A Species with Seed Size Smaller Than Mesh Size;

1TABLE S1. Life forms, fruit type, dispersal mode, phenophase(s) analyzed, and species code of the 48 studied species in the Fushan

2subtropical rain forest.

Species Family Life form Fruit type Dispersal mode Phenophase(s) analyzed Species code

Aeschynanthus acuminatusa Gesneriaceae Climber Capsule Anemochory Flowering AESCAC

Ampelopsis cantoniensis Vitaceae Climber Berry Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting AMPECA

Ardisia quinquegona Myrsinaceae Shrub Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting ARDIQU

Blastus cochinchinensisa Melastomataceae Shrub Capsule Anemochory Flowering BLASCO

Castanopsis spp. Fagaceae Tree Nut Zoochory Flowering CASTAN

Cinnamomum micranthum Lauraceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering CINNMI

Cinnamomum subavenium Lauraceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering CINNSU

Clematis crassifolia Ranunculaceae Climber Achene Anemochory Flowering & Fruiting CLEMCR

Cleyera japonica Theaceae Tree Berry Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting CLEYJA

Cryptocarya chinensis Lauraceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering CRYPCH

Cyclobalanopsis gilva Fagaceae Tree Nut Zoochory Flowering CYCLGI

Cyclobalanopsis longinux Fagaceae Tree Nut Zoochory Flowering CYCLLO

Diospyros morrisiana Ebenaceae Tree Berry Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting DIOSMO

Dischidia formosanaa Apocynaceae Climber Follicle Anemochory Flowering DISCFO

Elaeocarpus japonicus Elaeocarpaceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting ELAEJA

Elatostema lineolatum var. majusa Urticaceae Herb Achene Zoochory Flowering ELATLI

1 1 Engelhardtia roxburghiana Juglandaceae Tree Nut Anemochory Flowering & Fruiting ENGERO

Eurya loquaianaa Theaceae Shrub Berry Zoochory Flowering EURYLO

Glochidion acuminatum Euphorbiaceae Tree Capsule Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting GLOCAC

Helicia formosana Proteaceae Tree Nut Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting HELIFO

Hoya carnosa Apocynaceae Climber Follicle Anemochory Flowering & Fruiting HOYACA

Lagerstroemia subcostata Lythraceae Tree Capsule Anemochory Flowering & Fruiting LAGESU

Lasianthus spp. Rubiaceae Shrub Berry Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting LASIAN

Litsea acuminata Lauraceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting LITSAC

Machilus thunbergii Lauraceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting MACHTH

Machilus zuihoensis Lauraceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting MACHZU

Maesa japonicaa Myrsinaceae Shrub Berry Zoochory Flowering MAESJA

Maesa perlaria var. formosanaa Myrsinaceae Shrub Berry Zoochory Flowering MAESPE

Melastoma candiduma Melastomataceae Shrub Capsule Zoochory Flowering MELACA

Meliosma squamulata Sabiaceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting MELISQ

Michelia compressa Magnoliaceae Tree Follicle Zoochory Flowering MICHCO

Miscanthus floridulusb Gramineae Herb Caryopsis Anemochory Fruiting MISCFL

Mussaenda pubescensa Rubiaceae Shrub Berry Zoochory Flowering MUSSPU

Myrsine seguinii Myrsinaceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting MYRSSE

Pachycentria formosanaa Melastomataceae Shrub Berry Zoochory Flowering PACHFO

Pericampylus formosanusb Menispermaceae Shrub Drupe Zoochory Fruiting PERIFO

1 2 Pothos chinensis Araceae Climber Berry Zoochory Flowering POTHCH

Prunus phaeosticta Rosaceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting PRUNPH

Psychotria serpens Rubiaceae Climber Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting PSYCSE

Pyrenaria shinkoensis Theaceae Tree Capsule Anemochory Flowering & Fruiting PYRESH

Randia cochinchinensisa Rubiaceae Tree Berry Zoochory Flowering RANDCO

Rhus succedanea Anacardiaceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering RHUSSU

Rubus pyrifolius Rosaceae Climber Berry Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting RUBUPY

Schefflera octophylla Araliaceae Tree Berry Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting SCHEOC

Smilax spp. Smilacaceae Climber Berry Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting SMILAX

Symplocos theophrastifolia Symplocaceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting SYMPTH

Tricalysia dubia Rubiaceae Tree Berry Zoochory Flowering TRICDU

Vaccinium emarginatuma Ericaceae Shrub Berry Zoochory Flowering VACCEM 1 2a Species with seed size smaller than mesh size;

3b Species with flower size smaller than mesh size.

1 3 1TABLE S2. Significant phylogenetic eigenvectors and their relative importance in phylogenetic

2eigenvector regression models for flowering and fruiting. Phylogenetic eigenvectors were

3extracted from phylogeny of the studies species. A total of 45 and 23 eigenvectors were extracted

4for flowering and fruiting, respectively. These eigenvectors describe phylogenetic structures of

5different evolutionary depths.

Axis no. R2 Cumulative Cumulative P-value R2 R2 adjusted Flowering phenology

6 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.033 13 0.10 0.20 0.16 0.012 10 0.08 0.28 0.23 0.025 31 0.08 0.37 0.30 0.018

Fruiting phenology

1 0.39 0.39 0.36 0.003 13 0.16 0.55 0.51 0.040 12 0.12 0.68 0.63 0.011 6 0.09 0.77 0.72 0.016 11 0.06 0.83 0.78 0.045 10 0.05 0.87 0.83 0.029 4 0.05 0.92 0.88 0.008 6

2FIGURE S1. Phylogeny of the 46 species with sufficient flower records for data analysis, and the 45 phylogenetic eigenvectors

3extracted from the phylogenetic distance matrix.

2FIGURE S2. Phylogeny of the 24 species with sufficient seed numbers for data analysis, and the 23 phylogenetic eigenvectors

3extracted from the phylogenetic distance matrix.