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Fuentes Históricas Para El Estudio De La Emigración Española a La URSS (1937-2007))

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Fuentes Históricas Para El Estudio De La Emigración Española a La URSS (1937-2007)) FU E NT E S H ISTÓRICAS PARA E L E STUDIO D E LA E MIGRACIÓN E SPAÑOLA A LA U.R.S.S.(1936-2007) FUENTES HISTÓRICAS PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA EMIGRACIÓN ESPAÑOLA A LA U.R.S.S. (1936-2007) POR ÁNGEL LUIS ENCINAS MORAL EXT E RIOR XXI 1 Fuentes Históricas para el Estudio de la Emigración Española a la URSS (1937-2007)). Autor: Prof. Doctor Ángel Luis Encinas Moral Traducción del ruso, prólogo y notas: Prof. Doctor Ángel Luis Encinas Moral Coordinación de la Edición: Foro de Formación y Ediciones, S.L.U. Rufino González 8, 28037 Madrid, España Correo electrónico: [email protected] Página Web: www.forodeformacion.org La presente edición ha sido subvencionada por: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales. Gobierno de España Agustín de Bethencourt 4, 28071 Madrid, España Página web: www.mtas.es Edición: EXTERIOR XXI Rufino Gonzalez 8, 28037 Madrid, España Correo Electrónico: [email protected] Diseño, Cubierta y Maquetación: Foro de Formación y Ediciones, S.L.U. Imprime: GRÁFICAS DE DIEGO ISBN Nº: 978-84-612-6429-2 Depósito Legal: Septiembre de 2008 Impreso en España Printed in Spain Todos los derechos reservados. Esta publicación no puede ser reproducida, ni en todo ni en parte, ni registrada o transmitida por, un sistema de recuperación de información, en ninguna forma ni por ningún médio, sea mecánico, fotoquímico, electrónico, magnetico, electroóptico, por fotocopia, o cualquier otro, sin el permiso previo por escrito de la editorial. FU E NT E S H ISTÓRICAS PARA E L E STUDIO D E LA E MIGRACIÓN E SPAÑOLA A LA U.R.S.S.(1936-2007) FUENTES HISTÓRICAS PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA EMIGRACIÓN ESPAÑOLA A LA U.R.S.S. (1936-2007) POR ÁNGEL LUIS ENCINAS MORAL EXT E RIOR XXI 3 FU E NT E S H ISTÓRICAS PARA E L E STUDIO D E LA E MIGRACIÓN E SPAÑOLA A LA U.R.S.S.(1936-2007) EXTERIOR XXI MADRID 2008 PRESENTACIÓN La Asociación Exterior XXI tiene como finalidad, entre otros objetivos, el análisis de las relaciones internacionales en general y de la política exterior en particular, la observación del servicio exterior español como instrumento de la política exterior y como servicio público para los ciudadanos en el extranjero. Con el fin de desarrollar esta actividad, la Asociación Exterior XXI viene desarrollando desde el año 2003 una serie de proyectos con Rusia de carácter científico, historiográfico y archivístico en los cuales se ha recogido y publicado, no solamente la documentación relativa a la historia de las relaciones diplomáticas hispano-rusas en el siglo XIX y principios del XX (Corpus diplomático hispano- ruso, (1800-1903), en colaboración con el MAE y la AECID, sino también buena parte de la documentación gráfica militar relativa a la Guerra Civil española en el marco de dos proyectos: “Patrimonio documental en Rusia”, (2006), y “Patrimonio documental en Rusia”, (2007), realizados conjuntamente con el Archivo Estatal Militar de Rusia. Fruto de esa cooperación con Rusia ha sido también la publicación por la Asociación Exterior XXI del la obra de A. V. Elpátievsky titulada “La emigración española en la URSS. Historiografía y fuentes, intento de interpretación. (2ª redacción complementaria). Edición, traducción del ruso, prólogo y notas de Ángel Luis Encinas Moral. Madrid, Exterior XXI, 2008, gracias a una subvención de la Dirección General de Emigración del Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales de España. La Asociación XXI, continuando su labor de cooperación con la Federación Rusa y sus instituciones estatales y privadas, ofrece hoy al lector hispanohablante una recopilación documental sobre el exilio español en la URSS, realizada a lo EXT E RIOR XXI 5 FU E NT E S H ISTÓRICAS PARA E L E STUDIO D E LA E MIGRACIÓN E SPAÑOLA A LA U.R.S.S.(1936-2007) largo del presente año en colaboración con el Archivo Estatal de la Federación Rusa y con el Centro Español de Moscú, que contiene un buen número de documentos inéditos sobre esta importante cuestión histórica, traducidos la casi totalidad del ruso, y un estudio interpretativo de la misma realizado por Ángel Luis Encinas Moral, Dr. en Geografía e Historia, y profesor de Historia y Cultura de los Pueblos Eslavos, de Literatura Rusa y de Relaciones Literarias Hispano-Rusas de la Titulación de Filología Eslava de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, gracias de nuevo a una subvención de la Dirección General de Emigración del Ministerio de Trabajo de España, cuya contribución a la presente obra valoramos y agradecemos extraordinariamente. Una vez más, la Asociación Exterior XXI cumple así la importante labor de difundir una investigación original actual y rica en fuentes archivísticas, historiográficas y bibliográficas españolas y soviéticas novedosas sobre uno de los temas más apasionantes y desconocidos de la historia contemporánea de España y del exilio republicano español en la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas más terribles y turbulentos de la historia contemporánea de este país, que espero sea de gran interés y utilidad, no solamente para investigadores, científicos y profesionales de la historia y de la archivística, sino también para cualquiera de sus lectores. Pablo Araujo Morato, Director de la Asociación Exterior XXI. 6 EXT E RIOR XXI FU E NT E S H ISTÓRICAS PARA E L E STUDIO D E LA E MIGRACIÓN E SPAÑOLA A LA U.R.S.S.(1936-2007) LOS NIÑOS DE LA GUERRA EN LA UNIÓN SOVIÉTICA. ENSAYO ARCHIVÍSTICO-HISTORIOGRÁFICO A MANERA DE PRÓLOGO. por Ángel Luis Encinas Moral “Republicanos eran, o éramos, los niños que formamos parte de la guerra civil y la perdimos”. Eduardo Haro Tecglen “La vuelta es una cirugía brutal sin anestesia. Es como lanzarte a una piscina que ni siquiera sabes si tiene agua… En España ni siquiera te encontrarás a ti mismo. Eso es lo que te dice la lógica. Pero las leyes de la lógica no son leyes de vida… Creíamos, con Tácito, que en el riesgo hay esperanza”. José Fernández Sánchez “Nada humano me es ajeno”. Karl Marx. “All right, then I’ll go to hell (De acuerdo, entonces iré al infierno)”. Mark Twain. EXT E RIOR XXI 7 FU E NT E S H ISTÓRICAS PARA E L E STUDIO D E LA E MIGRACIÓN E SPAÑOLA A LA U.R.S.S.(1936-2007) ivo en un país que tiene una memoria colectiva de minutos, horas y, si me Vapuran, de hasta un día. Esta es la razón que me ha venido impulsando desde hace ocho años que dirijo el proyecto “Españoles en Rusia” a sumergirme en el vasto océano de los Archivos Estatales y privados de la Federación Rusa: recuperar el pasado olvidado y, a veces, tergiversado, de lo que han sido determinados acontecimientos de la historia de España que han tenido lugar allende nuestras fronteras. La Guerra Civil española fue uno de los conflictos bélicos más terribles que tuvieron lugar a lo largo de todo el siglo XX. No solamente por el impacto que tuvo en las tres generaciones de españoles que la vivieron, sino por sus consecuencias históricas y el impacto en la mentalidad de sucesivas generaciones españoles que no han vivido directamente el conflicto, pero que, hasta el día de hoy, siguen viviendo, consciente, o inconscientemente, en su lejana y difusa memoria los acontecimientos de aquellos días y sobre todo, el enfrentamiento ideológico entre los partidarios de ambos bandos que todavía continúa, no solamente a nivel de conversaciones callejeras y de bares, sino también entre representantes de la historiografía española contemporánea democrática, y los representantes del actualmente llamado revisionismo histórico, que no es sino un nuevo revival de la historiografía franquista de los años cuarenta y cincuenta, siendo un refrito propagandista actualizado de la misma y carente la mayoría de las veces del más mínimo rigor historiográfico y de referencias a documentación archivística, tanto del bando franquista, como del republicano, destilando un hediondo espíritu revanchista, golpista y, por tanto, antidemocrático. De todos los sectores de la población española que tuvieron que vivir los horrores de la Guerra Civil el que más sufrió, sin duda alguna, fue la infancia. Los niños españoles fueron testigos de la crueldad de la guerra y la sufrieron muchísimo más que sus padres y abuelos. Tuvieron que soportar las duras condiciones del conflicto: el hambre, el racionamiento, la violencia, la pérdida de los seres queridos y los bombardeos. El desarrollo del conflicto supuso para muchos niños españoles republicanos el exilio involuntario, al ser evacuados por sus padres y familiares conforme la derrota de la República se iba haciendo cotidiana realidad, especialmente a partir EXT E RIOR XXI 9 FU E NT E S H ISTÓRICAS PARA E L E STUDIO D E LA E MIGRACIÓN E SPAÑOLA A LA U.R.S.S.(1936-2007) de 1937. La primera expedición infantil española a la URSS, formada por 75 niños procedentes de Alicante, Madrid, Málaga y Valencia, llegó a Yalta (Crimea) en abril de 1937 a bordo del “Cabo San Vicente”, un correo postal artillado. Las autoridades de los gobiernos de Asturias y de Euzkadi, previendo la caída inminente del el frente Norte organizaron la evacuación de niños asturianos y vascos desde el puerto de Santurce que partieron a bordo del buque Habana hacia el puerto francés de Le Havre, desde donde fueron llevados a Leningrado a bordo del barco Sontay. La Unión Soviética, el país europeo que había acogido curiosamente al menor número de niños republicanos españoles, organizó una impresionante campaña de propaganda interna y externa con los huéspedes que acogía “hasta la terminación de la guerra”. Toda la poderosa propaganda cinematográfica soviética se puso en marcha desde el momento mismo de la despedida y en el embarque de los niños españoles en el puerto de Santurce, cuando el director de cine soviético Román Karmen y su camarógrafo Makashéyev grabaron esas emocionantes imágenes que dieron la vuelta al mundo y fueron recuperadas por el director soviético Andrei Tarkovski, quien las incluyó en su película “El espejo”, filmada en 1974, donde aparece también alguno de los niños de la guerra españoles en su madurez.
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