DOCSLIB.ORG

The Standard Karyotype of the Asiatic Jackal, Canis Aureus (Carnivora, Canidae) from Thailand

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Standard Karyotype of the Asiatic Jackal, Canis Aureus (Carnivora, Canidae) from Thailand © 2015 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 80(1): 3–13 The Standard Karyotype of the Asiatic Jackal, Canis aureus (Carnivora, Canidae) from Thailand Alongklod Tanomtong1*, Prapakorn Chaiyaphan1, Praween Supanuam2, Therdsak Puramongkol3, Nuntiya Maneechot4 and Nantana Jangsuwan5 1 Applied Taxonomic Research Center (ATRC), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Muang 40002, Thailand 2 Biology Program, Faculty of Science, Ubonratchatani Rajabhat University, Ubon Ratchatani, Muang 34000, Thailand 3 Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chanthaburi Campus, Chanthaburi, Khao Kitchagoot 22210, Thailand 4 Department of Fundamental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Surindra Rajabhat University, Surin, Muang 32000, Thailand 5 Applied Biology Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thepsatri Rajabhat University, Lopburi, Muang 15000, Thailand Received November 28, 2013; accepted September 18, 2014 Summary This study conducted karyological analysis and detection of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in the Asiatic jackal (Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758) from Khao Suan Kwang Zoo, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. Blood samples were taken from two male and two female jackals. After standard whole blood lymphocytes had been cultured at 37°C for 72 h in the presence of colchicine, metaphase spreads were performed on microscopic slides and air-dried. Giemsa’s staining, GTG- banding, high-resolution banding and Ag-NOR banding techniques were used to stain chromosomes. The results showed that the diploid chromosome number of C. aureus was 2n=78 and the fundamental numbers (NF) of both sexes were 80. The types of autosomes were 18 large telocentric, 18 medium telocentric and 40 small telocentric chromosomes. The X chromosome was the largest metacentric chromosome and the Y chromosome was the smallest acrocentric chromosome. In addition, the long arm near the centromere of chromosome pair 7 and the long arm near the telomere of chromosome pairs 10 and 28 contained NORs. From the GTG-banding and high-resolution banding techniques, the numbers of bands were 205 and 269, respectively, and each chromosome pair could be clearly differentiated. The karyotype formula for C. aureus is: 2n (diploid) t t t 78=L18+M18+S40+sex chromosomes. Key words Asiatic jackal, Canis aureus, Karyotype, Chromosome. The family Canidae is composed of 16 genera and 36 species of wolves, jackals, foxes and dogs (Nowak 1999). In Thailand, there are three species; domestic dog (Canis familiaris), Asiatic jackal (Ca. aureus) and Asian wild dog (Cuon alpinus). In Thailand, Ca. aureus may be confused with Cu. alpinus, but they differ morphologically in being generally greyish brown, not reddish, and by having the shoulder hairs tipped black, forming a saddle-like pattern. Also, the muzzle is not blackish as it is in Cu. alpinus, and the tail is short and blackish in only its distal third (Lekagul and McNeely 1988). Comparative analysis of chromosomes has also proved very useful because canids have a rich diversity of chromosome morphology ranging from species such as the red fox (Vulpes vulpes, * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.80.3 4 A. Tanomtong et al. Cytologia 80(1) Fig. 1. General characteristics of the Asiatic jackal (Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758) from Thailand. 2n=34) and cape fox (V. corsac, 2n=36), which have a low diploid chromosome number and all metacentric autosomes, to the Ca. familiaris, Coyote (Ca. latrans), gray wolf (Ca. lupus) and Cu. alpinus, which have a high diploid chromosome number (2n=78) and all acrocentric autosomes. The primitive canid karyotype has been reshuffled in different lineages in a way that reveals the phylogenetic history of the group. The evolutionary sequence of chromosomal rearrangements is deduced by differentially staining chromosomes and matching segments of similar banding patterns in different species (Wayne et al. 1987). The karyotype of C. aureus was first reported by Matthey (1954) and shows a diploid chromosome number (2n) of 74. In the present study, conventional staining, GTG-banding, high- resolution banding and Ag-NOR banding techniques were used for a more detailed chromosome characterization of C. aureus, and aspects of chromosome evolution of the family Canidae were discussed. Materials and methods The blood samples were collected by aseptic technique from two male and two female jackals (Fig. 1), kept in Khao Suan Kwang Zoo, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. The samples were placed in 10 ml vacuum tubes containing heparin to prevent blood clotting and cooled on ice until arriving at the laboratory. Lymphocytes were cultured using the whole blood microculture technique adapted from Rooney (2001). Cell culture Five millilitres of RPMI 1640 medium was prepared with 2% PHA (Phytohemagglutinin) as a mitogen and kept in blood culture flasks. Blood samples of 0.5 ml aliquots were dropped into a medium bottle and mixed well. The culture bottles were loosely capped, incubated at 37°C under a 5% carbon dioxide environment and regularly shaken in the morning and evening. After harvesting at the 72 h of incubation, colchicine was added and mixed well, followed by further incubation for 30 min. Cell harvest The blood sample mixture was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 5 min and the supernatant was discarded. Ten millilitres of hypotonic solution (0.075 M KCl) was applied to the pellet and the mixture incubated for 30 min. KCl was discarded from the supernatant after centrifugation again at 3,000 rpm for 5 min. Cells were fixed in a fresh cool fixative (3 methanol : 1 glacial acetic acid) 2015 The Standard Karyotype of the Asiatic Jackal Canis aureus from Thailand 5 gradually added up to 8 ml before centrifuging again at 3,000 rpm for 5 min, and the supernatant was discarded. The fixation was repeated until the supernatant was clear, then the pellet was mixed with 1 ml fixative. The mixture was dropped onto a clean and cold slide by a micropipette followed by the air-dry technique. The slide was conventionally stained with 20% Giemsa’s solution for 30 min. G-banding method The G-banding technique was adapted from Campiranont (2003). The slide was well dried and then soaked in working trypsin (0.025% trypsin EDTA) at 37°C before the termination of trypsin activity by washing the slide with Sorensen’s buffer. The slide was stained with 20% Giemsa’s solution for 30 min. High-resolution banding method The high-resolution banding technique was adapted from Rooney (2001). After the lymphocytes were cultured for 72 h, 0.05 ml of 10-5 M methotrexate was applied into the cultured lymphocytes to induce synchronization. The mixture was incubated again for 17 h before the methotrexate was discarded with the supernatant by centrifugation at 2,800 rpm. The pellet was mixed with 5 ml of the RPMI 1640 medium and centrifuged at 2,800 rpm. The supernatant was discarded before the cultured cells were released by adding 0.2 ml thymidine and incubating for 5 h and 15 min. Ag-NOR banding method Two drops each of 50% silver nitrate and 50% gelatin were added on slides, respectively which were sealed with cover glasses and incubated at 60°C for 3 h. They were then soaked in distilled water until cover glass separation. The slide was stained with 20% Giemsa’s solution for 1 min (Howell and Black 1980). Chromosomal checks, karyotyping and idiograming Chromosome counting was performed on mitotic metaphase cells under a light microscope. Twenty clearly observable and well-spread chromosomes of each male and female were selected and photographed. The length of short arm chromosome (Ls) and the length of long arm chromosome (Ll) were measured and calculated to the length of total arm chromosome (LT, LT=Ls+Ll). The relative length (RL), the centromeric index (CI) and standard deviation (SD) of RL and CI were estimated. CI was also computed to classify the types of chromosomes according to Chaiyasut (1989). All parameters were used in karyotyping and idiograming. Results and discussion The Ca. aureus showed a diploid chromosome number of 78 chromosomes, comprising 38 pairs of autosomal telocentric chromosomes (18 large, 18 medium and 40 small chromosomes) and two sex chromosomes, the largest metacentric X-chromosome and the smallest acrocentric Y-chromosome (Fig. 2). The fundamental number (NF, number of chromosome arm) were 80 in both sexes. This is different from a previous study by Matthey (1954), who reported that Ca. aureus was 2n=74. Species described from the family Canidae have 2n between 34 and 78. Most chromosomes are mono-armed in species with higher diploid chromosome numbers, while in species with lower 2n, they are bi-armed (Hatanaka and Galetti 1999). In the family Canidae a wide range of diploid chromosome numbers is observed (Wayne et al. 1987). Moreover, an extensive chromosome and karyotype polymorphism in some species has been described (Table 1) (Rogalska-Niznik et al. 2003). Ca. aureus, Ca. familiaris, Ca. latrans, Ca. 6 A. Tanomtong et al. Cytologia 80(1) Fig. 2. Metaphase chromosome plates and karyotypes of male (A) and female (B) Asiatic jackals (Canis aureus), 2n=78 by conventional staining technique. Scale bar indicates 10 μm. Table 1. Review of canids (foxes, wolves, jackal and dogs) cytogenetic publications in the family Canidae (Carnivora). Species 2n Karyotype formulas NF Sex chro. References Canis aureus 78 76t 80 X (m) Y (a) Present study 74 ̶ 76 ̶ Matthey (1954) Ca. familiaris 78 76a 80 X (m) Y (m) Selden et al. (1975) 78 ̶ ̶ ̶ Yang et al. (1999) 78 ̶ ̶ ̶ Graphodatsky et al. (2000) Ca. latrans 78 ̶ ̶ ̶ Wurster-Hill and Centerwall (1982) Ca. lupus 78 ̶ ̶ ̶ Wurster-Hill and Centerwall (1982) Cerdocyon thous 74 ̶ ̶ ̶ Nash et al. (2001) Cuon alpinus 78 ̶ ̶ ̶ Graphodatsky et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glimpse of an African… Wolf? Cécile Bloch
    $6.95 Glimpse of an African… Wolf ? PAGE 4 Saving the Red Wolf Through Partnerships PAGE 9 Are Gray Wolves Still Endangered? PAGE 14 Make Your Home Howl Members Save 10% Order today at shop.wolf.org or call 1-800-ELY-WOLF Your purchases help support the mission of the International Wolf Center. VOLUME 25, NO. 1 THE QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTER SPRING 2015 4 Cécile Bloch 9 Jeremy Hooper 14 Don Gossett In the Long Shadow of The Red Wolf Species Survival Are Gray Wolves Still the Pyramids and Beyond: Plan: Saving the Red Wolf Endangered? Glimpse of an African…Wolf? Through Partnerships In December a federal judge ruled Geneticists have found that some In 1967 the number of red wolves that protections be reinstated for of Africa’s golden jackals are was rapidly declining, forcing those gray wolves in the Great Lakes members of the gray wolf lineage. remaining to breed with the more wolf population area, reversing Biologists are now asking: how abundant coyote or not to breed at all. the USFWS’s 2011 delisting many golden jackals across Africa The rate of hybridization between the decision that allowed states to are a subspecies known as the two species left little time to prevent manage wolves and implement African wolf? Are Africa’s golden red wolf genes from being completely harvest programs for recreational jackals, in fact, wolves? absorbed into the expanding coyote purposes. If biological security is population. The Red Wolf Recovery by Cheryl Lyn Dybas apparently not enough rationale for Program, working with many other conservation of the species, then the organizations, has created awareness challenge arises to properly express and laid a foundation for the future to the ecological value of the species.
    [Show full text]
  • The Need to Address Black-Backed Jackal and Caracal Predation in South Africa
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Wildlife Damage Management Conferences -- Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center Proceedings for 2013 The Need to Address Black-backed Jackal and Caracal Predation in South Africa David L. Bergman United States Department of Agriculture, [email protected] HO De Waal University of the Free State Nico L. Avenant University of the Free State Michael J. Bodenchuk Texas Wildlife Services Program, [email protected] Michael C. Marlow United States Department of Agriculture See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_wdmconfproc Bergman, David L.; Waal, HO De; Avenant, Nico L.; Bodenchuk, Michael J.; Marlow, Michael C.; and Nolte, Dale L., "The Need to Address Black-backed Jackal and Caracal Predation in South Africa" (2013). Wildlife Damage Management Conferences -- Proceedings. 165. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_wdmconfproc/165 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wildlife Damage Management Conferences -- Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors David L. Bergman, HO De Waal, Nico L. Avenant, Michael J. Bodenchuk, Michael C. Marlow, and Dale L. Nolte This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ icwdm_wdmconfproc/165 The Need to Address Black-backed Jackal and Caracal Predation in South Africa David L. Bergman United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Phoenix, Arizona HO De Waal Department of Animal Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, African Large Predator Research Unit, Universi- ty of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Nico L.
    [Show full text]
  • (2019) Old World Canis Spp. with Taxonomic Ambiguity: Workshop Conclusions
    Old World Canis spp. with taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations Vairão, Portugal, 28th - 30th May 2019 Francisco Alvares1*, Wieslaw Bogdanowicz2, Liz A.D. Campbell3, Raquel Godinho1, Jennifer Hatlauf4, Yadvendradev V. Jhala5, Andrew C. Kitchener6, Klaus-Peter Koepfli7, Miha Krofel8, Helen Senn9, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri3,10, Suvi Viranta11, and Geraldine Werhahn3,10 1 CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources from Porto University, Vairão, Portugal. Email: [email protected] 2 Polish Academy of Sciences Poland. 3 Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK 4 Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria. 5 Wildlife Institute of India, India 6 National Museums Scotland, Department of Natural Sciences, Chambers Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1JF, UK 7 Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, Washington, D.C. USA 8 Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 9 Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK 10 IUCN SSC Canid specialist Group, Oxford, UK 11 University of Helsinki, Finland * Convener Introduction In response to a need for answers to questions regarding the taxonomy of several Old World Canis taxa, a work- shop of experts in taxonomy, evolution, biology and conservation of the Canidae took place in Vairão, Portugal, on 28th-30th May 2019, organised by CIBIO-InBIO and the IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group. See appendix
    [Show full text]
  • Canis Aureus) in Agro-Ecosystems of Bangladesh
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Publications Plant Health Inspection Service September 2007 Daytime cover, diet and space-use of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in agro-ecosystems of Bangladesh Michael M. Jaeger US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center Emdadul Haque Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI) Parvin Sultana Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI) Richard L. Bruggers US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Jaeger, Michael M.; Haque, Emdadul; Sultana, Parvin; and Bruggers, Richard L., "Daytime cover, diet and space-use of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in agro-ecosystems of Bangladesh" (2007). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 701. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/701 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Article in press - uncorrected proof Mammalia (2007): 1–10 ᮊ 2007 by Walter de Gruyter • Berlin • New York. DOI 10.1515/MAMM.2007.016 Daytime cover, diet and space-use of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in agro-ecosystems of Bangladesh Michael M. Jaeger1,*, Emdadul Haque2, Parvin systems (e.g., Macdonald 1979) that are able to exist in Sultana2 and Richard L.
    [Show full text]
  • Coyotes, I Reflect on the Remarkable Places I Visited, Exciting Species I Our Native Members of Wild Dog
    Texas Wildlife Association presents.... December 2012 Kid’s Quarterly Mini-Mag! Vol. 6 No. 4 Postcards from Nancy....By Cara Bierschwale Howdy, Friends! quickly thumbed through the guide’s pages. I couldn’t find a Traveling allows me much time to think about my description of jackals or hyenas (because they live in Africa), many wonderful adventures. As this year draws to an end, but did discover that the howls were coming from coyotes, I reflect on the remarkable places I visited, exciting species I our native members of wild dog. I also learned that as the encountered, and any major events that occurred in our state. country’s populations of wolves have declined, coyotes have Currently, I am camping at Bastrop State Park, a beautiful slowly taken over as the primary canine predator and are recreational area located in central Texas just east of Austin. very common throughout Texas. Believed to have once been part of a widespread Loblolly The next morning, I hiked a park trail towards an area pine and Post oak forest, this area is known as the “Lost Pines from which I heard the coyotes calling. Using my field of Texas.” As you may remember, a massive wildfire claimed guide, I looked for signs of their presence and marveled 96 percent of the park and its forests last year in September. at the recuperating forest’s sights and sounds. Insects and Now that much of the park is reopened, I animals have gradually moved in to take am amazed at nature’s recovering ways of advantage of the nutrient-rich soil, grasses, restoring a once-burned forest into a nursery shrubs, and tree saplings.
    [Show full text]
  • Canis Adustus – Side-Striped Jackal
    Canis adustus – Side-striped Jackal South Africa and thus we infer that the population is increasing or at least stable. The species has been observed in areas where Black-backed Jackals (Canis mesomelas) have either been extirpated or have declined in Mpumalanga. Furthermore, this species’ dietary breadth and ability to co-exist with humans in modified landscapes suggests that subpopulations are only threatened in extremely modified habitats or with disease epidemics. The mature population size has been estimated as 1,356 to 8,907 individuals based on a density of 1 breeding pair / 25 km2 across the area of occupancy (AOO) (16,950 km2) and extent of occurrence (EOO) (111,335 km2), respectively. Further density estimates from within the Emmanuel Do Linh San assessment region are necessary to refine this estimate. Additionally, the majority of the population exists within Regional Red List status (2016) Least Concern Kruger National Park and there are no systemic threats that could cause rapid population decline: Side-striped National Red List status (2004) Near Threatened (D1) Jackals are not perceived by landowners to be as much of Reasons for change Genuine change: a threat as Black-backed Jackals, and thus we suspect Range expansion persecution rates are lower; they have high reproductive rates which facilitates rapid recovery following crashes; Global Red List status (2014) Least Concern and the expansion of game farms may be increasing TOPS listing (NEMBA) (2007) None natural prey for this species. CITES listing None Regional population effects: The Side-striped Jackal is an edge of range species, therefore it is expected that Endemic No there is continuous distribution with the rest of its range.
    [Show full text]
  • Canis Aureus, Golden Jackal
    The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T118264161A46194820 Scope: Global Language: English Canis aureus, Golden Jackal Assessment by: Hoffmann, M., Arnold, J., Duckworth, J.W., Jhala, Y., Kamler, J.F. & Krofel, M. View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: Hoffmann, M., Arnold, J., Duckworth, J.W., Jhala, Y., Kamler, J.F. & Krofel, M. 2018. Canis aureus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T118264161A46194820. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T118264161A46194820.en Copyright: © 2018 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document,
    [Show full text]
  • The Heretical, Heterodox Howl: Jackals in P¯Ali Buddhist Literature
    religions Article The Heretical, Heterodox Howl: Jackals in Pali¯ Buddhist Literature Reiko Ohnuma Department of Religion, Dartmouth College, HB6036, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; [email protected] Received: 9 March 2019; Accepted: 20 March 2019; Published: 22 March 2019 Abstract: Buddhist literature in Pali¯ presents a world that is rich in animal imagery, with some animals carrying largely positive associations and other animals seen in a consistently negative light. Among the many species that populate the Pali¯ imaginaire, the jackal bears a particular status as a much-maligned beast. Jackals are depicted in Pali¯ literature as lowly, inferior, greedy, and cunning creatures. The jackal, as a natural scavenger, exists on the periphery of both human and animal society and is commonly associated with carrion, human corpses, impurity, and death. In this paper, I am interested in the use of the jackal as an image for both heresy and heterodoxy—that is, the jackal’s consistent association with heretical Buddhist figures, such as Devadatta, and with heterodox teachers, such as the leaders of competing saman. a movements. Why was the jackal such an appropriate animal to stand for those who hold the wrong views? And how does association with such an animal sometimes result in a particularly nefarious sort of dehumanization that goes against the teachings of Buddhism? Keywords: Buddhism; animals; jackal; heresy; heterodoxy 1. Introduction Theravada¯ Buddhist literature preserved in Pali¯ (both canonical and commentarial, and dating from perhaps the 3rd c. BCE to the 5th c. CE) presents a world that is rich in animal imagery, with some animals carrying largely positive associations and other animals seen in a consistently negative light.1 Thus, the lion is the “king of beasts” and sovereign of the jungle, and its roar is a common image for the Buddha’s preaching of the Dhamma.
    [Show full text]
  • And Indian Wolf (Canis Lupus Pallipes) with Ketamine Hydrochloride–Xylazine Hydrochloride
    DOI: 10.1002/vms3.35 Case Report Chemical immobilisation of dhole (Cuon alpinus), Indian jackal (Canis aureus indicus) and Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) with ketamine hydrochloride–xylazine hydrochloride † † Sanath Krishna Muliya*, Arun A. Shanmugam , Pa. Kalaignan*, Linto Antony , † Harikrishnan Chandranpillai and Nirupama Jaisingh* † *Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bannerghatta, Bangalore, 560 083, India and Bannerghatta Bear Rescue Center, Wildlife SOS, Bannerghatta, Bangalore, 560 083, India Abstract Maintaining wild animals in captivity often requires chemical immobilisation to achieve various diagnostic, sur- gical and management interventions. Four dholes, two Indian grey wolves and four Indian jackals were immo- bilised using ketamine–xylazine combination for either medical or management interventions. Based on the À À estimated body weight, canids were darted upon with 6–8mgkg 1 ketamine and 0.7–1.14 mg kg 1 xylazine. Initial signs of drug effect included decreased mentation and progressive ataxia followed by recumbency. The mean Æ SD of induction time was 14.25 Æ 2.75 (range: 11–17 min), 11 Æ 3.16 (range: 8–15 min) and 15.5 Æ 3.54 (range: 13–18 min) in dhole, Indian jackal and Indian wolf, respectively. Hyperthermia was ini- tially observed in all the jackals and dholes, whereas rectal temperature in wolves remained well within the normal range for canids. The mean duration of anaesthesia was 31 Æ 8.83 (range: 23–43 min), 32.5 Æ 5.32 (range: 26–39 min) and 30.5 Æ 7.78 (range: 25–36 min) in dhole, Indian jackal and Indian wolf, respectively, with subsequent smooth and uneventful recovery in all the cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Canids of the World Wolves, Wild Dogs, Foxes
    INTRODUCTION © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. RECOGNITION The Canid family is a lineage of terrestrial carnivorans, adapted for swift running, which includes Wolves, Coyotes, Jackals, Foxes, Dogs, Dingoes, Dholes and other Dog-like mammals, with a total of 13 genera and at least 37 extant species. They are mostly social animals, living together in family units or small groups and behaving cooperatively. Most are seasonal breeders producing a single litter each year. They exhibit many reproductive and behavioral traits uncommon in other mammals, such as monogamy with paternal care, long-term incorporation of young adults into the social group, alloparenting, inhibition of reproduction in subordinate individuals, monoestrus, and a copulatory tie. They inhabit temperate and tropical forests, savanna, tundra and deserts throughout the world, with the exception of some oceanic islands and Antarctica. Most Canids feed on mammalian prey, but vegetable matter, carrion, and invertebrates are also an important source of food in many species. Size and body shape (fig. 1): Canids vary widely in size, from the Gray Wolf, which may be up to 160 cm long, and can weigh up to 80 kg, to the diminutive Fennec Fox, which may be as little as 24 cm in length, and weighs less than 1 kg. Most Fox species weigh 1.5 to 9.0 kg, while most other species are 5 to 27 kg. Body lengths (without tail) range between 35 and 160 cm, and tail lengths are approximately 12 to 56 cm.
    [Show full text]
  • Canis Lupaster) and Side-Striped Jackals (Canis Adustus) in an Arid Environment from West Africa
    diversity Article Resource Partitioning of Sympatric African Wolves (Canis lupaster) and Side-Striped Jackals (Canis adustus) in an Arid Environment from West Africa Maria João Paúl 1 , Jorge F. Layna 2, Pedro Monterroso 1 and Francisco Álvares 1,* 1 CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigacão em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; [email protected] (M.J.P.); [email protected] (P.M.) 2 Consultores en Iniciativas Ambientales, S.L., Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales, C/Arquitectura 7, 28005 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.:+351-9660-34142 Received: 14 September 2020; Accepted: 11 December 2020; Published: 15 December 2020 Abstract: Knowledge on interference competition between species, particularly for scarce crucial resources, such as water, is a topic of increasing relevance for wildlife management given climate change scenarios. This study focuses on two sympatric canids, the African wolf and the side-striped jackal, to evaluate their group size and spatiotemporal activity patterns in the use of a limited resource by monitoring artificial waterholes in a semi-arid environment located in Senegal (West Africa). Remote cameras were deployed at five artificial waterholes to evaluate the number of individuals, age and activity patterns of resource use. African wolves (n = 71; 31% of all carnivore detections) and side-striped jackals (n = 104; 45%) were the most detected carnivore species. While both canids tended to occur alone at waterholes, they showed an evident monthly variation in group size. Both species showed a high activity overlap, with a bimodal activity pattern in waterhole use.
    [Show full text]
  • The Golden Jackal in Slovakia
    Slamka et al. Golden jackal in Slovakia Copyright © 2017 by the IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. ISSN 1478-2677 Distribution update The golden jackal in Slovakia Marián Slamka1*, Peter Kaštier2 and Matej Schwarz3 1 National Forest Centre – Forest Research Institute Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 22, 960 92 Zvolen, Slovakia. Email: [email protected] 2 National Forest Centre – Forest Research Institute Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 22, 960 92 Zvolen, Slovakia. Email: [email protected] 3 National Forest Centre – Forest Research Institute Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 22, 960 92 Zvolen, Slovakia. Email: [email protected] * Correspondence author Keywords: Canis aureus, distribution update, natural range, Slovakia, spread northward. Abstract Within a framework of its invasion to European countries that took place in two distinctive waves in the 1960s and 1980s, golden jackal Canis aureus also recolonised the southern parts of Slovakia. The first official record of its re- cent presence comes from 1989. In 2001, the Slovak legislative process categorised golden jackal into the game with year-round protection. Its controlled hunting was legally allowed in 2009. In this study, we present current findings on the golden jackal’s current distribution in Slovakia. As a main data source, we used the Hunters’ Statisti- cal Yearbook of the Slovak Republic by the National Forest Centre. The golden jackal continues to spread north- wards, and repeated reports on its presence suggest that the range of the species has expanded into Slovakia. Introduction August to the end of February (Anon. 2009a). In the first season, three specimens were hunted down. Hunting statistics, particularly the spring stocks, show a yearly increase in golden jackal population.
    [Show full text]