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Kvinner I Det Gamle Egypt

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Kvinner I Det Gamle Egypt Kvinner i det gamle Egypt Ein komparativ studie Avbiletinga viser ei kvinne som sit ute i det fri og sel fruktene frå ein sykamorebusk med eit barn tett til brystet. Ein ser såleis den komplekse naturen til kvinnerolla; På den eine sida som mor og omsorgsperson, og på den andre som kvinne med eige ressursgrunnlag og høve for eiga inntekt. Masteravhandling i antikk historie. Institutt for arkeologi, historie, kunst og religionsvitenskap. Universitetet i Bergen, våren 2009 Reinert Skumsnes Kvinner i det gamle Egypt FØREORD Eit masterstudium, ei avhandling og ei lang reise i tid og stad er til endes. Reisa har vore interessant, mykje takka rettleiaren min, professor Jørgen Christian Meyer. Hans lange fartstid og gode kunnskapar som historikar har hjelpt meg ut av mang ei fortvilt stund kor kvinnene i det gamle Egypt rett og slett ikkje ville same veg som meg. Både Christian og fyrsteamanuensis Ingvar Mæhle skal ha takk for låge dørstokkar, velvilje og solid, jordnær profesjonalitet. Frå det norske egyptologimiljøet takkar eg professor emeritus Richard H. Pierce (UiB), professor Saphinaz-Amal Naguib (UiO), Pål Steiner (UiB), Anders Bettum (UiO) og Vidar Edland for større og mindre bidrag, som alle har vore viktige. Likeeins vil eg gje ei stor takk til alle medstudentane mine som til ei kvar tid har vore tilgjengelege og positive i kaffikroken vår på Sydneshaugen. Arbeidet har vore omfattande, men likevel overkommeleg. Dei fleste kjeldene har allereie vore jobba mykje med, og har såleis skapt større rom for drøfting og utvida fagleg innsikt. Ei spesiell takk må eg her sende til professor Anthony Spalinger, professor Doborah Sweeeney, professor Andrea McDowell, og professor Schafik Allam som alle har vore villige til å svare på spørsmål eg har hatt knytt til deira arbeid med kjeldene. Oppgåva er vorte noko større og meir omfattande enn eg hadde sett for meg i utgangspunktet. Dette fordi kjeldene måtte vera med i sin heilskap slik at lesaren til ei kvar tid kan vera med i mine tolkingar. Dessutan er innleiinga i lengste laget, men slik eg ser det, tvingande naudsynt slik at lesaren kan setje seg inn i konteksten. Dette har ført til at andre kjeldetypar, som eg i utgangspunktet hadde tenkt å ha med, måtte utelukkast. Kvinner si rolle i det gamle Egypt er kompleks og nyansert. Eg håpar likevel oppgåva ber desse nyansane, og syner at kvinner si rolle i det egyptiske samfunnet var mangfaldig, og såleis vanskeleg, for ikkje å seie uråd, å konkludere med udiskutable resultat. Tolkingane mine er i tråd med denne kjennsgjerninga, framlegg, ikkje fasitsvar. For min eigen del har nettopp kompleksiteten, som i meir pessimistiske ordelag kan kallast eit tvitydig problem, vore sterkt medverkande til å gjera emnet så interessant som det faktisk er. Bergen, 15.05.2009 Reinert Skumsnes Reinert Skumsnes Side 1-1 Kvinner i det gamle Egypt INNHALDSLISTE Føreord ................................................................................................................................... 1-1 Innhaldsliste ........................................................................................................................... 1-2 1 Innleiing .......................................................................................................................... 1-5 1.1 Kvinner og kjønn som eige forskingsområde innan Egyptologien. ......................... 1-6 1.2 Den historiske konteksten ......................................................................................... 1-9 1.2.1 Mellomriket (2055-1650 f.v.t.) .......................................................................... 1-9 1.2.2 Det nye riket (1550-1069 f.v.t.) ....................................................................... 1-11 1.2.3 Det egyptiske samfunnet og strukturane i dette .............................................. 1-13 1.3 Strukturen i oppgåva ............................................................................................... 1-21 1.4 Forkortingar ............................................................................................................ 1-22 1.5 Teiknforklaringar .................................................................................................... 1-22 2 Kjeldene ........................................................................................................................ 2-23 2.1 Kvantitativ analyse ................................................................................................. 2-23 2.1.1 Mellomriket – Lahun ....................................................................................... 2-23 2.1.2 Det nye riket – Deir el-Medina ....................................................................... 2-24 2.1.3 Kjeldene sin representativitet .......................................................................... 2-26 2.2 Mitt kjeldeutval ....................................................................................................... 2-31 2.3 Kvalitativ analyse – Mellomriket (2055-1650 f.v.t.) .............................................. 2-34 2.3.1 Brev ................................................................................................................. 2-34 2.3.2 Rettsdokument ................................................................................................. 2-44 2.3.3 Konklusjon – Mellomriket ............................................................................... 2-48 2.4 Kvalitiativ analyse – Det nye riket (1550-1069 f.v.t.) ............................................ 2-53 2.4.1 Brev ................................................................................................................. 2-53 2.4.2 Rettsdokument ................................................................................................. 2-70 Reinert Skumsnes Side 1-2 Kvinner i det gamle Egypt 2.4.3 Konklusjon – Det nye riket .............................................................................. 2-90 2.5 Komparasjon ........................................................................................................... 2-94 2.5.1 Kjønnsroller og ansvarsfordeling ................................................................... 2-94 2.5.2 Arv og disposisjon av eigedom ........................................................................ 2-97 2.5.3 Kvinner sin rettstryggleik ................................................................................ 2-99 2.5.4 Sjølvstendige kvinner ..................................................................................... 2-100 2.5.5 Delkonklusjon ................................................................................................ 2-103 3 Moglege forklaringar ................................................................................................ 3-105 3.1 Eit imperium veks fram ........................................................................................ 3-105 3.1.1 Krigstokt og grensebeskyttelse ...................................................................... 3-105 3.1.2 Statlege byggjeprosjekt ................................................................................. 3-108 3.2 Religiøse endringar ............................................................................................... 3-111 3.2.1 Kvinner i tempelet ......................................................................................... 3-111 3.3 Dei store kvinnene av Dynasti 18 (1550-1295 f.v.t.) ........................................... 3-114 4 Konklusjon ................................................................................................................. 4-118 5 Kjeldeliste ................................................................................................................... 5-121 6 Litteraturliste ............................................................................................................. 6-125 7 Vedlegg ........................................................................................................................ 7—0 7.1 Kronologi ............................................................................................................... 7—0 7.2 Kart ........................................................................................................................ 7—2 7.3 Administrasjonsstruktur ......................................................................................... 7—3 8 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 8—4 Reinert Skumsnes Side 1-3 Kvinner i det gamle Egypt FIGURAR I OPPGÅVA Det fylgjande oversynet inneheld figurnummer, relevant tekst og sidetal vedkommande dei seks figurane som finst i oppgåva. Figur 2-1 Sendar- og mottakaroversikt i korpuset av brev frå Lahun. Figur 2-2 Sendar- og mottakaroversikt i korpuset av brev frå Deir el-Medina. Figur 2-3 Kvinneleg deltaking i det samla korpus av rettsdokument. Figur 2-4 Geografisk tilhøyre til dei to kjeldetypane i samlinga. Figur 2-5 Fordeling av term/tittelbruk i mitt kjeldekorpus. Figur 3-1 Samanlikning av kona si rolle I gravikonografi. Figur 3-2 Kona si rolle i gravikonografi i tidsrommet Ahmose til Thotmose IV. Figur 7-1 Kart over det gamle Egypt. Figur 7-2 Administrasjonsstruktur under Det nye riket. Reinert Skumsnes Side 1-4 Kvinner i det gamle Egypt 1 INNLEIING …The position of Egyptian women presents an anomaly. On the one hand, Egypt’s society was typically male-dominated: the word of the man of the house was law, and a wife was
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