Causes, Events, Aftermath

• The Great War • Economy based on serfdom World War I Causes, Events, Aftermath • Struggle to industrialize

• Map of Allied and Central Powers • Germany ALLIED POWERS Major Powers • Otto von Bismarck unified the German states • British Empire (1871) (1914–1918) • Kaiser Wilhelm II • France (1914–1918) • Italy (1914–1918) • No colonies • Russia (1914–1917) • Leading industrial power by 1900 • United States (1917–1918) CENTRAL POWERS • Ottoman Empire Major Powers 1908: Western-style constitution • Austria-Hungary • (1914–1918) • Surrendered sovereignty for German help • Germany (1914–1918) • Ottoman Empire/Turkey (1914–1918) • 1914: German influence in Ottoman foreign policy • United Kingdom • Austria-Hungary • Constitutional monarchy • Hapsburg Dynasty—an old and dying • 1914: Entered the war to defend Belgium’s kingdom neutrality • Numerous ethnicities • Had the least to gain from a war in Europe • Provided the “explosion” that led to the Great • France War • Pre-War Europe • A republic • Outdated social practices and military tactics • Many longed for glory days of Napoleon Bonaparte’s empire • Alliances • Colonial power • Industrialization • Sought revenge against Germany • Aristocracies • Russia • Calls for social reform • Tsar Nicholas II • Government responses • Triple Entente: U.K., France, and Russia

• Balkan Powder Keg • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy • Nationalist feelings divide country • Belgium pledged neutrality • Multiple languages, religions, and cultures • Ottoman Empire weak • Each wanted its own homeland • Alliances assured total peace or total war • Long-Term Causes • Industrialization • Unification of Germany • Social Unrest • Alliances • Enlightenment ideals infiltrated populace • Militarization • People lost faith in • Industrializa-tion divine right

• Social unrest • People questioned government

• Nationalism • Communists and socialists called for reforms

• Unification of Germany • Monarchs looked for ways to unite their countries 1870: Prussia defeats France at the Battle of • Nationalism Sedan •

• 1871: Otto von Bismarck unites Prussia and • Nationalism the German states • A uniting force • Unification of Germany (continued) • Patriotism combined with a sense of • Threatened English industrial dominance superiority

• Military buildup threatened all of Europe • Called for conquering the inferior

• German army became the new standard for • Events Leading to War other European armies • June 28: Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated • Imperialism • July 23: Austria-Hungary delivers ultimatum • Alliances to Serbia • July 28: Austria-Hungary declares war on • Designed to balance power in Europe Serbia July 29: Austria-Hungary bombards Belgrade; • Chose Slavic cultural ties over both family ties Kaiser Wilhelm II and Tsar Nicholas II • exchange telegrams trying to avoid war and the monarchy • July 30: Russia orders full mobilization; • Mobilized army to support Serbia France sends troops within six miles of German border • Kaiser Wilhelm II mobilized army in response • July 31: Germany officially asks Austria not to mobilize while unofficially suggesting they • Both refused to back down do, and moves troops toward France • Mobilization • Events Leading to War (continued) August 1: France orders full mobilization; Germany • Pre-war mobilization plans hinder diplomacy orders full mobilization, moves toward Luxembourg; German ambassador sorrowfully delivers declaration of war to Russian foreign • Austria declared war on Serbia minister August 3: France and Germany declare war on each • Military leaders called up troops other; British mobilize army and navy August 4: Germany invades Belgium; Great Britain Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, and Belgium declare war on Germany • August 6: Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia 1914

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Germany’s Schlieffen Plan • Ferdinand’s ideas created strife • Outlined Germany’s plan of attack

• Ferdinand and his wife assassinated, June 28, • Relied on rapid defeat of France 1914 • Emperor used nephew’s assassination as • Avoiding two-front war essential excuse to punish Serbia • Violated Belgium’s neutrality • Franz Joseph’s Ultimatum to Serbia • Key Battles • Designed to punish Serbia for encouraging Slavic nationalism • Marne

• Ultimatum had three main components • Verdun

• Serbia refuses, looks to Russia for support • Somme

• Kaiser Wilhelm II • St. Mihiel

• Family ties would supersede other interests • Hindenburg Line

• Assassination an attack on the institution of • Battle of the Marne monarchy • September 5–9, 1914 • Tsar Nicholas II • Marne River, East of Paris • British forces breeched the line in early October of 1918 • Stopped Germany’s rapid advance • Changing Warfare • Prevented the fall of Paris • Changes in technologies, tactics, and weaponry • Set the stage for trench warfare • Communication achieved through telephone, Battle of Verdun • Morse Code, radios, and carrier pigeons

• Feb. 21–Dec. 18, 1916 • Trench Warfare

• Verdun, France, 120 miles east of Paris • Forces dug in to begin trench warfare along 475-mile front • Demoralized both sides • Plagued with disease, lice, water, and mud • First extensive use of the flamethrower • German trenches were the most sophisticated • Battle of the Somme • Life in the Trenches • July 1–Nov. 18, 1916 • Monotony • Somme River, France • “No Man’s Land” • Drew Germans away from Verdun • Dawn and dusk attacks • Tactics became more sophisticated and supply lines became more efficient • British front line troops typically served for four days before being relieved • First use of tanks (British) • Shell Shock • Battle of St. Mihiel • Symptoms • September 12–13, 1918 • Shell-shocked soldiers first viewed as • French/German border, southwest of Verdun cowards; many were executed

• First battle using exclusively American troops • Treatment improved once the condition was under American commanders identified

• Hindenburg Line • Christmas Truce • Crucial stronghold • Christmas, 1914 • Formidable barrier to Allied advances • Unofficial truces implemented between • Operation Alberich soldiers • Truce was short-lived • Britain initially had more submarines than Germany • Scorched Earth • German submarine strategy • Tactic implemented by the Russians, borrowed by the Germans • Backlash

• Retreating armies would burn buildings, • Sinking of the Lusitania ravage crops, cut down trees, and force inhabitants to flee • May 7, 1915: Passenger ship sunk by German submarine • Goal was to leave nothing of value behind that opposing forces could use • More than 1000 civilian deaths, including 128 Americans • Espionage • Germany claimed the ship was carrying • Spies tried to obtain information in various munitions ways • Incident put the U.S. one step closer to • Risks entering the war

• Edith Cavell • Machine Guns

• Mata Hari • Maintained and perpetuated trench warfare

• Weapons • Designers and manufactures continued to modify original machine gun - the Maxim • Warships • Howitzers • Submarines • Heavy artillery • Artillery • Became more mobile • Chemical weapons • Especially useful in bombarding enemy • Airplanes strongholds from long distances

• First used for intelligence gathering; later • Chemical Weapons armed • Archaic and modern weaponry and strategies • Bomber planes meet

• “Aces” • Poison gas

• Submarines • Attacked nervous system – painful death – long-lasting mental disturbances • Telegram intercepted by the British and made public • Flamethrowers • Added to the American public’s desire to enter • Terrifying German weapon first used at the war Verdun, 1916

• Effects • The U.S. Enters the War

• Counter tactics • April 6, 1917: U.S. officially declares war against Germany

• Tanks • Propaganda, submarine warfare, Zimmerman telegram erode neutrality • British innovation • “Peace without victory” • Unsuccessful at first • The Draft • Cambrae, 1917: First successful tank offensive • U.S. needed massive military force Increasingly important weapon in modern • June 5, 1917 – Draft implemented warfare •

• Telephone and Radio • 24 million men registered; 6,400,000 actually called into service Difficulties in keeping lines of communication • Liberty Bonds open •

• Telephone’s shortcomings • Intended to finance the war, increase public support for the war effort • Radio’s shortcomings • Patriotic appeal • The Media • Over $20 billion raised from bonds • 1916: First war films • Anti-German Sentiment Newspapers provided the majority of the • Committee of Public Information public with war news •

• Zimmerman Telegram • Eliminating German names

• Sent January 1917 by the German Foreign • Attacks on people of German descent Secretary

• Proposed a German-Mexican alliance against the U.S. • Changing Roles of Women • Women filled factory jobs • 27 countries participated

• Views of women and their roles in society • Defeated powers were not invited changed • Six months to reach treaty agreement on • Many countries granted women’s suffrage Germany

• Russian Revolution • Other treaties

• 1915: Tsar Nicholas takes command of the • Versailles Treaty army • June 28, 1919: Weimar Republic signed • Political vacuum in St. Petersburg treaty in utter defeat • Treaty’s conditions • Provincial government created • Was the treaty overly punitive? • Tsar abdicates to the Duma

• The Soviet Union and the War • Wilson’s “Fourteen Points”

• Provisional government was short-lived • Wilson’s plan for a “peace without victory”

• Lenin and the Soviets assume power • European leaders only implement some of the Fourteen Points in the Versailles Treaty • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Russia withdraws League of Nations from WWI •

• Arabs in the War • Part of the Versailles Treaty

• Arab tribes unite with one another and the • U.S. Senate rejects the treaty British against Ottoman rule • U.S. never joins the League • Arab raids disrupt Turkish supply lines and draw troops away from the British-Turkish • League turns out to be ineffective, front inconsistent, easily manipulated • War’s End: The Armistice • Number of Wounded • November 11, 1918 Central Powers

• Temporary agreement to stop fighting • Number of Deaths

• Peace negotiations and treaty followed • Physical and Financial Costs of the War • Paris Peace Conference • Food shortages • “Big Three” • Economic depression • Anti-western views

• Social/Political Costs of the War • Rise of Extremism: Japan and Russia • Refugees Japan

• Ethnic minorities • Moved to expand its empire

• Arts and the Great War • Extend its influence to mainland China

• Poets • Rise of militaristic extremists Russia • Visual imagery • Joseph Stalin • Novels • Modernization • New Nations: Europe • Repression • Ireland • Rise of Extremism: Germany – Michael Collins • Dissatisfaction with Weimar government – Northern Ireland • Hyperinflation • Division of Austria-Hungary • Resentment over terms of the Versailles Treaty • Austria • National Socialists (Nazis) • Hungary • Adolf Hitler • Czechoslovakia • Rise of Extremism: Italy • Yugoslavia • Fascist Party Other portions went to Romania, • Benito Mussolini Poland and Italy •

• New Nations: • Rise of Extremism: The Middle East The United States

• Sykes-Picot Agreement • Return to isolationism

• Mandates • Anti-socialist, anti-communist

• Balfour Declaration • The Palmer raids • Great Depression

• Post-War Europe

• Instability

• Spread of fascism