<p>1TABLE S1. Life forms, fruit type, dispersal mode, phenophase(s) analyzed, and species code of the 48 studied species in the Fushan </p><p>2subtropical rain forest.</p><p>Species Family Life form Fruit type Dispersal mode Phenophase(s) analyzed Species code</p><p>Aeschynanthus acuminatusa Gesneriaceae Climber Capsule Anemochory Flowering AESCAC</p><p>Ampelopsis cantoniensis Vitaceae Climber Berry Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting AMPECA</p><p>Ardisia quinquegona Myrsinaceae Shrub Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting ARDIQU</p><p>Blastus cochinchinensisa Melastomataceae Shrub Capsule Anemochory Flowering BLASCO</p><p>Castanopsis spp. Fagaceae Tree Nut Zoochory Flowering CASTAN</p><p>Cinnamomum micranthum Lauraceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering CINNMI</p><p>Cinnamomum subavenium Lauraceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering CINNSU</p><p>Clematis crassifolia Ranunculaceae Climber Achene Anemochory Flowering & Fruiting CLEMCR</p><p>Cleyera japonica Theaceae Tree Berry Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting CLEYJA</p><p>Cryptocarya chinensis Lauraceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering CRYPCH</p><p>Cyclobalanopsis gilva Fagaceae Tree Nut Zoochory Flowering CYCLGI</p><p>Cyclobalanopsis longinux Fagaceae Tree Nut Zoochory Flowering CYCLLO</p><p>Diospyros morrisiana Ebenaceae Tree Berry Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting DIOSMO</p><p>Dischidia formosanaa Apocynaceae Climber Follicle Anemochory Flowering DISCFO</p><p>Elaeocarpus japonicus Elaeocarpaceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting ELAEJA</p><p>Elatostema lineolatum var. majusa Urticaceae Herb Achene Zoochory Flowering ELATLI</p><p>1 1 Engelhardtia roxburghiana Juglandaceae Tree Nut Anemochory Flowering & Fruiting ENGERO</p><p>Eurya loquaianaa Theaceae Shrub Berry Zoochory Flowering EURYLO</p><p>Glochidion acuminatum Euphorbiaceae Tree Capsule Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting GLOCAC</p><p>Helicia formosana Proteaceae Tree Nut Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting HELIFO</p><p>Hoya carnosa Apocynaceae Climber Follicle Anemochory Flowering & Fruiting HOYACA</p><p>Lagerstroemia subcostata Lythraceae Tree Capsule Anemochory Flowering & Fruiting LAGESU</p><p>Lasianthus spp. Rubiaceae Shrub Berry Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting LASIAN</p><p>Litsea acuminata Lauraceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting LITSAC</p><p>Machilus thunbergii Lauraceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting MACHTH</p><p>Machilus zuihoensis Lauraceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting MACHZU</p><p>Maesa japonicaa Myrsinaceae Shrub Berry Zoochory Flowering MAESJA</p><p>Maesa perlaria var. formosanaa Myrsinaceae Shrub Berry Zoochory Flowering MAESPE</p><p>Melastoma candiduma Melastomataceae Shrub Capsule Zoochory Flowering MELACA</p><p>Meliosma squamulata Sabiaceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting MELISQ</p><p>Michelia compressa Magnoliaceae Tree Follicle Zoochory Flowering MICHCO</p><p>Miscanthus floridulusb Gramineae Herb Caryopsis Anemochory Fruiting MISCFL</p><p>Mussaenda pubescensa Rubiaceae Shrub Berry Zoochory Flowering MUSSPU</p><p>Myrsine seguinii Myrsinaceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting MYRSSE</p><p>Pachycentria formosanaa Melastomataceae Shrub Berry Zoochory Flowering PACHFO</p><p>Pericampylus formosanusb Menispermaceae Shrub Drupe Zoochory Fruiting PERIFO</p><p>1 2 Pothos chinensis Araceae Climber Berry Zoochory Flowering POTHCH</p><p>Prunus phaeosticta Rosaceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting PRUNPH</p><p>Psychotria serpens Rubiaceae Climber Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting PSYCSE</p><p>Pyrenaria shinkoensis Theaceae Tree Capsule Anemochory Flowering & Fruiting PYRESH</p><p>Randia cochinchinensisa Rubiaceae Tree Berry Zoochory Flowering RANDCO</p><p>Rhus succedanea Anacardiaceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering RHUSSU</p><p>Rubus pyrifolius Rosaceae Climber Berry Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting RUBUPY</p><p>Schefflera octophylla Araliaceae Tree Berry Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting SCHEOC</p><p>Smilax spp. Smilacaceae Climber Berry Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting SMILAX</p><p>Symplocos theophrastifolia Symplocaceae Tree Drupe Zoochory Flowering & Fruiting SYMPTH</p><p>Tricalysia dubia Rubiaceae Tree Berry Zoochory Flowering TRICDU</p><p>Vaccinium emarginatuma Ericaceae Shrub Berry Zoochory Flowering VACCEM 1 2a Species with seed size smaller than mesh size;</p><p>3b Species with flower size smaller than mesh size.</p><p>1 3 1TABLE S2. Significant phylogenetic eigenvectors and their relative importance in phylogenetic </p><p>2eigenvector regression models for flowering and fruiting. Phylogenetic eigenvectors were </p><p>3extracted from phylogeny of the studies species. A total of 45 and 23 eigenvectors were extracted</p><p>4for flowering and fruiting, respectively. These eigenvectors describe phylogenetic structures of </p><p>5different evolutionary depths.</p><p>Axis no. R2 Cumulative Cumulative P-value R2 R2 adjusted Flowering phenology </p><p>6 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.033 13 0.10 0.20 0.16 0.012 10 0.08 0.28 0.23 0.025 31 0.08 0.37 0.30 0.018 </p><p>Fruiting phenology</p><p>1 0.39 0.39 0.36 0.003 13 0.16 0.55 0.51 0.040 12 0.12 0.68 0.63 0.011 6 0.09 0.77 0.72 0.016 11 0.06 0.83 0.78 0.045 10 0.05 0.87 0.83 0.029 4 0.05 0.92 0.88 0.008 6</p><p>1 4 1</p><p>2FIGURE S1. Phylogeny of the 46 species with sufficient flower records for data analysis, and the 45 phylogenetic eigenvectors </p><p>3extracted from the phylogenetic distance matrix.</p><p>1 5 1</p><p>2FIGURE S2. Phylogeny of the 24 species with sufficient seed numbers for data analysis, and the 23 phylogenetic eigenvectors </p><p>3extracted from the phylogenetic distance matrix.</p><p>1 6</p>