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Piotr Ilich Chaikovski - Música Piotr Ilich Chaikovski - Música. 1 INTRODUCCIÓN Piotr Ilich Chaikovski En la obra de Piotr Ilich Chaikovski coexisten influencias rusas y centroeuropeas. Fue el primer compositor ruso que figuró en los programas de conciertos del resto de Europa. Hulton Deutsch - Música. Piotr Ilich Chaikovski (1840-1893), compositor ruso, uno de los músicos más destacados del siglo XIX. Nació el 7 de mayo de 1840 en Votkinsk, en la zona de los Urales, estudió derecho en San Petersburgo y recibió clases de música en el conservatorio de esta ciudad. Entre sus profesores se encontraban el compositor y pianista ruso Anton Grigórievich Rubinstein (1828-1894) del que Chaikovski recibió clases de orquestación. En 1866 fue nombrado profesor de armonía en el Conservatorio de Moscú por el pianista y compositor Nicholas Rubinstein, hermano de Anton. Allí el joven compositor conoció al dramaturgo Alexandr Nikoláievich Ostrovski, quien le escribió el libreto de su primera ópera, El voivoda (1868). De esta época también datan sus óperas Undina (1869) y Oprichnik (1872), el Concierto para piano nº 1 en si bemol menor (1875), las sinfonías nº1 (Sueños de invierno, 1868), nº 2 (1873, más tarde revisada y titulada Pequeña Rusia) y nº 3 (Polaca, 1875) y la obertura-fantasía Romeo y Julieta (1870; revisada en 1870 y 1880). En un principio el primer concierto para piano fue dedicado a Nicholas Rubinstein, pero éste lo calificó como 'imposible de tocar'. Fuertemente dolido, Chaikovski hizo múltiples cambios en la obra y esta vez se lo dedicó a Hans von Bülow, que contestó el favor tocando el concierto en su primera gira por Estados Unidos (1875-1876). Posteriormente Rubinstein reconoció el mérito de la composición revisada y la incluyó en su propio repertorio. Famoso por su dramático primer movimiento y por el hábil uso de melodías tradicionales, se ha convertido en uno de los conciertos para piano interpretados con mayor frecuencia. 2 MADUREZ CREATIVA En 1876 Chaikovski conoció a Nadiezhda von Mekk, una viuda adinerada que, entusiasmada con la música del compositor, le adjudicó una paga anual que le permitía dedicar todo su tiempo a la composición. Sin embargo 14 años después, creyendo estar arruinada se vio obligada a suspender esta cantidad. A pesar de que sus ingresos eran suficientes, nunca la perdonó por este acto que él consideró injustificado. Este periodo de relación con madame von Mekk fue de gran fecundidad. A él pertenecen algunas obras como las óperas Eugenio Oneguín (1878) basada en una obra de Alexander Serguéievich Pushkin, La doncella de Orleans (1879), Mazeppa (1883) y La hechicera (1887); los ballets El lago de los cisnes (1876) y La bella durmiente (1889); Variaciones sobre un tema rococó en la mayor para violoncello y orquesta (1876) y el Concierto para violín en re mayor opus 35 (1878); composiciones orquestales como la Marcha eslava (1876), Francesca da Rimini (1876), Sinfonía nº 4 en fa menor opus 36 (1877), obertura 1812 (1880), Capricho italiano (1880), Serenata para cuerdas (1880), sinfonía Manfredo opus 58 (1885), Sinfonía nº 5 en mi menor opus 64 (1888), la obertura-fantasía Hamlet (1885) y diversas canciones. Mientras tanto, en 1877, Chaikovski se casó con Antonina Miliukova, estudiante de música del Conservatorio de Moscú y alumna suya que le había escrito confesándole su amor. El matrimonio no funcionó desde el principio y se separaron al poco tiempo. Desde 1887 hasta 1891 Chaikovski realizó varias giras por las principales ciudades de Europa y América, en las que obtuvo grandes éxitos. En 1890 compuso una de sus mejores óperas: La dama de picas. A principios de 1893 empezó a trabajar en la Sinfonía nº 6 opus 74, posteriormente titulada Patética por su hermano Modesto. La primera interpretación de la obra, bajo la dirección del compositor el 28 de octubre de 1893 en San Petersburgo, fue recibida con indiferencia por el público. Murió nueve días después, el 6 de noviembre de 1893 de cólera según el parte oficial. 3 VALORACIÓN Muchas de las composiciones de Chaikovski, como El cascanueces (ballet y suite, 1891-1892), el Concierto para piano nº 2 en sol mayor opus 44 (1880), el Cuarteto de cuerda nº 3 en mi bemol menor opus 30 (1876) y el Trío en la menor para violín, violoncelo y piano opus 50 (1882), siguen siendo populares entre el público. Sus obras más conocidas se caracterizan por tener pasajes muy melódicos con movimientos que sugieren una profunda melancolía que se combinan con otros extraídos de la música popular. Al igual que su contemporáneo, el compositor ruso Nikolái Rimski-Kórsakov, Chaikovski dominaba la orquestación; en particular, sus partituras de ballet contienen efectos sorprendentes de colorido orquestal. Sus trabajos sinfónicos, con un gran contenido melódico, también tienen un fuerte (y a menudo no apreciado) desarrollo temático abstracto. En sus mejores óperas, como Eugenio Oneguín y La dama de picas, utilizó pasajes melódicos altamente sugestivos para describir de forma concisa una situación dramática con un efecto intenso. Sus ballets, entre los que destacan El lago de los cisnes y La bella durmiente, todavía no han sido superados en su intensidad melódica y en su brillo instrumental. Compuestos en estrecha colaboración con el coreógrafo Marius Petipa, representan el primer intento de utilizar música dramática para danza después del ballet operístico del compositor alemán Christoph Willibald Gluck. Chaikovski también amplió el poema sinfónico y sus trabajos en este campo, como la obertura Romeo y Julieta y Hamlet, destacan por una evocación altamente melódica del ambiente literario en el que se basan opinión que es también aplicable a la sinfonía Manfredo. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993--2008 Microsoft Corporation. Reservados todos los derechos. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) 1 / 1.
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