CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF RESEACH LITERATURE CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF RESEARCH LITERATURE 2.0 Introduction Management of DLs i.e. procurement, preservation, and access to digital resources in the library is first activity which have a great challenge for LISc professionals. Various attempts have been made related to issues, challenges, policies, planning etc. of DLs (Bouchet, 2006(59); Flannery, 2008 (157)) and these have been discussed from time to time. Before starting the study, a survey of literature related to the subject was carried out. The purpose of this exercise is to understand the existing trends, outcomes and fall drops, so as to arrive at the right perspective. The research topic is divided in to various sections and subsections. A thorough search has been made on the literature directly/ indirectly related to the topic of present study in various documents viz research journals, seminar/ conference proceedings, books, etc and a bibliography is prepared for most relevant and related research based articles. The purpose of review is to convey to readers what is currently known regarding the topic of interest. It traces out the critical points of existing knowledge. Its main aim is to bring the researcher to the nascent information with current literature on the topic of interest and forms the basis for another goal, such as the justification for future research in the area, etc. For the systematization and convenience, the review of the literature has been divided in the following headings and subheadings. 2.1 International Scenario It was Glandney, et al (1994)(178), who reported about the DL, its gross structure and requirements, while describing intelligent access to online. However, Greenstein and Thorin (2002) (183) gave a detailed biography on DL. Berry (1996) (41-42) propagated DLs new initiatives with worldwide implications. It was Digital Library Federation (2004) (136) who gave a working definition of DL during 1998 which was documented during 2004 followed by Fox (1999) (162) with updating DL initiatives. Ying (2007) (491) highlighted the problems of libraries in the digital age. Although the digital technology offers several advantages over their print counterpart but also has many challenges. This includes dynamic nature of digital contents, machine dependency, fragility of the media, technological obsoleteness, short life of digital media, standards, formats/ styles, 12 copyright/ IPR issues, etc. However, literature review indicates that some efforts have been made in this direction but there are no systematic and serious programmesto cope up the above problems. 2.1.1 Barriers/ Challenges Zhou (1998) (498) discussed the Chinese copyright law and the influence of digital technology on the present system. In order to accommodate the digital environment, he advocated for the revision of copyright protection law of China. However, it was Chen (1999) (96) who gave semantic research for DLs and described an overview on the knowledge management in US. Hamilton (2004) (189) described various aspects for sustainability of digital libraries. Economic sustainability is a pressing concern for many DL projects. One key to achieving economic sustainability is to make the DL an integral part of its parent organization. This can be done by having a sound product, launched at the right stage, and valued by the users. Influential champions for the digital library are also required and librarians must be prepared to network and cultivate useful contacts. Funding sources may be sponsorship, in-kind support, fee charging and the ultimate aim, integration. George (2005) (176) made a study of various issues related to acquiring copyright permission for Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) libraries with the goal of determining effectiveness and efficiency using the least complex process. The CMU libraries conducted a two year study to explore the issues related to acquiring permission to digitize copyrighted material and provide digital access via internet. The goal of the study was to determine a realistic estimation of time, complexity, and issues related to the process. Based on a random sample drawn from library shelves, 273 titles were selected for taking copyright permission. The study provided in?'ght into the process, problems, and obstacles confronting libraries seeking to develop their digital collections. However, the study yielded some discouraging results. Less than one-fourth of copyright holders granted permission to digitize their books. Nearly one-third of copyright holders did not respond to queries, even after diligent follow-up. However, the study also yielded valuable strategies that have made subsequent copyright permission projects quantifiable more successful. In the long run, this and other projects will be rewarded by the development of robust digital libraries in the world. Joint (2006) (231) offered clear insights into methods for assessing the risk of mounting digital objects in a networked electronic library environment. The author summarized briefly the work carried out till today in this area. The principles outlined by the author may offer practitioners some 13 useful insights into how to manage copyright aspects of their digital library collections on a day to day practical level. Zhang (2007) (495) focused on the needs of digital library and provided recommendations on digital library intellectual property rights evaluation and method. The author also analyzed the digital library intellectual property right evaluation and method, application scope of commonly used methods, and digital library copyright evaluation and method. According to the author, for the electronic resources, the number of copiers, the term of usage, quality of information, copyright, and the contract with authors should be considered; for technologies used in the digital library, the evaluation should cover the novelty, inventiveness, usefulness, and the access mode. In addition, the quantitative and qualitative evaluation should be combined with experience to evaluate virtual library resources and actual resources with stable right of use. Gonzalez & Gil (2008) (180) highlighted the various issues involved in semantic copyright management. The copyright management is a key issue for internet-wide knowledge sharing and use because most of the artifacts used for knowledge storage and communication are governed by copyright rules. The authors contributed a novel approach to Digital Rights Management (DRM), based on semantic web technologies, that takes into account the underlying copyright legal framework. The copyright ontology facilitates interoperation while providing a rich framework that accommodates copyright law and copes with custom licensing schemes. Seadle (2008) (387) in the editorial "The digital library in 100 years: damage control" aimed to look at damage control for the problems digital libraries will face in 100 years because of choices we make today. The approach looks at the market choices for archiving systems and considers what factors could cause contemporary choices to go wrong. The author found that interoperability is the preferred choice for helping to ensure that the wrong choice of an archiving system will have minimal consequences for the documents in that system. Libraries choosing archiving systems must make choices based on limited information and on expectations about that system's long term viability that could well be wrong. The author said that the libraries should prepare for some archiving systems to fail and should plan for interoperability so that documents can move readily from one system to another. Zheng (2008) (497) made a study on how traditional reading habits of the library users are influencing the construction of digital libraries in developing countries and provided some solutions to solve this problem. The functions of digital libraries in developing countries are seriously 14 diminished due to traditional reading habits. This study provides general tactics on how to develop digital libraries in the developing countries. Before discussing digital resources and their applications, a brief introduction is presented to the development of digital libraries in main land China. This study also provides some observations and insights into the design and development of digital libraries in developing countries. Silva, et. al. (2010) (409) described the challenges and requirements faced in creation of a digital library for epidemic modeling and forecasting. These were presented within the context of the Epidemic Marketplace, a distributed data management platform where epidemiological data could be stored, interlinked, and made available to assist epidemiologists and public health scientists in sharing and exchanging data. The authors introduced ivs architecture and implementation plan based on open- source tools. The Epiwork project is a large multi-organizational initiative funded by the European Commission. Alison et al (2012) (8) reported a study done on electronic information resources usage in three universities offering medical education in Uganda. The study revealed that utilization of e-resources was influenced by human and institutional factors. The study also mentioned other factors that affect usage of e-resources, such as poor searching skills and limited number of resources available to users, slowness of access to internet information mainly caused by low bandwidth, lack of awareness of resources, limited number of facilities not matching the number of users, lack of skills