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Implantation and Growth of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church in Rwanda (1919-2000)

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Implantation and Growth of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church in Rwanda (1919-2000) IMPLANTATION AND GROWTH OF THE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH IN RWANDA (1919-2000) By NGABO BIRIKUNZIRA JEROME Submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF THEOLOGY In the subject CHURCH HISTORY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: Prof M J S MADISE AUGUST 2008 ********************** DECLARATION I declare that “Implantation and Growth of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Rwanda (1919-2000)” is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Signature: NAMES: Ngabo Birikunzira Jérôme ii ABSTRACT In this research, I have attempted to show how the Seventh-day Adventist Church originated in America during the 19th century, following a spiritual revival centered on the eschatology propounded by the Millerite Movement, which proclaimed the return of Christ in 1844. After the disappointment and the defection of its members, the remainder formed the nucleus of Adventists. They believed in the mission to proclaim the Second Coming of Jesus to the world, without fixing the dates. The Adventists reached Europe and from there Rwanda in the persons of two missionaries during 1919. In spite of various difficulties, they founded three mission stations to be used as a base for their growth. They integrated faith in education and medical work while, in particular, involving laity in evangelism, which was the key to their success. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................... iv SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .....................................................................................viii PREFACE............................................................................................................ ix ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................x INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................1 1. THE ORIGIN AND ORGANIZATION OF THE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH ............................................................................................................12 1.1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................12 1.2. THE MILLERITE MOVEMENT .................................................................12 1.2.1 The first disappointment......................................................................15 1.2.2 The great disappointment ...................................................................16 1.3 FROM MILLERITE MOVEMENT TO SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST .........19 1.3.1 The real meaning of sanctuary discovered .........................................19 1.3.2 How the Sabbath came to Adventists. ................................................22 1.3.2.1 Ellen Gould Harmon.....................................................................23 1.3.3 Organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. ...........................24 1.3.3.1 Steps in organization....................................................................26 1.3.3.2 The form of organization ..............................................................27 1.4 FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF THE CHURCH...............................................29 1.5 FUNDAMENTAL BELIEFS OF SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS ................30 2. EXPANSION OF THE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH.....................34 2.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................34 2.2. TOWARD A WORLD-WIDE MISSION .....................................................34 2.2.1 Adventism in Europe...........................................................................35 2.2.2 SDA missionaries in Australia.............................................................37 2.2.3 How the SDA message entered the African Continent .......................38 2.2.4 South America ....................................................................................40 2.2.5 Asia.....................................................................................................41 2.3 PROCEDURES AND METHODS IN SDA MISSIONARY OUTREACH ....42 iv 2.3.1 SDA mission approach: general patterns............................................44 2.3.2 SDA institutions...................................................................................45 2.3.3 Chronological tables illustrating the SDA implantation around the world ....47 2.4. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY THE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS ....51 2.4.1The Messenger Party...........................................................................52 2.4.2 The Smoke and Chew Party (1858)....................................................52 2.4.3 The Reformed Seventh-day Adventists - Rowenite (1916) .................52 2.4.4 Conright Dudley Marvin ......................................................................53 3. IMPLANTATION OF THE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH IN RWANDA (1919-1931) .......................................................................................57 3.1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................57 3.2. GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE OF RWANDA .........................................57 3.3 POLITICAL BACKGROUND .....................................................................58 3.3.1 Before colonialism...............................................................................58 3.3.2 European Exploration .........................................................................59 3.3.3 The German Period ............................................................................60 3.3.4 Rwanda under Belgian Administration................................................61 3.3.5 Belgian Administration under the United Nations................................63 3.4. BACKGROUND OF CHRISTIANITY IN RWANDA ..................................66 3.4.1. Before the arrival of missionaries.......................................................66 3.4.2 The Roman Catholic Church...............................................................67 3.4.3 The arrival of Protestant churches ......................................................69 3.4.3.1 The Lutherans - 1907...................................................................70 3.4.3.2 The Baptists - 1920 .....................................................................70 3.4.3.3. The Anglicans - 1922 ..................................................................71 3.4.3.4. The Pentecostals - 1940 .............................................................71 3.4.3.5. The Methodists - 1940.................................................................71 3.4.3.6 The arrival of the Seventh-Day Adventists in Rwanda .................72 3.5. SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST MISSION STATIONS IN RWANDA ..........75 3.5.1. The Founding of Gitwe, first SDA mission station in Rwanda ............75 3.5. 2. Rwankeri: Second mission station ....................................................78 3.5. 3. Ngoma: third mission station.............................................................81 3.6 HOW PEOPLE RESPONDED TO THE ADVENTIST MESSAGE.............82 4. THE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST DEVELOPMENT IN RWANDA................84 (1933-1994) ........................................................................................................84 v 4.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................84 4.2 GROWTH AFTER IMPLANTATION..........................................................84 4.2.1 The open-air preaching method..........................................................85 4.2.2. The school approach to church growth ..............................................93 4.2.3 Health work approach.........................................................................97 4.2.4. Literature evangelism.......................................................................101 4.2.5 The follow up strategy.......................................................................102 4.2.6. Voice of Prophecy Bible correspondence school.............................103 4.2.7. Tithing ..............................................................................................103 4.2.8. Indigenization...................................................................................104 4.3 THE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH DURING THE 1994 GENOCIDE ...................................................................................................107 4.3.1 The 1994 genocide background .......................................................107 4.3.2. Execution of the genocide................................................................112 4.3.3. The Church’s involvement in the 1994 genocide .............................114 4.3.4. Consequences of the genocide .......................................................117 5. AFTER THE 1994 GENOCIDE....................................................................120 5.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................120 5.2. LOSSES.................................................................................................120
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