Simbolna Anihilacija Žensk V Diskurzu Športnega Novinarstva

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Simbolna Anihilacija Žensk V Diskurzu Športnega Novinarstva UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Barbara Bejek Simbolna anihilacija žensk v diskurzu športnega novinarstva Magistrsko delo Ljubljana, 2016 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Barbara Bejek Mentor: doc. dr. Igor Vobič Somentor: doc. dr. Simon Ličen Simbolna anihilacija žensk v diskurzu športnega novinarstva Magistrsko delo Ljubljana, 2016 Tako. Zadnja pika je postavljena. Čas je za zahvalo. Najprej – hvala mentorju, doc. dr. Igorju Vobiču s Fakultete za družbene vede, in hvala somentorju, doc. dr. Simonu Ličnu z Washington State University, za pripombe in priporočila, kako to delo smiselno oblikovati v njegovo končno podobo. Hvala, da sta mi z nesebičnim deljenjem svojega znanja pomagala priti do cilja. Hvala zaposlenim v Dokumentaciji Dela, ki so mi omogočili zbrati na prvi pogled skoraj nepregledno množico podatkov. Hvala tudi novinarjem Dela in Slovenskih novic, ki so namenili del svojega časa za pogovore o načinih ustvarjanja vsebine svojih medijev. Z vašo pomočjo sem lahko prišla do sklepa in zaključka svojega raziskovanja. Hvala tudi sodelavcem za izkazano razumevanje in podporo ob zaključevanju študija. Največja zahvala pa gre družini. Hvala, ker ste mi stali ob strani vsa leta raziskovanja. Hvala, ker ste zaupali in verjeli. Brez vas bi bila le ideja. Simbolna anihilacija žensk v diskurzu športnega novinarstva Športno novinarstvo je do nedavnega veljalo za skoraj povsem zapostavljeno raziskovalno temo v slovenskih novinarskih in medijskih študijah. Več pozornosti je dobilo šele v zadnjem desetletju raziskovanja z izdajo samostojnega zbornika (slovenskih) športnih študij, ki ga je s sodelavci uredil Velikonja, ter z Ličnovim raziskovanjem športa znotraj novinarskih študij, v katerem se je pretežno ukvarjal s podobo identitet na javni televiziji. Doslej največja raziskava analize vsebine slovenskih časopisov je bila leta 2011 opravljena v sklopu Mednarodne raziskave športnega tiska (ISPS). Vanjo so bili vključeni trije slovenski časopisi, njena glavna omejitev pa je ožji raziskovalni okvir, ki iz analize izpušča v Sloveniji precej priljubljene in novičarsko vredne zimske športe, s tem pa predstavlja zgolj delno sliko poročanja slovenskih časopisov o športu. Osnovni namen magistrskega dela je bil dopolniti obstoječe znanje o vsebini in diskurzu športnega novinarstva v slovenskih medijih. Teoretsko izhodišče predstavljajo novinarske študije, osrednji teoretski koncept, ki usmerja raziskovanje, pa je simbolna anihilacija kot način medijskega poročanja o določeni družbeni skupini, za katerega so značilni podreprezentiranost ali splošna odsotnost reprezentacije subjekta ter obsojanje in trivializiranje subjekta. Z uporabo različnih metod analize smo skušali predstaviti različne vidike poročanja o športu in tako dobiti širše razumevanje prakse in vsebine diskurza športnega novinarstva. Kakšna je bila reprezentacija športnic in športa žensk v Delu in Slovenskih novicah v letu 2015, smo preverjali s kombinacijo preproste frekvenčne analize besedil in kritične diskurzivne analize, s čemer smo želeli zajeti tako kvantitativne kot kvalitativne značilnosti poročanja o športnicah. Z metodo analize besedil smo analizirali 3155 novinarskih prispevkov o športu, da bi spoznali ključne lastnosti novinarskih prispevkov, ki poročajo izključno o športnicah in športu žensk, ter jih primerjali z novinarskimi prispevki, ki poročajo izključno o športnikih in športu moških. V drugem koraku smo se s pristopom kritične diskurzivne analize, kot jo razume Norman Fairclough, poglobili v poročanje o kolesarski dirki Giro Rosa, v tretjem koraku pa smo na diskurzivni in družbeni ravni kritične diskurzivne analize, ki smo jo dopolnili z metodo polstrukturiranih intervjujev s šestimi ustvarjalci novinarskega diskurza o športu v Delu in Slovenskih novicah, ugotavljali še, kateri so razlogi za (ugotovljeno) obstoječo medijsko reprezentacijo športnic v slovenskih dnevnih časopisih. Poročanje o športnicah in športu žensk je v Delu in Slovenskih novicah v letu 2015 predstavljajo izrazito manjšino. Novinarski prispevki o športu žensk so bili krajši in tehnično bolj preprosti kot novinarski prispevki o športu moških. Za poročanje o športnicah sta značilna še omejen nabor (so)delovanja v športu in poudarjanje manjših fizičnih sposobnosti športnic v primerjavi s športniki. Športnice so bile v poročanju Dela in Slovenskih novic simbolno razveljavljene: marginalizirane, trivializirane in prikazane kot manj sposobne in manj vredne kot športniki. Ključne besede: športno novinarstvo, simbolična anihilacija žensk, analiza besedil, kritična diskurzivna analiza Symbolic annihilation of women in sports journalism’s discourse Sports journalism has been, until very recently, a neglected area of research in Slovenian journalism and media studies. In the last decade, it gained more attention with publication of Slovenian sports studies collection, edited by Velikonja et al., and with the analyses of sports within journalism studies, carried out by Ličen, mainly focusing on the image of different identities on Slovenian public television. The largest analysis of Slovenian newspapers so far is the analysis of three Slovenian dailies, done in 2011 within the International Sports Press Survey (ISPS). It's main limitation, however, is a narrow time-frame, excluding from analysis almost all winter sports which are considered highly popular and news-worthy in Slovenia, thus providing only a partial picture of sports coverage in Slovenian newspapers. The primary goal of this thesis was to complement the existing knowledge of sports journalism's content and discourse in Slovenian media. Theoretical starting point is in journalism studies, providing understanding of journalistic work routines. The main theorethical concept, framing our research, is symbolic annihilation. It is understood as a way of media coverage of a particular group, characterized by underrepresentation or general absence of subject's representations, condemnation and trivialization of the subject. By combining different methods of analysis, the aim was to present different aspects of sports reporting to gain a wider understanding of both practice and content of sports journalism's discourse. To provide an aswer to how female athletes were represented in Delo and Slovenske novice in 2015, we carried out a simple content analysis and critical discurse analysis to grasp both quantitative and qualitative aspects of media coverage. Firstly, 3155 articles about sports were analyzed with content analysis to learn about the key characteristics of stories, strictly reporting on female athletes, and to compare them with stories, strictly reporting on male athletes. Secondly, in-depth analysis of media coverage of Giro Rosa cycling race was done according to Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis. The analyses of discourse practice and sociocultural practice were complemented with semi- structured interviews with six journalists, creators of the analysed sports journalism's discourse, to gain insight to what are the reasons for the identified media representations of female athletes in daily newspapers. Female athletes were a minority in sports coverage in Delo and Slovenske novice in 2015. News stories of female athletes were on average shorter and, in terms of technical production, less complex compared to news stories of male athletes. Other characteristics of media coverage of female athletes are also a limited scope of action in sports, and emphasis on lesser physical abilities compared to male athletes. Female athletes were thus symbolically anihilated in sports' coverage of Delo and Slovenske novice: they were marginalized, trivialized and represented as less competent and inferior compared to male athletes. Key words: sports journalism, symbolic annihilation of women, content analysis, critical discourse analysis KAZALO 1 UVOD ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.1 Opredelitev teme in njena raziskovalna relevantnost................................................. 15 1.2 Predstavitev okvira raziskovanja ............................................................................... 22 2 RAZUMEVANJE ŠPORTA V DRUŽBI .................................................................. 26 3 DISKURZ ŠPORTNEGA NOVINARSTVA ............................................................ 35 3.1 Konstrukcija družbene realnosti v novinarskem diskurzu ......................................... 35 3.2 Kaj je športno novinarstvo? ....................................................................................... 39 3.3 Posebnosti športnega novinarstva .............................................................................. 42 3.3.1 Status športnega novinarstva: »otroški oddelek« ali oglaševalska agencija? ............ 43 3.3.2 Objektivno poročanje ali športno navijanje ............................................................... 45 4 PRODUKCIJA ŠPORTNEGA NOVINARSTVA .................................................... 48 4.1 Prednostno tematiziranje: ustvarjanje in postavljanje športne agende ....................... 48 4.2 Zbiranje in odbiranje informacij ................................................................................ 51 4.3 Pomen novičarskih dejavnikov .................................................................................. 56 5 SIMBOLNA ANIHILACIJA ŠPORTNIC IN ŠPORTA ŽENSK V MEDIJIH ........ 59 5.1 Kvantitativni vidiki simbolne anihilacije športnic in športa žensk v
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