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The Impact of Cassava Growing in Luapula Valley, a Historical

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The Impact of Cassava Growing in Luapula Valley, a Historical THE IMPACT OF CASSAVA GROWING IN LUAPULA VALLEY, A HISTORICAL STUDY, 1900-1980 BY CHAMA KALUBA JICKSON A dissertation submitted to the University of Zambia in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Arts in History. THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA LUSAKA © 2016 DECLARATION I, Chama Kaluba Jickson, do hereby declare that this dissertation represents my own work; it has not been previously submitted for any degree at this or any other university; and does not incorporate any published work or material from another dissertation without citation. Signed: ............................................................. Date: ................................................................ i COPYRIGHT All rights reserved. No part of this dissertation may be reproduced or stored in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing from the author or the University of Zambia. ii APPROVAL This dissertation of CHAMA KALUBA JICKSON is approved as fulfilling the partial requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts in History by the University of Zambia. Signed: Date: ......................................................... ................................................ .......................................................... ................................................. .......................................................... ................................................. .......................................................... ................................................. iii ABSTRACT This study focuses on the impact of cassava on the diet, food security and economy in the Luapula Valley. It reveals that the colonial government did not hinder the cultivation of cassava in the Luapula Valley. The study shows that from 1964 to 1980, cassava cultivation in the valley received no government support. However, the people of the Luapula Valley from 1900 to 1980 depend on the cultivation of cassava as a source of food and income. Cassava was a crucial crop in food sustenance of communities in areas prone to droughts and those in high rainfall zones. Most studies done on Luapula have ignored the important role that cassava played in ensuring food security and its contribution to the economy of the valley. Studies on the area have concentrated on the fishing industry. However, this study underscores the significant role that cassava played in ensuring food security and income generation among the people of Luapula Valley. This study shows that from 1900 to 1980, cassava ensured food security especially during catastrophes such as droughts of 1980 and locust invasions of 1931 to 1935. From as early as 1906, cassava was vital in the local and export trade to the Congo mines and Copperbelt. Trade in cassava enabled the people of theLupula Valley to access cash and other items of value. The study has also demonstrated that there was employment for traders who bought and transported cassava meal on behalf of recruiting companies in the valley. During the Second World War, cassava was a key source of food for the mine workers on the Copperbelt.During the period 1964 to 1980, the post-colonial government discouraged the cultivation of cassava in favour of maize. However, the crop continued to be vital in the valley. In the 1980s the government began to recognise cassava as a reliable famine relief crop. The study concludes that cassava played a significant role in ensuring food security and as a source of income for the people of the valley. iv DEDICATION Dedicated to my parents Mrs. Agness Kabashi Chama and the late Mr. Chikobe Jickson and to my uncle Emmanuel Daniel Chama for the support. To my fiancé, I am grateful for understanding and encouraging me during this academic venture. Nancy Mwape Kaluba this is for you. To the people of Luapula Province and the valley in particular this is your work. v ACKNOWLEGMENT The success of this work depended on the guidance and support of my supervisor, Professor Mwelwa C Musambachime who dedicated himself tirelessly from the initial stage in ensuring that this product was a worthy result. I am most grateful to him for the wonderful supervision and forsharing his wide knowledge. The wisdom and knowledge of Professor Francis B. Musonda, Dr. Webby Kalikiti, the late Dr. Chewe M. Chabatama and the late Dr. Bennett Siamwinza who guided me at the time I was searching for a topic, cannot go unmentioned. I thank the course coordinator and my lecturer during course work Professor B. J. Phiri. I am also grateful to my course lecturers Professor Mwelwa Musambachime and Dr Walima T. Kalusa for their guidance especially during my course work. I also thank all other members of staff in the Department of History at the University of Zambia who helped in reading and guiding the drafting of this dissertation. I am grateful to the members of staff of the Special Collection and Serials Section of the University of Zambia Main Library who assisted me during the search for information. I also wish to thank staff of the National Archives of Zambia, Faith Encounter Zambia Archives and Library, Ministry of Agriculture, Mount Makulu and Luapula Research Stations. I also wish to thank E. Chilongoshi of the Geography Department at the University of Zambia who drew the map of Luapula Province. Lastly, I am profoundly grateful to my family for the support. I also wish to thank my course mates and friends for the encouragement especially Santebe Mbozi and Gloria Kayanda who assisted in editing this work. I thank God for the grace and strength He granted me during my graduate studies. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION......................................................................................................................................... i COPYRIGHT .............................................................................................................................................. ii APPROVAL .............................................................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEGMENT ............................................................................................................................. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………….……………. x LIST OF MAPS ......................................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................. xi LIST OF OLD AND NEW NAMES ..................................................................................................... xii LIST OF OLD AND NEW CURRENCY ............................................................................................xiii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................ 1 CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................................... 27 THE HISTORY AND STATE OF CASSAVA GROWING IN THE LUAPULA VALLEY DURING THE COLONIAL AND POST INDEPENDENCE PERIODS 1900-1980 ........... 27 CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................................... 64 THE IMPACT OF CASSAVA ON THE DIET AND FOOD SECURITY IN LUAPULA VALLEY ........................................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER FOUR ...................................................................................................................... 103 THE CONTRIBUTION AND IMPORTATNCE OF CASSAVA IN THE LOCAL SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY OF LUAPULA VALLEY ........................................................ 103 vii CHAPTER FIVE ....................................................................................................................... 135 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................... 135 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................... 139 Appendix 1: Pictures taken during the field trip in Luapula Valley ................................................ 156 Appendix 2: KAWAMBWA DISTRICT: ESTIMATED TRADE IN CASSAVA FROM 1955 TO 1957 ........................................................................................................................................... 159 viii LIST OF MAPS Figure 1: Map of Luapula Province............................................................................................. 13 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Nutrient Composition of Cassava Compared to other crops ……………...………….. 74 Table 2: Cassava Meal Nutrient ……………………………………….……………………….. 76 Table 3: Number of Gardens Cultivated in each
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