Discipline of Specialty, 4TH Year Course, Autumn Semester

MODERN METHODS OF PARTICLE REGISTRATION (Discipline of specialty, 4TH year course, autumn semester)

The goals of studying the discipline

Extended study of modern detectors of nuclear radiations, comparison of their characteristics and possibilities of their usage in different experiments on the particle accelerators, and also with the cosmic rays. Content of the discipline (18 lectures for 2 hours)

Theme 1. Formation of a signal in the counter with vacuum PHEM (PHOTO ELECTRONIC MULTIPLIER) 1.1. Structure of PHEM 1.2. Sources of the light signals 1.2.1 Mechanism of the luminescence in NaI(Tl) 1.2.2. Mechanism of the luminescence in the organic scintillators 1.2.3. Cherenkov radiation 1.3. Transformation of the absorbed energy in the scintillator counter to electric signal 1.4. Statistics of formation of signals in PHEM 1.5. Amplitude properties of PHEM 1.5.1 Influence of the magnetic field 1.5.2 Influence of the temperature 1.6. Time properties of PHEM 1.7. Noises 1.7.1 After-impulses Theme 2. TYPES OF PHEM AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS 2.1. Determination of the sensitivity of photocathodes 2.2. Spectral characteristics of different types of photocathode 2.3 Photoelectron collection coefficient 2.4. Heterogeneity of photocathodes 2.5. Amplitude spectra of PHEM 2.6. Photo detectors with low sensitivity to the magnetic field 2.7. Radiation stability of PHEM 2.8. Miniaturization of PHEM

Theme 3. TRANSMISSION OF THE LIGHT TO THE PHOTOCATHODE 3.1. Full inner reflection 3.2. Loss of the light on the medium boundaries with different indices of refraction 3.3 Methods of increasing the sensitivity of PHEM 3.4. Shift of the light spectrum 3.5. Reflecting surfaces 3.5.1. Mirror reflection 3.5.2. Diffusion reflection 3.5.3. New types of the reflectors

Theme 4. Organic scintillators 4.1. The structure and characteristic properties 4.2. Damping of the scintillations 4.3. Influence of the external factors on the light output of plastic scintillators 4.3.1. Temperature 4.3.2. Magnetic field 4.3.3. Aging 4.3.4. Radiational stability

Theme 5. LIGHT GUIDES 5.1 Parallelepiped 5.2. Passage from the narrow scintillator facet to the round window of PHEM 5.3. Hollow light guides 5.4. Spectrum shifting light guides 5.5. Fiber optics

Theme 6. COUNTERS WITH THE ORGANIC SCINTILLATORS 6.1. Telescope 6.2. Identification of the charged particles 6.3. Fluctuations of the ionization losses 6.4. DETECTION OF THE NEUTRONS 6.5. Deuterium filled scintillators

Theme 7. SOLID STATE PHOTODIODS 7.1. Silicon PIN-structures 7.2. Drift photodiodes 7.3. Photodiodes on the base of compound semi-conductors 7.4. Energy resolution of the photodiodes 7.5. Silicon avalanche photodiodes 7.5.1. Energy resolution 7.5.2. Registration of weak light flashes 7.6. Comparison of the characteristics of solid states and vacuum photodetectors

Theme 8. SPECTROMETRIC COUNTERS ON THE BASE OF INORGANIC SCINTILLATORS 8.1. General questions 8.2. Sodium iodide 8.3. Cesium iodide 8.4. Bismuth germanate 8.5. Fluoride 8.5.1. Barium fluoride 8.5.2. Cesium fluoride 8.6. Massive fast scintillating crystals 8.6.1. Gadolinium silicate 8.6.2 Plumbum wolframite 8.7. Small heavy fast scintillators 8.7.1. Lutetium silicate 8.7.2. Lutetium aluminate 8.7.3. Perovskite 8.8. Limit energy resolution. 8.9. Radiational stability

Theme 9. SEPARATION OF THE PARTICLES BY THE IMPULSE FORM 9.1. The impulse form in the organic scintillator 9.1.1. Discrimination of the radiations by the impulse form 9.2. Identification of the radiation by counters with inorganic crystals 9.2.1. Cesium iodide 9.2.2. Barium fluoride 9.3. Fore switch detectors

Theme 10. TEMPORAL SPECTROMETRY 10.1. Duration of the light signals 10.2. Temporal fluctuations in PHEM 10.3. Temporal resolution 10.3.1. Introductory remarks 10.3.2. Inorganic crystals 10.3.3. Organic scintillators 10.3.4. Inorganic scintillators with fast response 10.4. Discrimination with the tracking threshold 10.5. Extensive scintillators

Theme11. SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS 11.1. Zonal structure 11.2. Formation of the p-n-transition 11.3. Energy resolution 11.4. Types of the silicon detectors 11.5. Charge collection time 11.6. Germanium detectors 11.7. Application in experiments with relativistic particles 11.7.1. Coordinate detectors

Theme12. Scintillation detectors of full absorption 12.1. Introductory remarks 12.2. Electromagnetic calorimeters 12.2.1. Spatial picture of the showers 12.2.2. Monocrystal calorimeters: Sodium Iodide Bismuth germanate Cesium Iodide Plumbum Wolframite 12.2.3. Calorimeters on the base of plastic scintillators 12.3. Hadronic calorimeters

Theme 13. POSITION SENSITIVE DETECTORS 13.1. Vacuum PHEM 13.1.1. Coordinate devices on the base of scintillating fiber 13.2. Hybrid photodiodes 13.3. Solid state photomultipliers 13.4. Devices with the charge connection 13.5. Electron-optical transformers 13.6. Comparison of the characteristics

Theme 14. IONISATIONAL GASEOUS DETECTORS 14.1. Electrons and ions in gases 14.2. Ionization chambers, proportional and gas-discharging counters 14.3. Multiwire and strip proportional chambers 14.4 Chambers with narrow gas layers 14.4.1. Microgrid gaseous structure 14.4.2. Pestov counter and resistant lamellar chambers 14.5. Drift chambers 14.6. Drift pipes 14.6.1. Registration of the transitional radiation

Theme 15. GASEOUS COORDINATE PHOTODETECTORS 15.1. Photosensitive gases 15.2. Photo cathodes made from CsI 15.3. Avalanche PHEM 15.4. Thin electron multipliers

Theme 16. APPLICATION OF STINTILLATIONS IN THE INERT GASES 16.1. The luminescence mechanism 16.2. Scintillational properties 16.3. Electroluminescence. Proportional counters 16.4. Liquid detectors

Theme 17. DETECTORS OF THE CHERENKOV RADIATION 17.1. Cherenkov radiators 17.2 Aerogel counters 17.3. RICH-detectors 17.4. Calorimeters 17.4.1. Detection of the electromagnetic showers 17.4.2. Calorimeters with the quartz fibers 17.4.3. Scintillational-cherenkov calorimeters 17.5. Water detectors for searching of the neutrino oscillations, registrations of showers from cosmic particles of superhigh energies and neutrino astronomy

Theme 18. The synchrotron radiation and its detection