study were: pricing policy, back file availability, reliability and accessibility, electronic page layout, formats and page integrity, intellectual property and copyright in electronic environment, fragmentation of e-joumals, transition from print to electronic version and coverage of e-joumals.
Eqbal & Khan (2007) (148) made a comparative study on the use of electronic journals by the research scholars of faculty of science and faculty of engineering, AMU, Aligarh. They also examined the level of use of E-jouraals services by the research scholars of the Faculty of Science (FOS) and Faculty of Engineering (FOE) in AMU, Aligarh. The authors conducted a questionnaire survey. The resuhs showed 88.24% FOS scholars were aware of e-joumals but Faculty of Science was more aware than faculty of Engineering about UGC-INFONET. The majority of research 53 scholars (FOS-67.64% & FOE-69.23%) used e-joumals for their research work. Most of the scholars indicated the need for user training for making use of e-joumals more efficient.
Khan & Vishwakarma (2008) (252) highlighted the importance of e-joumals subscription and use of e-joumals at AIIMS library. The authors suggested for medical libraries consortium as a solution for all problems related to e-resources management in medical libraries in India.
The introduction of digital information resources on intemet has revolutionized the academic world. This study attempted to investigate the use of intemet resources by the academic community of the Sri Venkateswara Universit)' (SVU), Timpati. SVU library became the member of the UGC- INFLIBNET in 2004 and implemented INFONET programme. SVU had established a digital library by spending Rs 23 lakhs to provide access to full-text e-joumals and other e-resources. For this purpose a survey was conducted through questionnaire tool. The results showed that users from all the branches of science are making use of internet resources better than social sciences and humanities. The study highlighted the various problems and issues involved in handling digital library and suggested ways to improve the library services to meet the demands of the users (Babu, et al., 2010) (28).
Gul & Shah (2010)(]85) attempted to make a comparative analysis of web resources usage by the academia of the University of Kashmir (UOK) and University of Jammu (UOJ), two urban state- funded and geographically distant universities. The main aim was to study information seeking behavior, needs, and user trend, including the need for training and awareness of web resources in order to maximize the benefits accmed through them. Data was collected from the logs of JOSTOR for 18 months and analysed using deep log methods. UOK and UOJ are the member of UGC- INFONET consortium.
Jayamani & Kambaraman (2010) (223) have discussed about the Tamil Nadu Dr M.G.R. Medical University, its functions and its special reference to virtual library. The virtual library can be accessed via the university website- www.tnmmu.ac.in/library.html. The university became member of the ERMED (Electronic Resources in Medicine) Consortium of the National Medical Library, New Delhi in 2009 for getting access to worldwide medical literature.
Varghese (2010) (467) provided an overview of the c-rcsources available at the Ananda Ranga Pillai Library, Pondicheny University. The library is also a member of UGC-INFONET consortium.
54 Bhatia (2011) (46) conducted a study of eleven degree colleges in Chandigarh, which have students and teachers strength over 30,000. The objectives of this study were to know the usage of e- resources and services by the users of degree college libraries in Chandigarh; find out the impediments encountered by the users while accessing and using the e-resources; and suggest measures to take fiill advantage of IT to make degree college libraries more digitally resourceful and for providing information services data fi-omth e users-teachers and students-to know the impact of e- resources.
Farahi & Gandhi (2011) (153) conducted a survey on use of internet and electronic resources, the computing skills, and the factors militating utilization of electronic information resources among medical colleges in Mysore covering Mysore Medical College and JSS Medical College. The study revealed that in spite of poor facilities, students and faculty were using electronic information resources for their work and suggested for improvement in infrastructure, awareness programmes, electronic resources, etc.
Thanuskodi (2011) (440) attempted to examine the use of electronic resources at Dr T.P.M. Library, Madurai Kamaraj University. The study revealed that M. Phil students' respondents took the first position in their overall methods of searching e-resources, postgraduate student respondents the second position, Ph.D. scholar respondents the last position. The study confirmed that respondents were aware of the e-resources and various types of e-resources, e-databases, and e-joumals. The study recommended for the improvement in the access facilities, with high internet speed and subscription to more e-resources at the librar>\
Thanuskodi & Ravi (2011) (439) conducted a survey on utilization of digital resources by faculty and research scholars of Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelvali. Results of the study showed that 67.14 per cent of the faculty was familiar with the use of digital resources and majority of these members were using digital resources for the research purpose.
Baladhandyutham (2012) (32) made a study on use of online information by scholars at School of Biotechnology in Madurai Kamaraj University and reported that majority of the scholars are using online information and they are satisfied with the facilities and resources available along with some problems like slow access speed, etc.
Nisha & Naushad Ali (2012) (328) conducted a questionnaire survey to find out the usage of e- joumals by the users of IIT, Delhi and Delhi University. From the results of study, it was found that most of the users were aware of e-joumals and they were not only using e-joumals for building and 55 updating their knowledge but also for collecting relevant material for their study and research purpose. This study also revealed several inherent problems especially with the use of e-joumals. Some suggestions were also made based on the results of the study.
Mahapatra et. al. (2012) (287) discussed usage of e-resources available at Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT) by the faculty members. The findings of the study revealed that majority of faculty (94.44%) prefer e-joumals, followed by e-articles (72.22%), and e-dissertations and theses (63.89%) The study also made various suggestions/ recommendations for improvement.
Tyagi (2012) (455) conducted a questionnaire based study to study the user experience and perception of using different types of electronic information sources (EIS) by the scientists, pharmacopoeia associates, etc, to analyse the different purposes for which EIS were used by the users and to access current user characteristics associated with use of online resources and databases at the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC), Ghaziabad. The survey showed that majority of the respondents marked that library possessed useuil online journals and databases. Awareness among the users about the availability of online journals was found highly satisfactory. Online journals were mostly used for research needs and similarly pharmacy and pharmacology discipline-based journals used widely. The EIS found better for accessing current and comprehensive information.
Kandpal, et. al. (2013) (238) made assessment and evaluation of the exposure of ICT and the use of e-resources by the student of NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh with a view to know the exposure of ICT and e-resources to the student at their department or library. The study highlighted the problems encountered by the students and suggested some remedial measures for its improvement. The authors investigated the use of e-resources through a survey based on a structured questionnaire. The study confirmed that students of Veterinary Sciences were aware of the e-resources and used various types of e-resources, e-database, and e-joumals. It suggested for the improvement in the access facilities with high internet speed and subscription of more e-resources for the students. Collection Development is one of the most demanding professional functions of a library that involves deeper understanding of the users' needs, organisational eco-system in which a library functions, and the supply-chain of information and publishing industry. The importance of this function to library's usage value continues to be more demanding in the e-content world. However, the multitude of choices offered and controls exercised by the content creators and providers (authors, publishers, aggregators, and distributors) and the laws that regulate the ownership, pricing, and usage rights of e-content makes the collection development process one of the most challenging functions in the libraries of digital world today. It is a very £6 different process demanding the libraries to redetlne their purpose and functions. This study is a broad sketch of emerging challenges of e-collection development and the changes it will bring in other key functions of the libraries. The scope of study is limited to journals and books in the digital format (Sathyanarayana 2013) (377).
2.2.4 Digital Libraries Consortia
The INDEST compendium was prepared covering its aims and objectives, major activities, different types of memberships, governance of the consortium, electronic resources subscribed by the consortium, methods of using e-resources, and expectations from the member institutions, tutorials on specific e-resources, etc. INDEST Consortium was set-up by Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India, for centrally funded Government institutions including IITs, IISc, Bangalore, NITs, and few others institutions. Its headquarters was set-up at the IIT, Delhi (Arora & Rai, 2004) (17).
A white paper on "library consortia and resource sharing initiatives in India" was prepared covering the consortia needs and gains, consortia initiatives in India, consortia types and models, access and pricing models, governance, funding, operations, and management, etc. It also included history and development of e-joumals consortium in the world and India, and lessons from Indian experience. This white paper was prepared for Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore in 2004. (Sathyanarayana, et.al. 2004) (378).
Sukula (2007) (429) discussed various aspects of e-joumals consortia such as need, reasons, benefits, quality assessment, knowledge delivery, etc, at the Ch. Charan Singh University Campus, Meerut. The study gave a picture of the e-journnls consortia of Ch. Charan Singh University Campus, Meemt and further steps to be taken for enhariced services. The Library of Ch. Charan Singh University has become member of the UGC-INFONET consortia from 2004. The study also discussed impacts of the consortium services on academic community and librarians as well as some measures for better knowledge delivery to the users.
Tripathi & Jeevan (2007) (449) described the problems and prospects of subscription to e- joumals in academic libraries with particular reference to Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), Delhi. IGNOU Library (established in 1986) is the most resourceful information centre in the country in field of distance education. IGNOU Library is a member of INDEST-AICTE consortium and providing access to e-resources to the users. E-joumals services include IEEE/ lET
57 Electronic Library (lEL), J-Gate, Library and Information Science Abstract (LISA), Library Literature and Information Science (LLIS), SCC Online, EBSCO Academic Search Premier (ASP), ProQuest Academic Research Library (ARL), plus e-books.
Rai, et. al. (2008) (360) highlighted the benefits of library consortia, and analysed the three major consortia (INDEST, UGC-INFONET, CSIR E-joumals consortium) in India. The study also covered the number of journals and publishers subscribed commonly by two or more consortia.
Moorthy (2009) (3] 1) focused on the establishment and implementation of DRDO Consortium, The consortium was implemented at DESIDOC in 2009 for providing access to e-joumals of seven foreign publishers to all the scientists of DRDO. It was first consortium for DRDO E-Joumals Service. Also discussed various issues faced during setting up of the consortium as well as some of the problems being faced by the existing consortia in India.
Arora & Trivedi (2010) (20)discussed about the UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium, launched in 2004, providing differential access to 5790 journals to 160 universities in India. The study included major activities, operations, and services of UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium. It briefly described resources subscribed, major items of negotiation and terms of license, core member universities and associated members, access management technologies, etc. The authors outlined the governing structure, committees, participating universities/ institutions and their roles. The study elaborated the methods used for promotion of e-resources amongst member universities. The study briefly touched upon the economics of the UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium, outlined the model for implementation of college consortium, and future Endeavours of the UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium.
The INDEST-AICTE Consortium was launched in 2003 providing differential access to 12,000 electronic joumals and six bibliographic databases from a number of publishers and aggregators to 48 centrally-funded technical institutions, 60 government, and government-aided engineering colleges and 820 private engineering colleges, and other organisations. The study described major functions, activities, and services of the INDEST-AICTE consortium. It briefly touched upon resources subscribed, terms of licenses, policies, and practices for archival back-ups, membership programmes including core members, AICTE-supported institutions, and self-supported category of membership. The author outlined governing stnictures of the Consortium and their roles; strategies used for effective implementation of Consortia amongst member institutions; briefly touched upon the economics of the Consortium and spelled out its luture endeavours (Arora & Trivedi, 2010)(18).
58 Saxena (2010) (383)discussed about DRDO E-joumals Consortium which was established and implemented in Januar>' 2009 by DESIDOC on behalf of libraries and Technical Information Resource Centres (TIRCs) of DRDO. The consortium was established for providing e-joumals service to all DRDO scientists/ engineers/ technologists working in various DRDO laboratories scattered all over India. The author also discussed some of the important issues related to consortium, such as pricing model of journals, signing license agreement with publishers, Laws and Jurisdiction, archival policy, user awareness training, huge advance payment without security, etc. Also suggested to take initiatives at national level to resolve various issues involved in running the consortia in viable and cost effective manner.
Saxena (2010) (382) described various aspects of DRDO E-Joumals consortium in detail. The author also touched briefly other e-joumals consortia existing in India such as CSIR E-joumals consortium for CSIR scientists. Indian National Digital Library in Engineering, Science and Technology (INDEST) for IITs, etc, ICMR E-Consortia, Electronic Resources in Medicine (ERMED) for medical libraries, UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium for universities, etc. Consortium for e-Resources in Agriculture (CeRA) for agriculture scientists, etc. Also discussed some of the important issues related to consortia and suggested solutions.
Varaprasad & Madhusudhan (2010) (465) elaborated about various existing e-joumals consortia in general and CSIR e-joumals consortium in particular as case study. The author described about the need for consortia, advantages, disadvantages, problems faced by the consortia and possible solutions. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is public funded organization, and is the India's largest R&D organization established in 1942 with a chain of 37 National laboratories and institutes. CSIR consortium took shape as a netw'ork project under 10 th Five Year Plan with a budget layout of Rs 11.79 crorts for the plan period 2002-2007 targeting to access 4500 e-joumals for all CSIR laboratories scientists. National Instimte of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAR) was identified as the coordinator for implementing the consortium
Bhatt (2011) (47) made a study on the current trends of university libraries in India and the role of INFLIBNET, UGC-INFONET Digital Libraiy Consortium, and National Knowledge Commission in the context of changing academic library environment. The study revealed that the university libraries are switching over from print to elecrronic infomiation resources.
59 Lai (2012) (267) has described in detail about the DeLCON consortium, its objectives, e- resources, subject coverage, and benefits. DeLCON was established in 2009 for the libraries of Department of Biotechnology.
Malhan & Rao (2012) (290) described the status of consortia in India, the challenges of e- resources access and influence of the changing landscape of libraries, information products offered by the publishers and emergence of e-leaming environment on consortia. The study focused on need for more effective consortia models to enhancing the usage of e-resources and for alignment of consortia resources with institutional thrust areas of work and users' information requirements for work performance.
Moorthy & Pant (2012) (310) discussed briefly the genesis of the DRDO Consortium, its services, budgetary provisions, services offered, and efforts made by DESIDOC to enhance the use of e-resources across the Organisation (DRDO). An analytical study of the usage of e-resources by the DRDO scientific community was also made and the inferences were listed.
Sahoo and Agarwal (2012) (371) elaborated the digital services of INDEST-AICTE consortium to the engineering, science technology community of India provided during a decade time after its establishment.
Sahu & Mohapatra (2012) (373) conducted a survey on usage of UGC-Infonet consortia resources by science research scholars of the Utkal University, Berhmpur University and Sambalpur University. The study highlighted the problems encountered by the users and suggested some remedial measures for improvement in the access facilities and most particularly increase the e- resources to support their research activities.
Bhatt (2013) (49) summarized the consortia system and document delivery services at Banasthali University under JCCC@UGC-INFONET consortia. The study highlights some recommendations for better utilization of consortia services.
Londhe & Deshpande (2013) (278) focused on the ;;tudy of usage of e-rcsourccs available through UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium by University of Punc users. The objective was to find trends in usage of e-resources and which e-resources were used to the maximiun. To study the usage trends a usage statistics of 13 full-text databases during 2007-2012 were collected from UGC- INFONET website. The smdy rcveaied that the usage of e-resourccs has been increasing. More users were getting awareness of e-resources and using c-databases. Lisers from Chemistry field were more
60 active in using e-databases. Some databases had veiy less titles, but the usage of these databases was very high. Subject specific databases were highly used than tnulti-siibjcct databases. Titles-wise usage study is useful for effective planning and takuig important decision on subscription of databases. This usage study is useful for LIS professionals for finding iniporiant e-joumals and databases for proper implementation of funds.
2.2.5 Digitization & Digital Preservation
Arora (2006) (23)studied digital preservation metadata as a subset of metadata that described attributes of digital resources essential for its long-term accessibility and described OAIS reference Model as well as other major preservation metadata initiatives taken up by the OCLC and ARL. It also described storage management as applicable to digital preservation repositories and suggested microfilming and digitization as hybrid solution for reliable preservation.
Bist (2007) (55) highlighted the technical challenges experienced in the wake of developing a digital library at the Gandhi Smriti Library (GSL) of Lai Bahadur shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA), Mussoorie. Gandhi Smriti Library has taken up the digitization of rare and fragile documents, with the aims not only at preservation, but also to provide a cost-effective technical solution for efficient development and delivery of digital services. Digitization of non- copyright documents was taken up by CDAC, Noida for the Digital Library of India project in November 2005. For the material produced by the institution, the library developed its own scanning facilities. The GSL digital library has been developed at the institute
Dash (2007) (119) made an attempt to highlight the basic features of digital libraries and examined the feasibility of adopting digitization in different types of libraries. The Babaria Institute Library of Babaria Institute of Technology, Vadodara (Gujarat), which has sufficient IT infrastructure for digital library, was studied as a case for digitization.
The authors gave an overview on preseivation of digital resources and provided general guidelines for planning and preserving digital resources in the library. Also discussed briefly about digital resources preservation, standards of digital preservation, advantages of digital preservation, preservation strategies, problems in preservation of digital resources, etc. (Ghosh & Begam, 2007) (177).
Digital libraries have been built all over the world. Libraries are engaged in creating and maintaining digital libraries. One of the main challenges in maintaining digital libraries is the digital 51 preservation aspect. The aim of digital presei-vation is to ensure that digital records are filed and made available through time. Transition from print format to electronic format has given various issues in preserving the digital form. Preservation problem is complicated due to rapid obsolescence of the hardware and software and other technologies required for preservation of digital information. This study highlighted the necessity of preserving the digital form, preservation requirements, standards for digital preservation, and open formats in digital preservation, etc. (Gobbur, 2007) (179).
The author described briefly various aspects of digital preservation such as digitization vs preservation, benefits, drawbacks of digital technology and criteria for digital preservation. Also discussed about the need for digitization of library collection, criteria for digital conversion, copyright issue, image processing, access to rare materials, etc (Misra, 2007) (304).
As the libraries go increasingly digital the responsibilities of the librarian increases ten folds and care has to be taken not only for the bibliographic details of all the records in the database, but to the full-text digital contents of the digital library collections in different formats. The author emphasized for the importance of different types of backups required for digital information, keeping in mind safety, cost, longevity, etc. The study made a review of various backup technologies like CDs, DVDs, Tape, Portable hard disk, etc and suggested suitable technologies for backup for digital libraries (Sen, 2007) (392).
Babu & Ramesha (2008) (27) discussed about the digital preservation, its major issues, challenges and possible solutions.
Batt & Gulati (2008) (48) introduced the concept and meaning of digitization, and emphasized the need for digitization, selection of material for digitization, etc. The authors also highlighted the benefits of digitization and the role of librarians in the age of digital world.
Bajpai & Srivastava (2008) (29) described two situations specifically regarding preservation of documents received in digital form and digitization of printed documents. The study concluded with discussion on the procedures and steps involved in converting printed documents in to digital one for preservation.
Bhange (2008) (45) focused on the implementation of a digitization strategy and also discussed issues of digitization such archiving, authenticity, costs, responsibilities, and digital content management, etc.
62 Chandra & Patkar (2008) (85) gave a review on the digital preservation and presented essential elements of the OAIS model developed for this purpose. The author also discussed important related issues like metadata, intellectual property rights, copyright, etc. The study included Indian as well as international scenarios of various digital data preservation initiatives.
Chopra (2008) (97) examined the importance of digital preservation and its problems as well as solutions. The study covered briefly about National Archives of India, national mission for manuscripts, digitization projects in India, intellectual property rights, metadata, digital preservation software, etc.
Dasgupta (2008) (118) discussed in brief about digital preservation with particular reference to Meghnand Saha Archive which was set up at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, for preserving documents related to Meghnand Saha and the Institute.
Indira (2008) (209) described the organization of digital library which includes selection criteria, digitization, digital preservation, searching, etc.
Kalpana & Elango (2008) (237) introduced the concept of digitization, emphasized the need for digitization and issues related to digitization and preservation.
Kanetkar (2008) (239) looked into various aspects of digital preservation and discussed some of the techniques required for digital preservation. The study described the case of Technical Information Resource Centre (TIRC) of Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), Puna, which has adopted DSpace, open source software, for organizing and preserving web- based and other digital resources.
Midda et. al. (2008) (301) examined the issues and challenges faced during creating digital libraries and the preservation of digital information resources for providing information to users. The authors emphasized on various methods of digital preservation such as preservation of storage media, access to content and fixed-media materials through digital technology.
Naushad & Faizul (2008) (322) attempted to discuss the concept of digital preservation, and highlighted the various initiatives undertaken by the organizations and institutes in India.
The authors reported about the digitization and preservation activities of the World data centre for Geomagnetism (WDCG), Mumbai. The WDCG is a division of the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, an autonomous research institute functioning under department of Science and Technology,
63 Government of India. In recent past, the institute adopted major steps for preservation of its data by implementing various modem technologies available. The century old photographic records were converted into digital images using high resolution cameras and also making use of the e-image digital image converter to retain the records from old microfiche and microfilms. All these databases have been made accessible to users using the Central Oracle Database System at the centre and also on online database website (Nimje, et. al., 2008) (327).
Ramaiah & Babu (2008) (363) highlighted important strategies including preserve storage media and technology, emulation, migration, etc., that had been proposed as solutions along with their strengths and weaknesses.
Ramachandraiah (2008) (362) discussed digital preservation, its strategies, and problems of preservation.
Rao & Sharma (2008) (364) described the advantages and limitations of digital technology, preservation approaches such as migration and emulation, advantages and disadvantages of digital preservation. The authors also described various storage media trends contributing to media obsolescence, obsolescence of file format specifications, and the selection criteria of file formats for long term digital preservation.
Ravi (2008) (366) briefed about the digitization project of Indira Gandhi Memorial Library, University of Hyderabad, the project's work flow, and digitization process. The library, established in 1975, holds a rich collection of over 2,25,000 books, monographs and reference works, 4000 theses and dissertations, over 80,000 back volumes of periodicals, and 1900 e-joumals as well as 630 periodicals and popular magazines. The library is a participating member of the Million Book Universal Digital Library' Project.
Satpathy, et. al. (2008) (380) discussed the concept of digital preservation, and the issues of different preservation strategies for digital libraries and institutional repositories.
Sharma (2008) (399) elaborated the technologies, methods, and legal issues of digital preservation. The author also described about the architecture and designing of a digital library.
Sharma & Magoch (2008) (403) highlighted the challenges of digital preservation and discussed about various initiatives undertaken by DSEIDOC to address these challenges. The authors proposed federated search solution for DESIDOC's Single Window to all digital services provided to R&D community of DRDO through intranet. 64 Singh & Paul (2008; (416) identified the process of digitization undertaken by the Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA), Delhi. Findings of the study focused on the major challenges faced and the funding for the project.
Singh, et. al. (2008) (413) provided strategic procedures for conceptual and technical components of skills involved in the digital resource development of a typical R&D library including utilization of open source tools. The main focus of this study was on the design, development, organization, implementation and maintenance of a digital preservation life cycle for various formats used in a typical R&D library. The study described about the digital initiatives undertaken by the Bhaba Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai.
The study highlighted the precautions and steps taken by the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) Library, Mysore for conservation and preservation of rare books and digital media. (Suman Kumari, 2008) (430).
Tripathi et. al. (2008) (451) attempted to highlight the preservation of newspaper clippings for posterity. The authors suggested method for developing digitized newspaper clippings archive at the university library with particular reference to IGNOU library.
Venkatesh et.al. (2008) (471) covered digitization issues in DRDO, need for defence digital library for defence scientists covering core areas of defence R&D and problems of copyright, preser\'ation, etc. The study reported about the development of digital library at Research Centre Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad, and using Greenstone digital library software for providing information on missile literature.
Arora (2009) (24) discussed the importance as well as various problems related to digitization and digital preservation. The author also described about the longevity of digital information, digital preservation strategies, etc. and suggested that digital projects should sought institutional support to ensure continuing availability of digital contents.
Kataria & John (2010) (243) described the importance and challenges of digital preservation, the role of libraries and information centres, digital publishing and preservation, etc.
Digital libraries were viewed as systems providing a community of users with coherent access to a large, organized repository of information and knowledge. Digitization has become important in the worldwide and efforts to preserve, manage, and provide access to scholarly information were made. This study presented practical experience of digitization of two major projects carried out in the 65 library. The first one was the digitization of 55 volumes (1952-2006) of Sociological Bulletin published by the Indian Sociological Society, New Delhi and the second was the digitization of 67 volumes (1940-2006) of Indian Journal of social Work published by Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai. The study highlighted the objectives of the project proposals, justification and anticipated impact, plan for digitization, process methodologies for digitization, volume of work, etc. The authors also described various steps involved in the digitization process, OCR software used and its advantages over other OCRs, search interface used, browsing and searching facilities, navigation facilities provided in the CD, etc. Some of the past and present digitization projects that have been carried out in the library were also included (Koganuramath & Angadi, 2010) (255).
Seifi & Nikam (2010) (389) presented digitization and digital preservation process of manuscript in Khuda Bakhsh Library, Patna, a unique repository of about 21000 Oriental manuscripts and 2.5 lakh printed books. The digitization of 10 lakh pages has been undertaken as pilot project with the help of National Informatics Centre Services Incorporated (NICSI), New Delhi.
Sengar & Garg (2010) (393) highlighted the technological issues related to storing of Hindi information and also discussed the complexities associated with the development of Devanagari OCR and technological issues related to retrieval of information in Hindi language.
Londhe, et. al. (2011) (277) discussed the digitization process of manuscripts adopted in the Jayakar Library, University of Pune in India and evaluated the digitization software used in the library project set up by Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), USA. The library has a collection of 4057 manuscripts and 2500 handwritten letters of eminent personalities. The Quick Scan software used in the project was very good for image capturing and DSpace was used for creation and maintenance of a digital library. Total number of manuscripts digitized by November 2010 were 1,802 (running into 232,144 pages).
Burman & Mukherjee (2012) (63) provided an overview of the major digital preservation activities and preservation of digital records, developed in the library and information science in order to identify factors that play a key role in ensuring the long term preservation of the records. They discussed various threats, strategies and methods for digital preservation with fiiture challenges. The preservation of digital information in India has been discussed in brief
Gaur & Tripathi (2012) (174) highlighted various problems of digital content and elaborated the importance, strategies, and challenges of digital preservation. The study gave a bird's eye view of
66 various projects initiated for archiving digital content of scholarly journals. The authors also made a study on the role of consortia in preservation of e-joumals (175).
2.2.6 Evaluation
Chakraborty & Ravindran (1998) (82) analysed the CD-ROM products published in India and presented the existing scenario of the CD-ROM databases usage. Based on this study, the authors suggested for generating indigenous CD-ROM databases for national and international usage.
Das & Datta (2004) (116) discussed the need for audit and control of digital library systems. The authors identified the elements of audit and control that enhancing the capabilities and effectiveness of digital libraries.
Das, et. al. (2007) (117) made an assessment of the development of indigenous digital libraries in India. The study aimed at to evaluate different retrieval features of Indian digital libraries; especially those provide access to multilingual and multimedia documents. For this study, eight digital libraries originated in India, available in 24x7 timeframe and accessible worldwide through the internet were identified and selected. These libraries include Digital Library of India at Indian Institute of Science (IISc); Kalasampada: Digital Library-Resource of Indian Cultural Heritage (DL-RICH) at Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA); Cultural Heritage Digital Library in Hindi (CHDL-H) at IGNCA; Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) at National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR); Archives of Indian Labour at V.V. Giri National Labour Institue and Association of Indian Labour Historians; Vidyanidhi at University of Mysore; Muktabodha: Digital Library and Archiving Project at Muktabodha Indological Research Institute; and e-joumals@insa at Indian National Science Association (INSA). The retrieval features and other information on these digital libraries have been collected mostly from their respective websites and from other published literature, amiual reports, etc. The study found that the Indian digital libraries provide universal access to informative and culturally rich digital content related to South Asian region. The digitization efforts in Indian institutions have made these digital libraries operational. The institutional repositories and open access archives of Indian institutions that give access to the current research literature have not been included in this study, because their retrieval features are mostly similar to each other as they use either DSpace or GNU EPrints open source sofhvare. This study gave an insight on how diverse contents are integrated and disseminated to the end users in a user-friendly manner. This study also indicated research initiatives on different aspects of multilingual contents in the South Asian region. This study was an attempt to popularize Indian
67 indigenous digital libraries among the world community and also would generate new knowledge in the area of indigenous digital libraries in the developing countries like India.
Eqbal & Khan (2007) (148) made a comparative study of the usage of electronic journals by the research scholars of faculty of science (FOS) and faculty of engineering (FOE) at Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh. They also examined the level of use of e-joumals services by the research scholars of the FOS and the FOE at AMU. The authors conducted a questionnaire survey. The results showed that 88.24% FOS scholars were aware of e-joumals but FOS was more aware than FOE about UGC-INFONET. The majority of research scholars (FOS-67.64% & FOE-69.23%) used e-joumals for their research work. Most of the scholars indicated ihe need for user training for making use of e-joumals more efficient.
The study conducted a survey on the use of the electronic information resources services by the users of Devi Ahilya Viswavidhyalaya Central Library, Indore. The library collection includes more than 165,000 books, over 20,000 reference documents, e-joumals (ACM, IEEE, databases (DELNET, ICFAI University, INDIASTAT), over 4300 UGC INFONET online e-joumals, 1000 books in Braile language. The questionnaire supplemented with the interview method was used to solicit the opinions of different levels of the user groups. The utilization of e-joumals, internet, OPAC and other services provided by the Central Library and satisfaction of the users were examined. This study highlighted the suggestions made by the users for improvement of electronic services at DAW Central Library (Naidu et.al. 2007) (317).
Naqvi (2007) (320) conducted a questionnaire based survey on the usage of electronic resources at Jamia Millia Islamia (a Central University), New Delhi. The questionnaires received from 47 research scholars who visited the Digital Resource Centre in August 2007 were taken into consideration. This study was confined to the potential users of UGC-INFONET consortium resources at Jamia Millia Islamia. UGC-INFONET was providing access to online resources (e- joumals, e-databases, e-books, etc.) of 25 publishers in almost all the areas of leaming such as Arts, Chemical sciences, Computer sciences, Humanities, Life Sciences, Mathematics, Physical and Social Sciences. The author also studied the level of user satisfaction and altematives to e-resources.
Navjyod (2007) (323) assessed the attitudes of the researchers towards e-joumals and examined the current level of use of these electronic publications by the research scholars of Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. The University Library (established in 1970) is a member of INFLIBNET for e- joumals services. A survey was conducted using questionnaires to collect data. Results showed that
68 majority of researchers are using electronic journals. The study also suggested some recommendations to improve usage of e-joumals.
Mittal & Mahesh (2008) (305) identified and evaluated the collections within digital libraries and repositories in India available in the public domain. The digital libraries and repositories were identified through a study of the literature, as well as internet searching and browsing to study their collections. Use of open source software especially for the creation of institutional repositories has been found common. It has been found that major library initiatives such as the Digital Library of India, use custom-made software. The study highlighted the state of digital libraries and repositories in India in late 2007.
The study aimed at to review the existing Electronic Record Management systems (ERMS) and assessed the impact of Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems on the healthcare industry. The study also discussed the advantages and disadvantages of EMR systems and problems encountered while implementing and using the systems by different groups of the users. EMRS comprises a set comprehensive database used lo store and access patients' healthcare information. EMRS allows concurrent access to the data on medical records to multiple users. The authors also studied the impact of EMRS on various healthcare organizations, such as, US Department of Health and Human Services, Sing Health, Singapore, etc. (Edmund, et. al., 2009) (145).
The study attempted to study the issues like use of electronic information resources, its impact on the collection of print and electronic journals, its awareness among the users, and the places where the users access these resources. A survey was conducted during academic year 2006-07 at the Thapar University, Patiala. A total number of 504 users ft'om the undergraduate, postgraduate, research scholars and faculty members were selected and their response was obtained through questionnaire. The study found that the users from all these categories were using e-resources; the awareness about e-resources encouraged users to use such resources to the maximum; and the users were using computer centre and hostels more for accessing the information. The impact of the e-resources was visible from the decrease in number of print journals in comparison to electronic journals. The use of e-joumals increased manifold. The University became member of UGC-INFONET Consortium for accessing e-resources (Kaur & Verma, 2009) (246).
The study was carried out to find out the level of awareness and use of online databases as well as to ascertain research scholar's satisfaction with the infrastructure to support accessing online databases in the AMU campus. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to the research
69 scholars of the AMU to collect data regarding the awareness and use of online databases. The survey revealed that most of the research scholars were aware of the online databases availability and were usuig them for their research work and to update subject knowledge. The study found that the main problems faced by research scholars in using online databases was lack of information on online databases subscribed by the university on their subjects/ researches. It has been noticed that nearly 50 percent research scholars were satisfied with the infrastructure to support accessing online databases in the AMU campus. AMU became member of UGC-INFONET Consortium for getting access to e- resources (Khan & Zaidi, 2009) (249),
This study attempted to find out the usage of e-resources of various publishers available under UGC-INFONET by the academic community of Manipur University during 2007 and 2008. The study revealed that while there was increase in the usage of the resources of most of the publishers in spite of certain problems of accessibility, the resources of some of the publishers were underutilized. Though the study did not investigate the usage of individual journal covered by each publisher, yet an average of downloads of each publisher based on the coverage had been worked out and presented. The study suggested that there is a need to find out usage of individual product of the publisher in view of the findings that the larger the coverage, least is the use (Singh, et. al., 2009) (414).
Gunjal & Urs (2010) (186) examined the cuixent trends in the development of knowledge organization system (KOS) developed in major digital libraries of the world and presented the results based on the study of KOS deployed in major digital libraries of the world. The authors studied digital libraries by visiting their sites and presented a comparative study of digital libraries summarizing the existing scenario of KOS in the selected digital libraries.
The authors compared and evaluated effectiveness of e-joumals and print journals firom users' and library's point of views. The study discussed a case study done at SP Jain Institute of Management and Research to find out the information-seeking pattern of the library users. Survey for the study was conducted through questionnaires. The study also discussed advantages and disadvantages of e-joumals and suggested that the printed and e-joumals are complimentary to each other (Kacherki & Thombare, 2010) (235).
Panda (2010) (338) analysed the feedbacks or members assessments of UGC-rNFONET Digital Library Consortium to gear up the programme with national importance and keep the pace and shape of the fijture of academic learning and research process. Data were collected from the members by
70 questionnaire method. This study provides a comprehensive report on the assessment of implementation of e-resources project under UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium.
This study aimed at to assess and evaluate the use of e-resources by the faculty members of C.V. Raman College of Engineering (CVRCE), Bhubaneswar, with a view to examine the exposure of faculty members to e-resources. The study also highlighted the problems encountered by the users and suggested some remedial measures for its improvements. The authors investigated the use of e- resources by the faculty members of CVRCE through a survey based on a structured questionnaire. CVRCE library is member of INDEST-AICTE consortium, DELNET, New Delhi and British Council Division, Kolkata. The study confirmed that faculty members were aware of the e-resources (e-database, e-joumals, etc.) and suggested for improvement in the access facilities with high internet speed and subscription to more e-resources by the Central Library of CVRCE (Satpathy & Rout, 2010) (379).
Sinha (2010) (417) presented a study undertaken with a view to know the extent of ICT/ internet awareness and the status of online access to e-resources amongst the Assam University Library Users. The faculty, research scholars and the students were drawn from the different parts of North Eastern states and few other parts of the country which represented truly cosmopolitan population. Data collected through questionnaires, observation, and interview. Survey was carried out during July- August 2008. The study highlighted the importance of survey findings on internet awareness, internet use pattern, and attitude of library users towards the electronic resources available to them under UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium. It also included some suggestions and recommendations.
Tamilmani (2010) (433) made an attempt to know about the proper utilization of e-joumals and to find out the efficient way to fulfill the skill gaps of what is required by the company (Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Chennai, Tamil Nadu) from the database provided by the publisher end. One database (Science Direct database) with 10 months usage during 2008 was taken for this study and analysis.
Tripathi & Jeevan (2010) (450) evaluated and reviewed the status of twenty five digital libraries or institutional repositories developed in India by considering the content, collection, type of access, accessibility of the sites, copyright information, mechanism, coverage, software, currency, archiving, use of web2.0 tools, information about latest additions, link to other sites, sponsor, and printing/ saving facility.
71 The authors highlighted the importance of online government information in India and showed how far these websites had been able to make an impact on the society. The study aimed at to examine the websites for their linking and content presence, and also to find out their web impact factor. The study included observation of the selected websites from different points of view like number of web pages, web impact factor, and number of rich files. Data analysis and interpretation showed that for each of the indicator used in this study, there were a different set of websites which achieved the topmost ranks. The findings of this study highlighted the standing of these websites against the average values and showed that different ministries excelled from different point of view (Wallia & Kaur, 2010) (476).
Waris & Khan (2010) (477) made a survey on impact of e-resources on the users of Library in AMU. Aligarh. Data from the users of different departments and centres were collected through questionnaire. Results showed that more than 60 percent users are fully satisfied with the e-resources facility provided by the university.
Francis (2012) (163) discussed utilization of consortia-based digital information resources by the post graduate and doctoral students of the Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur. Results showed that cent percent of the students were familiar with the use of digital information resources available online and 87.14 per cent of them used CeRA resources. Most of the students (82percent) were acquainted with CeRA. The students suggested for strengthening the CeRA services by adding more resources and facilities.
Gangan Prathap (2013) (170) found out the best performing laboratories in the CSIR from the point of view of optimally accessing and using e-resources using performance indicators derived from the number of scientists in the laboratory, number of downloads during 2006-2010, number of publications during 2006-2010, and the total citations earned by these papers during a citation window of one year following the publications time. National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram was found most successful laboratory.
Users' studies are one of the most prominent areas of research in library and information science. Now the trend is to examine the use of e-libraries, e-joumals and e-databases. Many studies have been carried out both in India and abroad in this area. This study aims to examine the user behaviour of 66 out of 100 research scholars and faculty members of select departments at the University of Mysore like environmental science, sericulture science, zoology and genetics form the sample. Structured questionnaire with 5 point scale was used and the mean and SD values were calculated
72 using SPSS. The major findings are: Users use both print and electronic sources of information. Majority of the respondents have learnt to use e-joumals effectively from 'friends/colleagues'. The respondents 'look for quality controlled scientific and scholarly journals'. Respondents identify relevant electronic articles by 'browsing through recent issues' (mean=3.39) followed by 'searching ftill-text databases from publishers or aggregator' (e.g. Elsevier, Springer) (Nikam & Dhruva, 2013) (326).
Sharma & Ganguly (2013) (402) described about the TERI digital library initiative and various services provided by TERI Library and the method of analysis followed by TERI Library professionals to assess these services such as Google analytic and user survey techniques. The study also highlighted the result of user satisfaction survey undertaken in the year 2011. Majority of TERI researchers were satisfied with the digital services of TERI Library and rated library in "very good" category. The methodology, survey software, data analysis, result and the action taken in response to the user feedback are highlighted in the study.
2.2.7 Institutional Repository Initiatives
Doctor (2007) (142) examined the need for the development of a digital repository of Summer Internship Projects (SIP) reports at ICFAI Business School, Ahmedabad and described the method of creating digital repository of SIP reports using the Greenstone open source software. The phases involved in the creation of the digital repository and the steps involved in the collection development using the GLI tool, "Greenstone Librarian Interface" have been discussed. The digital repository provides ICFAI Business School, Ahmedabad with a central facility for systematic archiving of summer internship project reports and an insight to the organizations which offer projects, the type of projects that they offer, the applicability of the projects students have done, etc. The digital repository is of use to students, faculties, and the organizations. Management institutions, especially in India, should be encouraged to develop digital repositories of sunuTier internship projects and share knowledge
Joshi (2007) (232) presented plans, proposals, and initiatives taken at Tocklai in creation of an institutional repository of all the theses and dissertations in the subject area of tea- the world famous beverage and described various steps involved in the creation of repository. The author also proposed for creation of a global repository of electronic theses and dissertations in the field of tea science at Tocklai. Tea Research Association's (TRA) Tocklai Experimental Station at Jorhat, Assam, popularly known as "Tocklai" is the world's premier research institute, established in 1911. Since 1950, Tocklai 73 produced over 60 doctoral these in tea science in addition to a substantial amount of literature in the field of tea science and technology.
Scholarly content is valuable asset for any organization. It must be disseminated and read by as many scholars as possible. It should cross all the communication barriers like time, geographical, language, country, economic, technological, etc. For this purpose, the scholarly content has to be transformed into a format which possesses such attributes. Digital media is one such format which can be accessed online over the worldwide web, available 24/7, can be preserved, and allowed a lot of value additions. So the important task should be the transfonnation of scholarly content into digital format, its preservation, and dissemination of the digital knowledge to the widest possible audience. The authors discussed about institutional repositories, crisis in scholarly communication, software for institutional repositories, digital learning commons, digital learning objects, content creation, etc. (Mahajan & Chakravarty, 2007) (286).
The author provided an overview of institutional repository (IR) initiatives taken in India. The study highlighted the development of institutional repositories in India and in a few other countries. Discussed the guidelines of University Grants Commission (UGC), India regarding institutional repository and analysed OAI-PMH compatibility of Indian IRs (Roy, 2007) (369).
Shukla (2008) (408) presented the results of survey conducted to ascertain different considerations for implementing an institutional repository at Delhi College of Engineering (DCE), Delhi. The library of DCE has created an institutional repository using DSpace, the open source institutional repository software.
Sreenivasulu (2008) (423) focused mainly on building of multimedia institutional repository at National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), Hyderabad. He described various processes involved in the building of institutional repository in fashion technology consisting of printed and audio-videos such as project reports, slides, VHS, fashion shows at NIFT, Hyderabad.
The advancement and widespread adoption of the information and communication technology has expanded the access to information. Alternatively, deluge of digital data, and the rate at which the repositories of information are increasing are not affable because one needs to trace these individually. The author addressed these apprehensions and focused on interoperability of these digital repositories so that subject gateways could be generated using these repositories to facilitate one-stop shop and easy access to galore of resources contained in these digital repositories, thereby enhancing access to scholarly communications (Munshi, 2009) (314). 74 Doctor (2010) (141) presented plan for a pilot institutional knowledge repository implementation at a ICFAI Business school, Ahmedabad, India. The author also presented a simulation conducted to ascertain the number of simultaneous users who could search and view/ access the contents of the institutional repository with a minimal server configuration
Gadhavi (2010) (169) highlighted the importance of Digital Rights Management (DRM) and its application in institutional repositories with particular reference to Gujarat University Institutional Repository (GUIR), at Ahmedabad. The author proposed to establish GUIR covering intellectual works produced by the faculties/ departments, etc., of the university using DSpace-open source software. With the application of DRM, GUIR would be accessible globally.
Jain (2010) (219) defined Institutional Repository' (IR) and discussed the benefits and obstacles in setting up IR, roles of librarians and authors, relationship between IR and knowledge management, IR and open access, recent developments of IRs, etc.
Karisiddappa & Kumar (2010) (241) proposed for the creation of National Digital Repository System in India keeping in view of research activities carried out in the country. The authors also mentioned that various countries such as France, Canada, USA, Europe, etc have implemented OAI- PMH based information system providing number of services to the end users
Sengar (2010) (394) described about the development of IMTECH digital institutional repository developed at the Knowledge Resource Centre (Library), Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), CSIR, Chandigarh, using DSpace in 2008.
Shafi et. al. (2010) (397) discussed KNoor (Knowledge Repository Open Network) which aimed at harvesting and aggregating the scholarly products emanating from research and scientific institutions of Jammu & Kashmir in India. The authors highlighted the genesis, significance, cooperation and various modules of access, etc. The KNoor is a multilingual repository of research papers, Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD) and conference proceedings of three premier institutes of valley (University of Kashmir, Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Sher-e- Kashmir university of Agricultural Sciences) in the first phase. The study also discussed challenges and lessons learnt in the process with a view to help other institutions to advance the mission of open access movement in the countr>'.
Sood (2010) (421) narrated about the digital library/ repository initiatives in India in brief and mentioned various issues related to digital library development in India.
75 Krishnamurthy and Kemparaju (2011) (259) conducted a study on twenty institutional repositories (IRs) which are in use in Indian universities and research institutions. The study was limited to the web sites of universities and other national institutes. The study revealed that most of the IRs is operated on a UNIX/ Linux operating system platform and the coverage of IRs in universities generally include pre-prints of journal articles, seminar papers, technical reports, research data, theses, dissertations, work in progress, important print and images collections, teaching and learning materials, and materials documenting the history of the institution.
Jayakanth, et al (2012) (222) described briefly the work that has gone into setting up and configuring the digital repository of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOBS). The repository has been set up using the free and open source software "Eprints" and serves as an information management system for the Ministry.
Biradar & Banateppanavar (2013) (54) provided practical guidelines of setting up an institutional repository through dspace open source software and discussed step by step procedures in building an institutional repository using dspace. This study would help the beginners in planning of IR and understanding the steps to be followed for uploading different file formats to build digital repository to maintain collection with uniformity. Sahu et. al. (2013) (372) reported about the establishment of institutional repository (Eprint@NML) at CSIR National Metallurgical Laboratory (NML), Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India in September 2009. The study looked at the use of the repository' based on the repository log data. It was found that N>4L scientists received 1847 enquiries for their articles/ projects until September 2012. A total of 27, 40,343 hits were received from different countries during August 2011 to September 2012and a cumulative total of over 4.86 million hits since inception. The top twenty countries accessed the repository were USA, India, Russia, China, UK, Hong Kong, Germany, Netherlands, Iran, Japan, France, Italy, Canada, Korea, Ukraine, Brazil, Poland, Australia, Turkey and South Africa.
Singh & Sharma (2013) (410) discussed in detail the establishment of DRDO Knowledge Repository (KR) at DESIDOC, Delhi by using DSpacc, an open source software. Presently, KR has over fifteen thousand digital records of DRDO R&D reports produced by 52 DRDO laboratories scattered all over India. DRDO Knowledge Repository has been uploaded on DRDO intranet for online access to DRDO scientists.
76 2.2.8 Management
Once the digital library has been created, its management is important. The issues and strategies involved in management of digital libraries include hardware management, software management, collection management, preservation,/ archiving, financial management, and the access system. Gupta & Singh (2006) (187) focused on the above issues and strategies in detail.
The author defined the digital information resource management. This study also discussed the economic aspects of digital resources, the policy formulations for management of digital resources, the iinpact of digital libraries on information services, and also some models of digital information users' satisfaction. Finally, he described challenges for library, information and documentation professionals in the 21st century for digital infonnation resource management (Sinha, 2007) (418).
The author discussed the current practices and issues of access management for digital depositories including user authentications, user authorization, and the technology of secured digital communication of digital materials. This study also gave a basic idea about access management practices used in Bangladesh by the digital content providers. Access management illustrates the process of providing controlled and secured access to resources. Access management is significant as an important as well as one of the key services for the network infrastructure of digital repository activities for a wide range of audience. (Shoeb, 2009) (407).
Knan et. al. (2010) (251) introduced Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) for digital library. SOA provides flexibility and improves collaboration between the different phases of library management. SOA collaboratively improves performance and communication between the distributed and remote teams managing the digital library remotely.
Chandel & Saikia (2012) (83) highlighted many problems related to e-resources management viz. acquisition, storage, maintenance and management and emphasized the need to develop or procure ERMS which can integrate all the e-resources along with printed material to provide single window approach to all resources available locally as well as globally in a universal library.
Sreekumar (2012) (422) discussed modem information management strategies and techniques for resources management in the library such as content aggregation and content integration, library automation, library portal as a one stop- information shop, developing DLs using open access DL software, institutional repositories (IRs) as open access archives (OAA), e-resources licensing agreement and access management strategies, etc.
77 Vasistha & Karla (2012) (468) conducted a study in seven libraries of technical institutions in North India, to ascertain users' perspective about the practices being followed by the technical universities in India in managing e-joumals. The findings of the study revealed that 48% users want e-joumals to be organized according to subject, 43% users want information about newly acquired e- joumals should be made available to them through e-mail alert, etc.
Even after two decades of digital presence in libraries and proliferation of electronic resources (e- resources) in terms of production, acquisition and usage the management of e-resources remains a cumbersome process. The process involved in the management of e-resources has often overwhelmed the library personnel. The life cycle of e-resources, especially in the academic institutions begin with the discovery and identification of the resource and moves on to the trial access, selecting the specific resource from the gamut of other resources followed by acquisition of the specific resource into the library realm and then felicitating access to the users and then the follow-up of studying the usage of the resource for ftirther continuation of those resources. In between these processes there is the cumbersome chore of going through the licensing agreements and keeping the records correct. All these processes are time consuming and involve a lot of work. These relentless arrays of work have made librarians to look for systems which can save their time and energy and provide efficient management of e-resources. This study looked at the origin of the ERMS (E-resource Management Systems) and the available ERMS in the library digital landscape (John, et al. 2013) (224).
Koteswara Rao (2013) (257) discussed various issues and problems of e-resources management including licensing and copyright. He has also described various electronic resources management systems including their features, to support acquisition and management of licensed e-resources.
Pant and Moorthy (2013) (339) described the management of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) and suggested for safeguarding Indian traditional knowledge by developing indigenous knowledge management system (IKMS). For developing IKMS, various types of knowledge management tools and platforms are discussed. The study highlighted major issues/ challenges in management of traditional knowledge.
2.2.9 Open Access Initiatives (OAI)
Krishnamurthy (2008) (260) described the open access and open source movement in the DL world. The author gave a review of key developments in the open access and open source movement. Open source software and open access to research findings are of great use to scholars in the
78 developing countries. This study provided useful information about the software for institutions introducing digital library concepts.
Chandrakar & Arora (2010) (86)discussed about the current position of the open access of scholarly contents in India especially the initiatives taken by the INFLIBNET Centre on open access for its member universities and academic users. The study also provided the mode of open access for Indian contents made by Indian aggregators. The approach of the study was based on the aggregators working for open access of scholarly contents in India. It covered major aggregators and institutions that published number of scholarly journals excluding institutions publishing one or two journals. The study brought major open access publishers of India at one place.
2.2.10 Research Projects
Raghuraman, et. al. (2007) (359) reported about the Interoperable Defence Academic Institutional Repository (IDAIR) project initiated by the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT), Pune. The IDAIR project was taken for creating institutional digital repository at the Library of Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT), Pune, using DSpace software. The project was funded by the Directorate Extramural Research and Intellectual Property Rights (ER&IPR), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in April 2007. The choice of DSpace, its installation, usage, issues and benefits in the DIAT Library have also been discussed.
Obaiah & Jayakanth (2008) (333) presented their experiences in setting up a prototype LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) system at the National Centre for Science Information (NCSI), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore to facilitate archiving of Journal of Indian Institute of Science (JIISc). LOCKSS was developed by the researchers of Standford University.
Tyagi et. al. (2008) (454) described the development and implementation of Search and Retrieval via URLs (SRU) server for DSpace to make the institutional repository (IR) interoperable. This facility was developed for implementing 'IDAIR' project at Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT), Pune.
Indoria (2010) (210) presented an approach to a conceptual framework for understanding the concept of digital libraries. A topology of digital library research was described, based on Yates' model of information work comprising three interlinked domains: informational, technological, and social.
79 Arora & Trivedi (2010) (19) discussed about the project entitled "National Library and Information Infrastructure for Scholarly Content (NLIST), sanctioned by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) under its National Mission on Education through Information Communication technologies (ICT). The aims of the project were to provide access of electronic resources to government/ government-aided colleges and the cross-subscription to e-resources amongst technical institutions and universities i.e. subscription to INDEST-AICTE resources for universities and UGC-INFONET resources for technical institutions. The study described genesis, formation, components, governing structure, and services of the N-LIST programme. It briefly described about the resources subscribed, beneficiary institution, and N-LIST- associate programme. It elaborated on pricing model for subscription to e-resources, cost-effectiveness of the programme and its implementation methodology. The study deliberated on different access management technologies in vogue and on a system based on integrated implementation of EZ Proxy and Shibboleth for providing seamless access to e-resources to colleges through servers installed at the INFLIBNET Centre. Lastly, the study presented future endeavours on N-LIST programme.
Shafi (2010) (396) introduced "J&K flora" a research project undertaken by the Department of Library and Information Science (University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K) sponsored by DSIR, New Delhi, with a view to deliberate upon the issues and the challenges in co-building of knowledge in the web enviroiunent by and for different users e.g. researchers, entrepreneurs, agriculturists, students, etc. on an open platform. The project would cover indigenous knowledge on flora of all regions of J&K State (Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh). The knowledge is accessible through web site wv^w.jkflora.org.in through different access points/ approaches. The study also discussed lessons learnt and outlined future possible areas.
The authors developed a online directory of aerospace engineering teaching institutions and teachers in India. This research project was awarded and funded by the Aeronautics Research and Development Board (AR&DB), DRDO, New Delhi, to the Department of Library and Information Science, University of Delhi in 2007. Data for the development of online directory of "aerospace engineering teaching institutions and teachers in India" was collected through a specially designed "data capturing form" from all the teachers and teaching institutions of Aerospace Engineering in India. The collected data were analysed, organized, validated, and then used for the development of online directory. The directory was developed on a specially designed Content Management Software (CMS)-based system for managing the content in dynamic environment (Singh & Negi, 2010) (412).
80 Veeranjaneyulu (2013) (470) described various initiatives and projects undertaken to strengthen the agricultural information system in India. Among the various national projects are the Consortia for e-Resources in Agriculture (CeRA), KrishiPrabha (Indian agricultural doctoral dissertations repository), and e-Granth (digital library and information management).KrishiPrabha has about 7525 records, about 6000 full-text dissertations covering period from 2000-2007. Under e-Granthproject, the digitization is progressing at the speed of 50,000 pages per day. This study examined the impact of all the above projects on agricultural information generation and utilization for strengthening of digital library and information management.
2.2,11 Software
Nair & Hussain (2010) (319) looked into the need for developing full text digital archives and libraries with programmes that can process Indian vernacular languages. The study traced out the historical development of the software package 'Nitya Archives' for creating multilingual digital archives in Indian languages and described in detail the major projects implemented using it.
Lihitkar, & Lihitkar (2012) (273) highlighted the comparison of features, ftinctions, and usability of open source software (OSS) i.e. GSDL, DSpace, E-prints, Fedora, Ganesha, InVenio, XTS, Dienst, VuDL and NewGenlib. Also ranked the software and found that GSDL was ranked first followed by VuDL for developing digital libraries.
Tramboo, et. al. (2012) (448) presented a study of three open source digital library management software used to assimilate and disseminate information to world audience. The methodology followed involves online survey and study of related software documentation and associated technical manuals. The study conducted on DSpace, EPrints and Greenstone software.
Venkatesh, et. al. (2012) (472) explained various digitization issues related to open source software, their merits and demerits. The authors also discussed the need and role of digital assets management (DAM) system and in-house development of DAM software for taking digitization of various divisions in Research Centre Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad. RCI library has rich digital library of missiles literature using Greenstone software.
Conclusions
Digital libraries research and development has completed over two decades and a large number of digital libraries have been developed all over the world providing information access at local, regional, national, and international levels. With the progress of digital libraries development, 81 various studies have been carried out on design and developments, barriers/ challenges, digital collections development and their usage, digitization and digital preservations, evaluation/ assessment, human resource requirements/ developments, IR initiatives, organization and management, marketing, OAI, roles of DLs, users and librarians or information professionals, development of suitable software/ hardware/ infrastructure, role of users in the design and development of DLs, impact of DLs, etc., for improvements in designs, features, access, effectiveness and efficiency, etc., of DLs. Presently every library is trying to develop digital library as well as IRs (particularly in India) for their users satisfaction as the users behavior in accessing/ searching information has been changed worldwide.
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