Una Aproximación Al Zombi En El Cine: Rasgos Característicos En La

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Una Aproximación Al Zombi En El Cine: Rasgos Característicos En La UNA APROXIMACIÓN AL ZOMBI EN EL CINE: RASGOS CARACTERÍSTICOS EN LA PRODUCCIÓN ESPAÑOLA TESIS DOCTORAL AUTOR: RUBÉN SÁNCHEZ TRIGOS DIRECTORA: EDISA MONDELO GONZÁLEZ UNIVERSIDAD REY JUAN CARLOS. FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMUNICACIÓN. DEPARTAMENTO COMUNICACIÓN I JUNIO 2013 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS Nadie termina una tesis con los mismos amigos con los que empezó a escribirla. La culpa de que esta haya llegado a buen puerto es tanto mía como de las personas que me ayudaron a hacerlo. A mi amigo Andrés Peláez, que sabe de criaturas de la noche un millón de veces más que yo, le debo tardes interminables frente a una pinta de cerveza discutiendo sobre el cine de terror en España y sobre cosas que no tenían nada que ver con cine, intercambiando libros y DVDs inencontrables. Al menos la mitad de esta tesis debe su existencia a esas jornadas. A David Roas tengo que agradecerle su confianza en mí y su ejemplo. Él ha abierto el camino en el hielo para que los demás podamos pasar. A Carlos Aguilar le debo su amistad y que pusiera a mi disposición su inmenso bagaje personal y cinematográfico. También le debo algunos de los mejores platos que he probado en mi vida. Roberto Cueto me suministró una valiosa documentación. No puedo olvidarme. Antonio Lázaro-Reboll siempre tuvo tiempo para responder a mis cuestiones sobre cine de terror español desde Canterbury. Le estoy muy agradecido. Por último, a mi directora, Edisa Mondelo, le debo la misma tesis. Los aciertos contenidos en estas páginas deben atribuirse a ella; los errores a mi. Hay muchas más personas, espero que perdonen mi amnesia. 3 Esta tesis empezó a escribirse en 2009. Se puso el punto final a mediados de 2013. Durante su redacción fallecieron Jesús Franco, Paul Naschy y Carlos Aured. Un poco antes lo había hecho Amando de Ossorio. Ellos, pioneros de lo fantástico en este país, son los verdaderos autores de estas páginas, y a ellos van dedicadas. 4 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN....................................................................................................................8 PRIMERA PARTE: ANTROPOLOGÍA DEL ZOMBI: GÉNESIS Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL CONCEPTO .........................................................................................................................33 CAPÍTULO I. EL ENIGMA ZOMBI: HACIA UNA PROPUESTA DEFINITORIA.......................34 CAPÍTULO II. EL ZOMBI ANTES DEL ZOMBI. ORÍGENES DEL PERSONAJE EN LA CULTURA UNIVERSAL ...........................................................................................................................56 2.1. La tradición oral ......................................................................................................60 2.2. La tradición literaria................................................................................................71 CAPÍTULO III. ORÍGENES ANTROPOLÓGICOS DEL ZOMBI EN ÁFRICA..........................80 3.1. África como cuna del concepto zombi .............................................................80 3.2. El zombi como alegoría de las relaciones de poder en África .......................85 CAPÍTULO IX. EL ZOMBI EN HAITÍ. ......................................................................................93 4.1. Haití. Contexto histórico y cultural........................................................................93 4.2. El concepto de alma doble................................................................................105 4.3. El zombi como aparato represivo ......................................................................113 SEGUNDA PARTE: EL ZOMBI EN LAFICCIÓN OCCIDENTAL ..........................................127 CAPÍTULO V. INTRODUCCIÓN DEL ZOMBI EN LA CULTURA OCCIDENTAL. ...............128 5.1. Primeras referencias en la literatura de Occidente ........................................128 5.2. Occidente “descubre” al zombi. Un nuevo monstruo para un nuevo mundo ........................................................................................................................................132 CAPÍTULO VI. LA FICCIÓN DE ZOMBIS CLÁSICA...........................................................148 6.1. Terror poscolonial: La legión de los hombres sin alma ....................................155 6.2. Los años 30 y 40: explotando el zombi haitiano...............................................162 6.3. Yo anduve con un zombie : regreso a las raíces antropológicas..................173 6.4. El zombi en la literatura pulp de los años 30 y 40.............................................182 6.5. La ‘figura de poder exterior’ en la ficción zombi clásica...............................192 6.6. El amo de los zombis como verdadera amenaza en la ficción clásica......199 6.7. La naturaleza extranjera del amo de los zombis .............................................205 6.8. Los dos modelos de amo de los zombis............................................................213 5 CAPÍTULO VII. TRADICIÓN Y TRANSICIÓN. EL CINE DE ZOMBIS EN LOS AÑOS CINCUENTA .......................................................................................................................229 7.1. Tradición: últimas películas del paradigma clásico. .......................................234 7.2 El zombi en la literatura de ciencia ficción de los años 50..............................242 7.3. Nuevas perspectivas del monstruo en el cine de los años 50 .......................250 7.4. El binomio zombi/amo de los zombis en los años 50.......................................253 7.5. Invasión y deshumanización: el subtexto político en el cine de zombis de los años 50...........................................................................................................................257 7.6 Apocalipsis y desarrollo científico: aportaciones formales de la ciencia ficción de los años 50 al cine de zombis..................................................................267 CAPÍTULO VIII. EL CINE DE ZOMBIS POST-ROMERO .....................................................274 8.1. Una nueva era de horror: La noche de los muertos vivientes y el colapso de la Pax Americana. .......................................................................................................274 8.2. La noche de los muertos vivientes como película de terror postmoderna. 291 8.3. El zombi sin control exterior: el paradigma post-Romero. ..............................297 8.4. La narrativa de zombis moderna como post-humano...................................306 8.5. El zombi como auto-parodia ..............................................................................314 TERCERA PARTE RASGOS CARACTERÍSTICOS DEL ZOMBI EN EL CINE ESPAÑOL.......329 CAPÍTULO IX. EL CINE EXPLOITATION EUROPEO............................................................330 9.1. Contexto socio-industrial y señas de identidad ...............................................330 9.2. El cine exploitation y la postmodernidad..........................................................341 CAPÍTULO X. EL CINE ESPAÑOL DE TERROR DE LOS AÑOS 60 y 70.............................350 10.1. La tradición fantástica y terrorífica española: condicionantes y prejuicios ........................................................................................................................................350 10.2. Los años 60 como punto de inflexión: el cine español “descubre” el género ........................................................................................................................................363 10.3. Contexto político, cultural e industrial para un nuevo género....................368 10.4. El cine de terror español de los años 60 y 70: una realidad industrial fragmentada ................................................................................................................378 10.5. El cine de terror español de los años 60 y 70: la cuestión mimética...........385 10.6. El monstruo en el cine español de los años 60 y 70 como lectura exploitation ...................................................................................................................388 10.7. El cine español de terror de los años 60 y 70 y el cine de terror postmoderno ................................................................................................................398 CAPÍTULO XI. EL CINE ESPAÑOL ‘DESCUBRE’ AL ZOMBI...............................................414 11.1. Un Mad Doctor llamado Jesús Franco: el ciclo Orloff...................................416 11.2. Gritos en la noche : humanidad y sadismo.....................................................421 11.3. El secreto del Dr. Orloff : poética del zombi pulp ...........................................440 11.4. Miss Muerte : el cuerpo del crimen ...................................................................446 11.5. Terror en el espacio : la abolición de las fronteras .........................................455 6 CAPÍTULO XII. EL CINE ESPAÑOL ‘EXPLOTA’ AL ZOMBI. ...............................................463 12.1. Hacia una tipología del zombi en el cine español 1967-1976 .....................465 12.2. El zombi con control exterior en el cine español 1967-76.............................470 12.2.1. La vertiente sobrenatural: El espanto surge de la tumba , La rebelión de las muertas y La perversa caricia de Satán .......................................................470 12.2.2. La vertiente no sobrenatural: Pánico en el transiberiano , La orgía de los muertos , El pantano de los cuervos , El colegio de la muerte y Los ojos siniestros del Dr. Orloff ..........................................................................................493
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