Winter Quarter, 2011 Gary V. Smith

Winter Quarter, 2011 Gary V. Smith Bethel Seminary Ph.651-426-0899 Sem PM [email protected]

OT 503 PROPHETIC BOOKS

A. Course Description:

This exegetical study of the writings of the prophets will: examine how these prophetic messages reflect and interact with what was happening in their historical settings, analyze the process of persuasion the prophets used to motivate their audiences to transform their lives, explain what God was calling his people to believe and do, trace the development of the major theological themes presented in each book, and look for areas of application that impact the lives of believers today. This will involve the student learning about the history of the Ancient Near East (ANE) from around 800 BC to 400 BC, as it relates to Israel and Judah’s international political relationships with Assyria, Babylon, and Persia. In addition, it is equally important to have some idea about the socio-economic situation at the time when each message was given because issues of justice and the oppression of the weak were a particular interest of the prophets. Of course the religious setting is of utmost importance, for the message of the prophets usually challenged theological beliefs and called people to transform their beliefs and actions in order to bring them in line with God’s will. Since the sharing of a prophetic message was a social event in which two or more people communicated with one another about an issue, an important part of understanding these prophetic books will be based on the interpreter having some knowledge of the way people relate socially and how their communication impacts the process of social transformation. Consequently, we will begin this class by studying communication theory and some concepts from the sociology of knowledge in order to be able to ask penetrating questions that one would otherwise not think to ask. These principles will then be applied to each prophetic message in order to better understand the ministry of each prophet.

B. Course Objectives:

Upon completion of this class the students should be able to:

1. describe the general content of each prophetic book in broad terms (knowledge). 2. identify the historical, socio-economic, and religious situation in Israel and Judah during the ministry of each prophet (knowledge and synthesis). 3. demonstrate good hermeneutical use of principles of interpretation that derive the meaning of a text from its historical and literary context (analysis and synthesis). 4. explain how each prophet was used to change the worldview of his audience by persuading them to transform their lives based on God’s revelation (analysis and synthesis). 5. produce a biblically based theological application from principles derived from a biblical text (application).

1 6. demonstrate an appreciation of God’s revelation as a source of inspiration and encouragement, as well as a guide to ethical behavior and service to God in the church and in society (value and application).

C. Methods of Instruction:

1. Instruction will involve students reading the text of each of the prophetic books (self- instruction) so that they can gain a first hand impression of the heart of each prophet and his ways of reaching his audience. The level of learning and appreciation attained during this process will be measured in exams, a reading report, and devotionals students will write. 2. Testing through examination encourages review and concentrated time spent working with material to improve comprehension of the material. The student’s maturity and breadth of understanding is reflected in answers that only list the facts (knowledge) as well as with answers that show higher levels of synthesis by interrelating or contrasting the development of themes. All exams will be short answer essays. 3. Learning by osmosis involves the gradual internalization of a process of approaching a text that is illustrated again and again in class. A research paper will enable student to demonstrate their ability to deal with the historical, literary, exegetical, theological, and practical issues in a text, demonstrating all levels of learning.

D. Primary Required Texts:

A Bible – any translation is acceptable for the reading assignments, but a more literal translation (NKJ, NASB, RSV, ESV) is required for your exegetical paper. If you do not have one of these, they are available on-line (www.blueletterbible.com).

G. V. Smith, An Introduction to the Hebrew Prophets: The Prophets as Preachers. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1994 (paperback).

Or the same text in Spanish G. V. Smith, Guia Practica para Entender a los Prophetas de la Biblia. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 2007 (paperback),

Supplemental Resources:

Please look through the bibliography for additional resources that you are interested in. Please check out possible supplemental commentaries in the library (or talk to the professor about possible choices you might want to buy) before you buy one. Additional commentaries will be required for your exegetical paper (you may purchase them or borrow them) so prepare ahead of time.

E. Assignments:

1. Reading assignment (16.5%) Please read the prophetic books for each class before you come to class. You are required to keep a log of your biblical reading that includes a)

2 the date you did any reading, b) the chapters read that day, c) a comment on the content (1 or 2 sentences), d) a list of questions you have about the passage – the number of questions will depend on how many chapters you read and how difficult the material is to understand. Please submit the first half at the time of the mid term exam and the remainder at the time of the final exam.

2. Devotionals (8.25%) Each student will write 3, one-page devotionals on verses that you find particularly significant (see the samples devotionals I have written and posted on Moodle). These should be devotionals that could be used in your place of ministry (not intended for Master level students). Deal with only a few verses (or one verse) not a whole chapter. The devotional should, a) start out on a modern issue or illustration to introduce the topic, b) explain the scripture verse, c) end with an application, or questions that calls for an application. These are due on weeks 3,4, 6. Please send these to me by email. My goal is to grade and comment on these by Wed night so that you can get some feedback.

3. Discussion and chat sessions (8.25%) Each student must participate in the online chat sessions on week 1, 2, and 7 by interacting with the questions presented. Week one will involve introducing your self and presenting a question of your own – plus answering a question raised by someone else. Instructions for each session will be provided. Students are also expected to enter the discussion in class. Filling out the course evaluation will also contribute to this score.

4. Exegetical paper (33%) You should also be aware that OT503 is an IP course: “This assignment has been identified as a required integrative assignment that you may wish to review and reference in future integrative coursework.” Students will write a 10-12 page exegetical paper on either Haggai 2:1-9 or Malachi 2:1-9. Students should choose their text early so that time can be spent in the library doing research for this paper. The paper is due in the ninth week and should be submitted through Moodle. This paper should include: A. Historical setting 1. Political situation 2. Socio-economic situation 3. Religious situation B. Literary setting 1. Literary placement in the book 2. Literary placement in the section 3. Immediate context C. Exegetical analysis 1. Key critical issues (be brief) 2. Outline of the passage (on 2 levels) 3. Verse by verse exegesis (use at least 3 commentaries) D. Synthesis and application 1. What was the prophet’s persuasive goal? 2. Summary of theological teachings 3. Applications for today

3 E. Bibliography

5. Two Exams (33%) At the end of the fifth and tenth week there will be an essay exam over the prophetic books we have covered so far, with questions on the theory chapters and each biblical book.

Part of your grade is the filling out the Course Evaluation: “Student course assessments are an important part of course development and enhancement. Student feedback is used by the professors to modify courses and teaching approaches and is included in decisions on promotion and tenure for professors. In order to recognize the value of your input and to encourage you to provide that input, your completion of the course assessment electronically at the end of the course will be included as a factor in your final course grade. See your course syllabus for how this will be calculated.”

All Winter 2011 term courses will be evaluated, and the completion of the course evaluation is required to be part of students’ final grade. An email with a link to the survey will be delivered on March 15 through the students' Bethel email account. A follow-up email will be sent March 23. The survey will be active from March 15-27.

There is no link from Qualtrics to Moodle/Blackboard (LMS). When the survey is completed in Qualtrics, no indication of the completion of the survey will be indicated within the course LMS until you receive information from me after 3/27 on who has participated and you enter a grade into the LMS grade book. Assure your students that the evaluations are gathered anonymously and you will only know of their participation.

G. Grading:

This class will be graded on a curve rather than a set grading scale. The exams will be short answer essay questions related to the history, people, background, literary characteristic, exegesis, and theology. They may include questions that ask a student to explain, evaluate, compare, apply, exegete, or interrelate issued studied in the class. The percentage or weight for each assignment of the class is indicated above next to each assignment. Any late assignment will be reduced 1/3 of a grade (from B+ to B), 2/3 of a grade (from B+ to B-) if a week late.

“Academic Course Policies: Please familiarize yourself with the catalog requirements as specified in Academic Course Policies document found in Blackboard/Moodle. You are responsible for this information, and any academic violations, such as plagiarism, will not be tolerated.”

Communication is best through email (or by phone if necessary). I will check e-mail every day. Announcements for the week will appear on Moodle from time to time but most things should be clear from the syllabus. Students are expected to know the due dates on the syllabus.

4 H. Class Schedule:

Date Topic Assignment 1. Jan 7-16 (No class at Bethel – only OnLine) Smith, chap 1-2 Communication/Sociology Investigate Moodle Listen to lectures Participate in chat discussion

2. Jan 17-23 (no class at Bethel, only online) Smith, chaps 4,5 Jonah/Hosea Bible: Read Hosea & Jonah Participate in chat discussion Listen to lectures

3. Jan 24-30 Amos/Micah Smith, chaps 3, 6 Bible, Read Amos, Micah Submit devotional by 1/27

4. Jan 31-Feb 6 Isaiah Smith, chap 7 Read Isaiah 1-12, 28-36, 40-66 Submit devotional by 2/4

5. Feb 7-13 Nahum, Zeph, Hab, Smith, chaps 8,9,10 Bible: Read Nah, Zeph, Hab Reading Report due Feb 10 Mid term exam due Feb 12

6. Feb 14-20 Obad, Joel Smith, chaps 12,13 Bible: Read Obadiah and Joel Submit devotional by Feb 18

7. Feb 21-27 Jeremiah Smith, chap 11 Read Jer 1-43 Final Chat scheduled

8. Feb 28- Mar 6 Ezekiel Smith, chap 14 Read Ezek 1-25,33-43

9. Mar 7-13 Daniel, Haggai Smith, chaps 15,16 Read Daniel and Haggai Exegetical paper: Mar 11

10. Mar 14-20 Zechariah, Malachi Smith, Chaps 18,19 Read Zechariah, Malachi Reading Report Mar 16 Final Exam Mar 19

5 J. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PROPHETS

PROPHECY

Brueggeman, W. The Prophetic Imagination. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1978. Bullock, C. H. An Introduction to the Old Testament Prophetic Books. Chicago: Moody, 1986. Chisolm, R. Handbook on the Prophets. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002. Craigie, P. C. The Twelve Prophets. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1884. Heschel, A. J. The Prophets. (2 vols) New York: Harper and Row, 1962. Smith, G. V. An Introduction to the Hebrew Prophets: The Prophets as Preachers. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1994. VanGemeran, W. A. Interpreting the Prophetic Word. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990. Von Rad, G. The Message of the Prophets. New York: Abingdon. 1982. Westerman, C. Basic Forms of Prophetic Speech. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1967

ISAIAH

Alexander, J.A. The Prophecies of Isaiah, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1953. Baltzer, K. Deutero-Isaiah: A Commentary on Isaiah 40-66. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1987. Beuken, W.A. M. Isaiah II: Vol 2: Isaiah 28-39, HCOT. Leuvan: Peeters, 2000. Blenkinsopp, J. Isaiah 1-39, AB. New York: Doubleday, 2000. ______Isaiah 40-55. AB. New York: Doubleday, 2002 ______Isaiah 56-66. AB. New York: Doubleday, 2003. Childs, B. S. Isaiah. OTL. Louisville: Westminster J. Knox, 2001. Clements, R. Isaiah 1-39, NCBC. London: SCM, 1980. Delitzsch, F. “Isaiah,” Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1973. Goldingay, J. The Message of the Isaiah 40-66: A Literary-Theological Commentary. London: T&T Clark, 2005. Goldingay, J. and Payne, D. Isaiah 40-55. 2 vol. ICC. London: T&T Clark, 2006. Gray, G. B. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Isaiah 1-27, ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1912. Koole, J.L. Isaiah III. Vol 1, Isaiah 40-48. Netherlands: Pharos, 1997. ______Isaiah III. Vol 2. Isaiah 49-55. Leuvan: Peeters, 1998. ______Isaiah III. Vol 3. Isaiah 56-66. Leuvan: Peeters, 2001. Leupold, H. C. Exposition of Isaiah. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1968. Motyer, J.A. The Prophecy of Isaiah. Leicester: IVP, 1993. Muilenburg, J. “Isaiah 40-66,” Interpreter’s Bible. Nashville: Abingdon, 1952. North, C. R. The Suffering Servant in Deutero-Isaiah. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948. Oswalt, J.N. The Book of Isaiah: Chapters 1-39. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1986.

6 ______The Book of Isaiah: Chapters 40-66. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998. Seitz, C.R. Isaiah 1-39. IntCom. Louisville: J. Knox, 1993. ______“Isaiah 40-66,” NIB, 6. Nashville: Abingdon, 2001. Smith, G. V. Isaiah 1-39. NAC. Nashville: B&H, 2007. ______Isaiah 40-66. NAC, Nashville: B&H, 2009. Sweeney, M. A. Isaish 1-39, with and Introduction to Prophetic Literature, FOTL 16. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996. Watts, J. D.W. Isaiah 1-33. WBC. Waco: Word, 1985. ______Isaiah 34-66. WBC. Waco: Word, 1987. Westermann, C. Isaiah 40-66. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1969. Wildberger, H. Isaiah 1-12. CC. Minneapolis: Fortress. 1991. ______Isaiah 13-27. CC. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1997. ______Isaiah 28-39. CC. Mineapolis: Fortress, 2002. Williamson, W. A. M. The Book Called Isaiah: Deutero-Isaiah’s Role in Composition and Redaction. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994. Young, E.J. The Book of Isaiah. 3 Vols. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965-72.

JEREMIAH

Bright, J. Jeremiah. AB. Garden City: Doubleday, 1965. Brueggemann, W. Jeremiah 1-25: To Pluck Up and to Tear Down. ITC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988. ______Jeremiah 26-52: To Build and to Plant. ITC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991. Carroll, R. Jeremiah. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1986. Craigie, P. H. Jeremiah 1-25. WBC. Dallas: Word, 1991. Harrison, R. K. Jeremiah and Lamentations. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1973. Holliday, W. Jeremiah 1. Her. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1986. ______Jeremiah 2. Her. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1989. Huey, F. B. Jeremiah, Lamentations. NAC. Nashville: Broadman, 1993. Lundbom, J. R. Jeremiah: A Study in the Ancient Hebrew Rhetoric. Missoula: Scholar’s Press, 1975. Martens, E. A. Jeremiah, BCBC. Scottsdale: Herald, 1986. McKane, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Jeremiah. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1986. Thompson, J. A. The Book of Jeremiah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980.

EZEKIEL

Allen, L. C. Ezekiel 20-48.WBC. Waco: Word, 1990. Brownlee, W. H. Ezekiel 1-19. WBC. Waco: Word, 1986. Block, D. I. Ezekiel 1-25. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, ______Ezekiel 26-48. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, Cooper, L. E. Ezekiel. NAC. Nashville: B&H, 1994.

7 Greenberg, M. Ezekiel I-XX. AB. Garden City: Doubleday, 1983. Stuart, D. Ezekiel. Dallas: Word, 1989. Taylor, J. Ezekiel. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1969. Zimmerli, W. Ezekiel 1. Her. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979. ______Ezekiel 2. Her. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983.

DANIEL

Baldwin, J. B. Daniel. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1978. Beale, G. K. The Use of Daniel in Jewish Apocalyptic Literature and in the Revelation of St John. Lanham: University Press of America, 1984. Collins, J.J. Daniel. Her. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993. Goldingay, J.E. Daniel. WBC. Waco: Word, 1989. Lacoque, A. The Book of Daniel. Atlanta: John Knox, 1979. Millar, S. Daniel. NAC. Nashville: B&H, 1994. Rowley, H.H. Darius the Mede and the Four World Empires in the Book of Daniel. Cardiff: University of Wales, 1964. Wood, L. A. Commentary on Daniel. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1973. Walvoord, J.F. Daniel: The Key to Prophetic Revelation. Chicago: Moody, 1971. Young, E. J. Commentary on Daniel. London: Banner of Truth, 1949.

Andersen, F. and D. Freedman, Hosea. AB. Garden City: Doubleday, 1980. Davies, G. I. Hosea. NCBC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992. Garrett, D. A. Hosea, Joel. NAC. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1997. Hubbard, D. A. Hosea. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity,1989. Kidner, D. Love to the Loveless: The Message of Hosea. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1981. Mays, J.L. Hosea. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1969. McComisky, T. E. “Hosea,” in An Exegetical and Expository Commentary on the Minor Prophets Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992. Smith, G. V. Hosea, Amos, Micah. NIV Application Commentaries, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001. Stuart, D. “Hosea,” in Hosea – Jonah. Word Bible Commentary. Waco: Word, 1987.

Allen, L. C. Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah. NICOT. Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1976. Dillard, R. “Joel,” in An Exegetical and Expository Commentary on the Minor Prophets. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992. Finley, J. T. Joel, Amos, Obadiah. Chicago: Moody, 1990. Garrett, D. A. Hosea, Joel. NAC. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1997. Hubbard, D. A. Joel and Amos. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1989. Rowley, H. H. “The Marriage of Hosea,” in Men of God. London: Nelson, 1963, Stuart, D. “Joel,” in Hosea – Jonah. WBC. Waco: Word, 1987.

8 AMOS

Anderson, F.I. and Freedman, D. N. Amos. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1989. Carroll, D. M. Amos – The Prophet and his Oracles. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2002. Finley, T. J. Joel, Amos, Obadiah. WEC. Chicago: Moody, 1990. Hasel, G. F. Understanding the Book of Amos. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1991. Hubbard, D. A. Joel and Amos. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1989. Mays, J. L. Amos. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster: 1969. Motyer, J. A. The Day of the Lion. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1974. Niehaus, J. “Amos,” An Exegetical and Expository Commentary on the Minor Prophets. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992. Paul, S. M. Amos, Hermenia. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971. Smith, B. K. and F. Page, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah. NAC. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1995. Smith, G.V. Amos, Ross-shire, Great Britain, 1998. ______Hosea, Amos, Micah, NIV Application Commentaries, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.

OBADIAH

Alexander, D., D. W. Baker, B. Waltke. Obadiah, Jonah, Micah. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1988. Allen, L. C. Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah. NICOT. Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1976. Finley, J. T. Joel, Amos, Obadiah. Chicago: Moody, 1990. Niehaus, J. “Obadiah,” An Exegetical and Expository Commentary on the Minor Prophets. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992. Raabe, P. R. Obadiah. AB. Garden City: Doubleday, 1996. Smith, B. K. and F. Page, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah. NAC. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1995 Stuart, D. “Hosea,” Hosea – Jonah. WBC. Waco: Word, 1987.

Alexander, D., D. W. Baker, B. Waltke, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1988. Allen, L. C. Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah. NICOT. Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1976. Baldwin, J. “Jonah,” An Exegetical and Expository Commentary on the Minor Prophets. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992 Fretheim, T. E. The Message of Jonah. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1977. Smith, B. K. and F. Page, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah. NAC. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1995 Stuart, D. “Jonah,” Hosea – Jonah. WBC. Waco: Word, 1987.

9 MICAH

Alexander, D., D. W. Baker, B. Waltke, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah. Tyndale OT Commentaries. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1988. Anderson, F. I. and D. N. Freedman, Micah. AB. Garden City: Doubleday, 2000. Barker, K. L. and D. W. Bailey, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. NAC. Nashville, Broadman and Holman, 1988. Hillars, D. R. Micah. Hermenia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984. Mays, J. L. Micah. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1976. Smith, G. V. Hosea, Amos, Micah, NIV Application Commentary, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001. Smith, R. L. Micah – Malachi. WBC. Waco: Word, 1984. Waltke, B. K. “Micah,” An Exegetical and Expository Commentary on the Minor Prophets Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992. NAHUM

Baker, D. W. Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1988 Barker, K. L. and D. W. Bailey, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. NAC. Nashville, Broadman and Holman, 1988. Longman, T. “Nahum,” An Exegetical and Expository Commentary on the Minor Prophets Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993. Meier, W. A. The Book of Nahum. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1959. Patterson, R. D. Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. Chicago: Moody, 1991. Robertson, O. P. The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.

HABAKKUK

Baker, D. W. Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1988 Barker, K. L. and D. W. Bailey, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. New American Commentary. Nashville, Broadman and Holman, 1988. Hiebert, T.B. God of my Victory: The Ancient Hymn in Habakkuk. Atlanta: Scholar’s Press, 1991. Patterson, R. D. Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. Chicago: Moody, 1991. Robertson, O. P. The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah. New International Commentary on the OT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.

ZEPHANIAH

Baker, D. W. Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1988 Barker, K. L. and D. W. Bailey, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. NAC. Nashville, Broadman and Holman, 1988. Kapulrud, A. The Message of Zephaniah. Oslo:Universitetsfolaget, 1975. Patterson, R. D. Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. Chicago: Moody, 1991.

10 Robertson, O. P. The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.

HAGGAI

Baldwin, J. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1972. Boda, M. J. Haggai, Zechariah. NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004. Merrill, E. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: An Exegetical Commentary. Chicago: Moody, 1994. Taylor, R. A. and E. R. Clendenon, Haggai, Malachi. NAC. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 2004. Verhoef, P. A. The Books of Haggai and Malachi. NICOT, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004.

ZECHARIAH

Baldwin, J. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1972. Boda, M. J. Haggai, Zechariah. NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004. Butterworth, M. The Structure of the Book of Zechariah. Sheffield: JSOT, 1992 Merrill, E. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: An Exegetical Commentary. Chicago: Moody, 1994.

MALACHI

Baldwin, J. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1972. Glazier-McDonald, B. Malachi: The Divine Messenger. Atlanta: Scholar’s Press, 1987. Hill, A. E. Malachi. AB. Garden City: Doubleday, 1998. Kaiser, W. C. Malachi: God’s Unchanging Love. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1984. Merrill, E. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: An Exegetical Commentary. Chicago: Moody, 1994. Taylor, R. A. and E. R. Clendenon, Haggai, Malachi. NAC. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 2004. Verhoef, P. A. The Books of Haggai and Malachi. NICOT, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004.