Chapter 1 - Interactions of Living Things

 Ecology – The study of the of with one another and with their environment.

 Environment consists of all things that the organism 2 Parts of an Environment: 1. Biotic- All of the organisms in an .

2. Abiotic: All parts in an .

. Ex: Water, soil, , temperature, ______, etc.

Levels within Environment: 1. - Any ______thing.

2. - Group of of the same

that live in a specific area.

3. - All of the of species that live in the same and with one another.

4. - A of organisms and their environment.

5. - Part of where life exists. Extends from the

parts of the to high in the .

Living Things Need Energy  Organisms obtain in a variety of ways based upon the way they accumulate energy.

 The three groups are: 1. ______- organisms that their own food using in a process called ______. Examples: plants, algae, bacteria.

2. ______- organisms that other . There are 4 types of Consumers: A.i.1. ______- only eat plants (Ex. Rabbit) A.i.2. ______- only eat animals (Ex. Tiger) A.i.3. ______- eat both plants and animals (Ex. Human) A.i.4. ______- eat dead plants and animals (Ex. Vulture) 3. ______- organisms that get energy by breaking down organisms. Also known as: (Examples: Bacteria, Fungi).

Food Chains, Food Webs  ______- a diagram that shows how in food flows from one organism to another.

 ______-shows all of the different of energy flow between different organisms.

Energy Pyramid  An energy pyramid shows an loss of energy.

 The most amount of energy is found at the ______of an energy pyramid.

 As you travel up the pyramid there is ______energy left from the original source.

 Less energy is available at higher levels because only ______stored in the of an organism can be transferred to the next level.

Interactions with the Environment  An organism’s ______is the area in which it lives. (Ex: A frog lives in a pond)

 The organism’s way of life, is called their . This includes their habitat, food, and the abiotic factors that affect them such as and .

 Most living things produce ______offspring than will ______(ex: frog eggs)  Biotic and abiotic factors affect survival rate and ______the size of the population.

Limiting Factors  Populations cannot grow without ______.

 Limiting Factor - a resource that is so that it ______the size of the population.

 Any resource can be a limiting factor such as:

 , Accidents, Natural Factors ______, Hunting, ______, Other

Carrying Capacity  The ______population that an environment can support at any given time.

 When a population grows larger than , limiting factors cause individuals to ______or die off.

 **The population will eventually ______to a size that the environment can support**

Interactions between Organisms (Four main ways that species and individuals affect each other) 1. ______- When 2 or more individuals or populations try to use the same

______. Resources have a limited supply, therefore the use by one______the availability for others. Happens ______populations or ______populations.

2. ______

 Prey – is an organism that is ______. They have ______and abilities to keep from being eaten. (Examples: Run, travel in groups, camouflage, poisonous, coloration, etc.)

 Predator- is an organism that the prey. They have methods to catch their prey such as speed, , coloration, etc.

 Camouflage - ______in with the .

 Defensive chemicals – Skunk, Bees, Wasps, Frogs

 Warning coloration - colors that associate with ______or .

o Ex: Bright red, yellow, orange, black and white 3. ______- Relationship in which two different organisms live in _ association with each other. They can ______from, be by or ______by the relationship. There are three types of relationships: A.) Mutualism- Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms ______(++) . Examples: Bacteria in your intestines, Coral and algae

B.) Commensalism - Symbiotic relationship in which one organism ______and the other is ______(+ o). o Example: Sharks and remoras (remoras “hitch a ride” and feed on scraps left by sharks and sharks are unaffected)

C.)Parasitism - Symbiotic relationship in which one organism ______and one is ______(+ -).  ______= organism that benefits

 ______= organism that is harmed

 Parasite gets nourishment from host while host is ______or sometimes killed. . Example: Ticks, tapeworms, tomato hornworm, etc

4. ______- The evolution of two species that is due to ______influence, often in a way that makes the relationship more beneficial to both species.  Relationships between organisms ______over time and interactions can change the ______.

 Take place between any organisms that live together, but happen over long periods of time.

EXAMPLE: Coevolution and Flowers  ______is necessary for reproduction of plants.

 Pollinator - Organism that ______pollen from one flower to another (Ex. Bees, bats, birds).

 Flowers have ______to attract pollinators. (Example: Color, odor or nectar)