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Ann. For. Res. 58(1): 67-79, 2015 ANNALS OF FOREST RESEARCH DOI: 10.15287/afr.2015.302 www.afrjournal.org Bark- and wood-boring beetles on Scots pine logging residues from final felling: Effects of felling date, deposition location and diameter of logging residues J. Foit Foit J., 2015. Bark- and wood-boring beetles on Scots pine logging residues from fi nal felling: effects of felling date, deposition location and diameter of logging residues. Ann. For. Res. 58(1): 67-79. Abstract. To reduce the risk of bark- and wood-boring beetle pests, the ex- tensive removal of logging residues is conducted in forests; however, this practice can lead to a loss of saproxylic insect diversity. Thus, finding a bet- ter pest management strategy is needed and requires additional information on the actual effects of various, differently treated logging residues for pest multiplication. In the present study, a total of 2,160 fragments of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) logging residues generated during final felling in a sin- gle stand in the Drahanská Highlands in the Czech Republic were examined for bark- and wood-boring beetles. The felling occurred on four dates in 2006 (in February, May, August and November). The logging residues from each felling were left scattered on the clear-cut area or were gathered into piles. The fauna inhabiting the logging residues were investigated by peeling off the bark during the first six months of the vegetative period following the felling. The logging residues hosted species-rich assemblages of bark- and wood-boring beetles (25 species were identified). Beetle occurrence was significantly affected by felling date, logging residue type (trunk fragment or branch and branch thinner or thicker than 1 cm), diameter and the manner in which the logging residues were deposited (freely scattered, top pile layer, or bottom pile layer). The Scots pine logging residues were a substrate for the significant multiplication of several potentially significant pests (par- ticularly, Pityogenes chalcographus [Linnaeus], Ips acuminatus [Gyllenhal] and Pityophthorus pityographus [Ratzeburg]). The results indicated that the risk of pest reproduction can be minimised by felling the trees in August (and probably also September and October). For I. acuminatus and P. pityo- graphus, the risk can be minimised by gathering the logging residues into piles. Keywords branch, pest, pile, Pinus sylvestris, saproxylic beetle, treetop Authors. Jiří Foit ([email protected]) - Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel Uni- versity in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Manuscript received October 22, 2014; revised December 25, 2014; accepted Jan- uary 04, 2015; online fi rst January 30, 2015. 67 Ann. For. Res. 58(1): 67-79, 2015 Research article Introduction including substrate metric parameters, such as bark thickness (Zhang et al. 1993, Foit 2010) Logging residues (LRs) form a substantial and diameter (Schiegg 2001, Lindhe & Lin- portion of the dead wood in managed forests. delöw 2004, Lindhe et al. 2005, Jonsell et al. Most LRs are produced during the fi nal fell- 2007, Maňák 2007, Jonsell 2008b, Foit 2010). ing. Although LRs from fi nal fellings do not Sun exposure (Jonsell et al. 2004, Lindhe & include substrates with thick bark, a variety of Lindelöw 2004, Lindhe et al. 2005, Jonsell thin-barked substrates with a wide range of di- 2008b), moisture (Wallace 1953, Larkin & ameters (i.e., from the thinnest branches with Elbourn 1964), decomposition stage (Wallace diameters of less than 1 cm to thick tree tops 1953, Vanderwel et al. 2006, Jonsell 2008b) with diameters exceeding 7 cm) are found. and the presence of other organisms (Jonsell Moreover, LRs (as well as stumps) from fi nal et al. 2005, Abrahamsson et al. 2008, Weslien fellings generally experience high exposure to et al. 2011) are of remarkable signifi cance for the sun, whereas most of the dead wood in man- the occurrence of saproxylic beetles in vari- aged forests is shaded; thus, these substrates ous substrates. Because of these associations, are specifi c and important for many saproxylic known breeding substrate requirements and beetles (Jonsell 2008a, b, Bouget et al. 2012, timing of mating and egg laying of particular Jonsell & Schroder 2015). Additionally, LRs BWBB species (Schwenke 1972), it is possible from fi nal fellings can serve as substrates for that the colonisation of LRs by BWBBs is in- the development of forest bark- and wood- fl uenced by the date of LR production (felling boring pests (particularly bark beetles), and date). This has been documented for several in specifi c circumstances, these LRs facilitate BWBB species that develop in Norway spruce pest multiplication and outbreaks (Schroeder (Picea abies L. [Karst.]) LRs resulting from 2008). Therefore, various strategies for the re- pre-commercial thinning (Kula & Kajfosz moval of LRs (e.g., hauling, burning, and chip- 2006, 2007) and in Scots pine (Pinus sylves- ping) are often recommended to prevent pest tris L.) stumps (Foit 2012a). Furthermore, the multiplication (DeGomez et al. 2008). How- felling date was found to strongly affect Pityo- ever, the extensive removal of LRs can lead genes chalcographus (Linnaeus) occurrence on to the extinction of rare saproxylic species and various Scots pine LRs (Foit 2012b). The post- a loss of overall diversity, and the removal of felling deposition of LRs (i.e., left scattered or sun-exposed LRs from fi nal fellings might be concentrated into piles) affected Ips pini (Say) of particular signifi cance (Jonsell et al. 2007, occurrence on LRs from ponderosa pine (Pi- Jonsell 2008a, b, Fossestøl & Sverdrup-Thy- nus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson) and lodgepole geson 2009, Bouget et al. 2012, Jonsell & pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loudon) (Six Schroder 2015). et al. 2002) and infl uenced the occurrence and A necessary prerequisite to fi nding a way development success of P. chalcographus on to decrease the risk of multiplication of bark- Norway spruce LRs (Kacprzyk 2012). and wood-boring beetle (BWBB) pests on LRs The goals of this study were to investigate without extensive LR removal is to increase which BWBB species developed and multi- the understanding of the ecology of BWBBs plied on Scots pine LRs that were generated in (or generally, saproxylic beetles), including a fi nal felling and to assess the effects of vari- how they are infl uenced by the date of LR ous habitat variables, including the type and production, the post-felling treatments of LRs diameter of the LR fragments, the felling date, and other characteristics. In general, the oc- and the post-felling deposition of LRs, on the currence of saproxylic beetles on LRs or dead occurrence of the recorded species. wood is affected by substrate characteristics, 68 Foit Bark- and wood-boring beetles on Scots pine ... Materials and methods sampling date, in each section of the stands felled on different dates, ten branches (2-5 cm Study site in diameter) and fi ve trunk fragments from tree tops (1 m in length and 5-18 cm in diam- The research was conducted at a single stand eter) were sampled from the following loca- in the southern Drahanská Highland in the tions: i) freely scattered LR, ii) the top layer Czech Republic. The climate is characterised (approximately within 40 cm from the top) of by a mean annual temperature of 8.4−8.5°C LR piles, and iii) the bottom layer (approxi- and an average annual rainfall of approximate- mately below 60 cm from the top) of LR piles. ly 580−590 mm. The study stand (49°16’01”N Consequently, 2,160 LR fragments (i.e., 360 and 16°37’15”E) was 0.99 ha in area, between branches and 180 trunk fragments in each of 370 and 400 m in elevation and located on a 4 sections of the stand) were sampled. Only southeast- to southwest-facing slope with a branches that were at least 1 m in length and 2 gradient of approximately 10%. The even- cm in diameter at the base were sampled. Parts aged stand was 114 years old in 2006, when of the sampled branches that were less than 1 the fi nal felling was conducted. The main can- cm in diameter were sampled separately; a to- opy mainly comprised Scots pine (77%), Euro- tal of 3,600 samples was collected. The branch pean larch (13%, Larix decidua Mill.) and ses- or trunk length and diameter were recorded for sile oak (7%, Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl.). each sampled LR fragment. Each sample was Norway spruce, European hornbeam (Carpi- entirely debarked, and the BWBB (phloemo-, nus betulus L.) and European birch (Betula xylo- and xylomycetophagous) species present pendula Roth) were also present. The forests were identifi ed based on gallery characteris- in the study area were traditionally managed tics or on the morphological traits of imagoes using a clear-cutting system and the prevailing or larvae (Švácha & Danilevsky 1986, 1987, artifi cial regeneration. 1988, Bílý 1989, Bense 1995, Pfeffer 1995). Furthermore, the gallery coverage of each spe- Sampling cies was evaluated on a semilogarithmic, six- degree scale based on a visual estimation of The study stand was divided into four sections the percentage of the area exploited by the spe- of equal area, and the felling was conducted cies within the sample mantle (< 1%, 1−5%, on a different date in each section. The felling 6−25%, 26−50%, 51−75% and > 75%, see dates were 10th February, 11th May, 14th August Braun-Blanquet 1964). and 10th November 2006. With each felling, Three temperature and humidity sensors LRs were produced from 40 (or slightly more) (Minikin THi, EMS Brno) were used to de- pine trees. All of the trees were removed from termine the microclimate characteristics of the felled site, creating a sun-exposed clear-cut the LR piles.

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