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Production of Cellulase by Aspergillus Niger Under Submerged and Solid State Fermentation Using Coir Waste As a Substrate

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Production of Cellulase by Aspergillus Niger Under Submerged and Solid State Fermentation Using Coir Waste As a Substrate Brazilian Journal of Microbiology (2011) 42: 1119-1127 ISSN 1517-8382 PRODUCTION OF CELLULASE BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER UNDER SUBMERGED AND SOLID STATE FERMENTATION USING COIR WASTE AS A SUBSTRATE Soma Mrudula*, Rangasamy Murugammal Department of Microbiology, M.G.R. College, Dr. M.G.R. Nagar, Hosur, T.N - 635 109, India. Submitted: February 28, 2010; Returned to authors for corrections: November 17, 2010; Approved: March 14, 2011. ABSTRACT Aspergillus niger was used for cellulase production in submerged (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SSF). The maximum production of cellulase was obtained after 72 h of incubation in SSF and 96 h in Smf. The CMCase and FPase activities recorded in SSF were 8.89 and 3.56 U per g of dry mycelial bran (DBM), respectively. Where as in Smf the CMase & FPase activities were found to be 3.29 and 2.3 U per ml culture broth, respectively. The productivity of extracellular cellulase in SSF was 14.6 fold higher than in SmF. The physical and nutritional parameters of fermentation like pH, temperature, substrate, carbon and nitrogen sources were optimized. The optimal conditions for maximum biosynthesis of cellulase by A. niger were shown to be at pH 6, temperature 30 ºC. The additives like lactose, peptone and coir waste as substrate increased the productivity both in SmF and SSF. The moisture ratio of 1:2 (w/v) was observed for optimum production of cellulase in SSF. Key words: Aspergillus niger, coir waste, cellulase, submerged fermentation, solid-state fermentation. INTRODUCTION cleave cellobiose and other soluble oligosaccharides to glucose (10). These enzymes find potential applications in the Complete cellulose hydrolysis to glucose demands the production of food, animal feed, textile, fuel, chemical, action of exoglucanases, endoglucanases and -glucosidases. pharmaceutical industries and in waste management (9, 40). Exoglucanases (1,4--D-glucancellobiohydrolase, EC The production of cellulase has been reported from a wide 3.2.1.91) are usually active on crystalline cellulose and cleave variety of bacteria (22) and fungi (4, 34). However, disaccharide units either from non-reducing or reducing end. filamentous fungi are preferred for commercial enzyme Endoglucanases (1,4--D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase, EC production, because the level of the enzymes produced by these 3.2.1.4) are more active against the amorphous regions of cultures is higher than those obtained from yeast and bacteria cellulose and they can also hydrolyze substituted celluloses, (8). Almost all fungi of genus Aspergillus synthesize cellulase, such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydroxyethyl therefore this genus has the potential to dominate the enzyme cellulose (HEC) internally. -Glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21) industry. Aspergillus and Trichoderma spp. are well known *Corresponding Author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, M.G.R. College, Dr. M.G.R. Nagar, Hosur, T.N - 635 109, India.; Tel.: + 91 (04344) 261004 Fax: +91 (04344) 260573.; E-mail: [email protected] 1119 Mrudula, S. et al. Production of cellulase by A. niger efficient production of cellulases (33). subcultured and maintained on Czapek-Dox-agar slants and Industrially important enzymes have traditionally been stored at 4 °C in a refrigerator, until needed. obtained from submerged fermentation (SmF) because of the ease of handling and greater control of environmental factors Pre-treatment of substrates such as temperature and pH. However, solid state fermentation The procured cellulosic substrates such as rice husk, rice (SSF) technique can improve the yield and reduces the cost of bran, coir waste, wheat bran and saw dust were ground to fine enzyme production (16, 21). Filamentous fungi are the most powder and the substrates were individually treated with 1% commonly used microorganisms in SSF because they are able (w/v) NaOH solution in the ratio of 1:10 (substrate: solution) to grow on solid materials with low water contents (30). There for 1h and was brought to neutral pH by washing thoroughly are several reports describing use of agro industrial residues for with distilled water and dried at room temperature. The treated the production of cellulose such as wheat straw, wheat bran and substrates were autoclaved at 121°C for 1 h (18). rice straw as substrates (11, 35, 2, 19). The other advantages of SSF include superior productivity, simple technique; low Preparation of inoculum capital investment, low energy requirement and less water The inoculum was prepared by growing the organism in output (42, 38), better product recovery and lack of foam build 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask with 100 ml of Czapek-Dox broth up and reported to be most appropriate process for developing containing g/l of sucrose, 30; sodium nitrate, 3; K2HPO4, 1; countries (39). MgSO4, 0.5; KCl, 0.5; FeSO4, trace; agar, 15. The medium The cellulase production by filamentous fungi in SmF and was inoculated from the Czapek-Dox agar slants and SSF has been studied extensively (15, 1, 38). However, there is incubated at 30 °C for 3 days in a shaker (200 rpm) before it no report on comparison of the cellulase production by SmF was used for the fermentation process. and SSF conditions. From this point of view, the organism was isolated and demonstrated for their improved efficiency in SmF Submerged fermentation (SmF) and SSF for the production of cellulase using agro-industrial Submerged fermentation was carried out in 250 ml waste as raw material. The influence of various parameters was Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 ml of fermentation medium. evaluated under two different fermentation conditions. In the The composition of the medium contained the following g/l of present study, we describe the comparison of cellulase distilled water. L-Glutamic acid, 0.3; NH4NO2, 1.4; K2HPO4, production by Aspergillus niger in SmF and SSF systems. 2.0; CaCl2, 2.0; MgSO4, 0.3; protease peptone, 7.5; FeSO4, 5.0; MnSO4, 1.6; ZnSO4, 1.4; tween 80, 20 % (v/v) ; coir MATERIALS AND METHODS waste, 30. The medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 min. Each flask was inoculated with 1ml of the above Microorganism said inoculum. The cultures were incubated on a rotary shaker The fungus was isolated from coir retting ground area of (120 rpm) at 30°C for 72 h. Karimangalam, Dharmapuri Dist, Tamil Nadu, India. The isolate was grown on CMC agar medium and screened Solid state fermentation (SSF) according to Wood and Bhat (41). The culture was identified Solid state fermentation was carried out in 250 ml based on colony morphology and microscopic examination Erlenmeyer flasks that contained 10 g of coir waste and 15 ml (Devenathan et al. 2007). The isolated fungal colony was of distilled water (moistening agent). The flasks were sterilized 1120 Mrudula, S. et al. Production of cellulase by A. niger at 121°C for 15 min and cooled to room temperature. About Effect of supplements (carbon & nitrogen sources) 1ml of inoculum was added, mixed well and incubated at 30°C Smf: Various carbon and nitrogen sources at in a humidified incubator for 96 h. The flasks were periodically concentration of 5% w/v were supplemented as individual mixed by gentle shaking. components to the fermentation medium containing coir waste as substrate. The medium was inoculated and incubated at 30 Enzyme extraction ºC for 3 days in an orbital shaker incubator (120 rpm). The At the end of the fermentation the culture broth from broth was centrifuged and the enzyme assay was carried out. submerged fermentation was centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 15 Care was taken to see that monosaccharides and disaccharides min and the supernatant was used as a source of extracellular were prepared as 10 X solution and sterilized separately by enzyme. In solid state fermentation (SSF) the enzyme was autoclaving at 10 lbs for 10 min. and required concentration extracted from the coir waste by mixing homogenously the was added to the medium before inoculation. entire waste with (1:10 w/v) distilled water and agitated on a SSF: Various carbon and nitrogen sources at rotary shaker (120 rpm) at 30 °C with a contact time of 1h. concentration of 4% w/v were supplemented as individual Dampened cheese cloth was used to filter the extract and components to the flasks that contain 10 g of coir waste and pooled extracts were centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 15min and moistened with 15 ml of distilled water (moistening agent). the clear supernatant was used as a source of extracellular The flasks were sterilized and cooled to room temperature. enzyme. About 1 ml of inoculum was added, mixed well and incubated at 30ºC in a humidifying incubator for 4 days. At the end of Enzyme assay fermentation the contents from each flask were extracted with Cellulase [(filter paperase (FPase) and carboxymethyl distilled water and the supernatant was used for enzyme assay. cellulase (CMCase)] activities were assayed according to the The effect of moisture content in SSF was studied by method described by Ghose (17).One unit of enzyme activity varying the ratio of coir waste to distilled water (2.5 to 12.5). (CMCase and FPase) is defined as the amount of enzyme The optimum conditions for enhanced cellulase which releases 1 µmole of reducing sugars per min with production were verified by performing the experiments using glucose as standard, under the assay condition described above. the selected parameters at their respective optimum conditions. The values of enzymatic activity were expressed as U/ml for SmF and U/g of dry mycelial bran (DMB) for SSF. Comparative evaluation of SmF and SSF systems for enzyme production Optimization of process parameters in SmF and SSF The enzyme yield produced in SmF was compared with Evaluation of optimized culture conditions in SSF and the yield obtained in SSF using coir waste as substrate SmF using Aspergillus niger: The protocol adopted for the according to Solis Pereira et al (36).
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