Images of an Empire

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Images of an Empire Images of an Empire Chinese Geography Textbooks of the Early 20th Century Mats Norvenius Department of Oriental Languages Stockholm University 2012 © Mats Norvenius 2012 Stockholm East Asian Monographs No. 12 Stockholm University, Department of Oriental Languages, SE-106 91 Stockholm Printed by Universitetsservice US-AB, Stockholm ISSN 1101-5993 ISBN 978-91-7447-479-4 Acknowledgements In preparing this thesis I have been fortunate to enjoy help and support from many people in the world of learning. First of all I would like to extend my gratitude to my supervisor, Associate Professor Marja Kaikkonen, for her commitment, support and encouragement. Over the years she has offered firm guidance and has patiently read countless versions of my manuscript, giving me valuable advice and extensive comments on how to clarify my ideas and improve my text. I would also like to thank Professor Torbjörn Lodén for practical support and for arranging contacts with relevant scholars in China. Professor Zhou Zhenhe at Fudan University kindly gave me access to his private collection of early geography textbooks, and Doctor Ni Wenjun most generously gave me detailed information about where I could find relevant research materials at libraries in Shanghai and Beijing. During my visits to Beijing Normal University, Doctor Lu Peiwen always made me feel most welcome and spared no effort in helping me with both practical and research- related issues. I am deeply grateful to Professor Claes Göran Alvstam at the School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University, for all the help and support I have received throughout the process of writing this thesis. I have greatly benefited from his learned comments, continuous encouragement and positive feedback. Special thanks go to Associate Professor Carl Cassegård. Our long discussions have been a constant source of inspiration, as well as the many articles and books he has recommended over the years. His observations, comments and suggestions have been invaluable. Doctor Martin Nordeborg generously shared his broad knowledge of early Japanese textbooks and education in Japan and has contributed with comments which truly have been of great help at different stages of writing this thesis. I am also grateful to Professor Lars Ragvald at Lund University, Professor Gunhild Vidén, Professor Jan Retsö and Associate Professor Kenneth Nyberg at Göteborg University, all of whom have contributed valuable comments on my manuscript at a rather late but nevertheless crucial stage of my work. I would also like to thank Associate Professor Patrik Ström, Doctor Kalle Magnusson and Eva Aggeklint for moral support and encouragement and Thomas Ekholm for helping me designing the cover. Devoted librarians in Sweden, China and Japan have done their utmost to help me to get hold of necessary materials. I am particularly thankful to the staffs at Göteborg University, Beijing Normal University and Tsukuba University. I would also like to thank my mother Inga-Stina and my sister Kristina for their support and encouragement. Above all I would like to thank my beloved wife Camilla. Without her loving care, patience and wholehearted backup it is unlikely that this thesis would ever have been possible. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 7 1.1 Introductory remarks 7 1.2 Points of departure and aims of this study 9 1.3 Previous research 15 1.4 Primary material 20 1.5 The general outline of this thesis 28 2 Background 29 2.1 New educational policies in the East 29 2.2 The “Japanese spirit” 36 2.3 The cry for reforms 43 2.4 The adoption of a Japanese-style educational system 46 2.5 The new textbooks 61 2.6 Japanese images of Japan and of East Asia 66 2.7 The introduction of Japanese human geography into China 73 2.8 The preservation of the national essence 75 2.9 Orientalism and Occidentalism 79 2.10 Summary 88 3 Progress, civilization and the struggle for survival 90 4 The lay of the land and its influence on man 104 4.1 The promises of a mild climate 104 4.2 The importance of the topography 107 5 The alleged roots of backwardness 113 5.1 The lack of a soldierly spirit, of unity and a progressive mindset 113 5.2 Harmful customs and practices 125 5.3 The evils of autocracy 128 5.4 The evil combination of ignorance and religion 135 6 Ancient glory and sources of pride and hope 148 6.1 China and Asia as the cradle of civilization 148 6.2 The Chinese as an ancient people of conquerors and colonizers 153 7 Regional differences within the Chinese Empire 163 7.1 The backward southwest and the progressive coastal areas in the southeast 163 7.2 The city of Shanghai 176 7.3 Southerners and Northerners 179 7.4 The Northern capital 184 7.5 The Chinese inland 187 7.6 The population of the far northeast 191 7.7 The Mongols 192 7.8 The Tibetans 198 7.9 The population of the far west 200 8 Neighbours in the East 204 8.1 Korea 204 8.2 Japan 214 8.3 Taiwan 221 9 Conclusions 226 Bibliography 233 1 Introduction 1.1 Introductory remarks Today the school subject geography is hardly the major channel through which knowledge about the nation, or the world at large, is gained, either in the West or in the East. But a century ago, a textbook in geography was one of few easily accessible sources for common people which provided systematized information about the world. Geography textbooks of the early 20th century dealt with the physical features of the earth surface, geological conditions, climate, natural and political divisions, production and population. In that respect they did not perhaps differ significantly from the geography textbooks which are used today. However, geography during the early 20th century, even more than today, shared common ground with other fields of study such as history, sociology and anthropology, which was also reflected in the geography textbooks. Hence school geography offered a broader spectrum of ―knowledge‖ than today, but on the other hand it was deeply coloured by racism, chauvinism and romanticizing about an imagined glorious past, besides having a strong faith in development and progress. The mass production of textbooks and the popularization of general education for the broad masses during the late 19th and early 20th centuries helped to spread the idea that the inhabitants of a given state, although most of them had certainly never met each other, shared a common past (perhaps even a common destiny) as members of the same nation (or, to quote Benedict Anderson, they belonged to the same ―imagined community‖).1 Undoubtedly, school geography played an important role in this process. That is, the geograhy textbooks taught schoolchildren in what respects they were similar to or different from people in foreign countries, or for that matter from peoples in other regions of their own nation. In 1901 the Qing regime, in power 1644-1911, took wide-ranging measures to reform the Chinese empire, and fundamental changes were carried out within the field of education, resulting in the completion of China‘s first modern educational system in 1904. Modern schools mushroomed across China with the abolition of the ancient examination system in 1905, and modern textbooks introducing new non-traditional knowledge became common reading in the classrooms, along with the Chinese Classics. Thanks to modern geography 1 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London & New York: Verso, rev. ed. 1991). 7 textbooks schoolchildren got a glimpse of the world outside their own local community and were informed about the circumstances in other provinces and, to some extent, about the conditions in countries beyond the empire. Thus geography textbooks gave them an idea of their own nation, in relation to the rest of the world, and were probably the closest most people ever came to a journey across their nation, not to mention a trip abroad. This study deals primarily with issues that concern images of the peoples of the multiethnic Qing Empire, as encountered in a wide range of textbooks and other teaching materials on the school subject of geography that were used at various institutions of modern learning during the closing years of the Qing dynasty in the first decade of the 20th century. The main focus is on the Han Chinese majority of China Proper (i.e. the eighteen provinces), although this study also deals with the minorities of China Proper, as well as the ethnicities of Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet and Taiwan (at that time a Japanese colony) and the neighbouring countries of Korea and Japan. Korea and Japan are both countries which have been greatly exposed to the influence of Chinese high-culture, and they both belong to the same Confucian cultural sphere that shares the use of Chinese characters. The images in Chinese geography textbooks from the early 20th century of the peoples of East Asia cannot be dealt with comprehensively without taking into consideration the large imprint Japan left on China, especially in the field of education, after Japan‘s victory in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). The late Qing era was heavily influenced by Japanese approaches towards reforms and modernization, and new perceptions of the world in Japan did not pass Chinese educationalists unnoticed. Cultural impulses which had previously run eastwards from China to the Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago went in the reverse direction at the end of the Qing dynasty, from the militarily strong Japan towards a weakened China. 8 1.2 Points of departure and aims of this study Before more specifically addressing the aims of this study, I would first like to give a summary of some of the arguments of James Morris Blaut in his The Colonizer’s Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History, which has been a source of reflection throughout the writing of this thesis.
Recommended publications
  • Olympic Cities Chapter 7
    Chapter 7 Olympic Cities Chapter 7 Olympic Cities 173 Section I Host City — Beijing Beijing, the host city of the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, will also host the 13th Paralympic Games. In the year 2008, Olympic volunteers, as ambassadors of Beijing, will meet new friends from throughout the world. The Chinese people are eager for our guests to learn about our city and the people who live here. I. Brief Information of Beijing Beijing, abbreviated“ JING”, is the capital of the People’s Republic of China and the center of the nation's political, cultural and international exchanges. It is a famous city with a long history and splendid culture. Some 500,000 years ago, Peking Man, one of our forefathers, lived in the Zhoukoudian area of Beijing. The earliest name of Beijing 174 Manual for Beijing Olympic Volunteers found in historical records is“JI”. In the eleventh century the state of JI was subordinate to the XI ZHOU Dynasty. In the period of“ CHUN QIU” (about 770 B.C. to 477 B.C.), the state of YAN conquered JI, moving its capital to the city of JI. In the year 938 B.C., Beijing was the capital of the LIAO Dynasty (ruling the northern part of China at the time), and for more than 800 years, the city became the capital of the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The People’s Republic of China was established on October 1, 1949, and Beijing became the capital of this new nation. Beijing covers more than 16,000 square kilometers and has 16 subordinate districts (Dongcheng, Xicheng, Chongwen, Xuanwu, Chaoyang, Haidian, Fengtai, Shijingshan, Mentougou, Fangshan, Tongzhou, Shunyi, Daxing, Pinggu, Changping and Huairou) and 2 counties (Miyun and Yanqing).
    [Show full text]
  • Best Religious Sites in Beijing"
    "Best Religious Sites in Beijing" Realizzata per : Cityseeker 5 Posizioni indicati Niujie Mosque "Ancient Mosque" The design of Niujie mosque, also known as Ox Street Mosque, reflects its locale. It has curved eaves, colorfully painted supports and beams, and glazed roof tiles. It is located on the eastern side of Niu (Ox) Street, home to a large community of Chinese Muslims (known as Hui). The mosque was built under the direction of Nastruddin, the son of an Arabic priest by Smartneddy who came to China in 996! The call to pray is announced from the minaret five times a day, beginning at dawn. The prayer hall can accommodate 1,000. +86 10 6353 2564 88 Niujie, Guang' Anmennei Area, Pechino Kong Miao (Confucius' Temple) "In memoriam del saggio piu grande di Cina" Più di 20.000 metri quadrati, è il secondo tempio confuciano più grande della Cina, più piccolo di quello che si trova nel paese natale a Qufu. Costruito nel 1306, consiste di oltre lastre di pietra che hanno i nomi di 50.000 scolari che hanno superato gli esami imperiali durante le dinastie Yuan, Ming e Qing. Una cerimonia in onore di Confucio, il saggio e filosofo by Ivan Walsh cinese, è sempre festeggiata il 28 settembre. www.confucius.taichung.gov.tw/ 13 Guozijian Jie, Beijng Lama Temple (Yonghegong) "Tempio del buddhismo tibetano" Costruito nel 1694, il tempio Lama (o Palazzo della Pace e armonia) fu la residenze del principe Yin Zhen, figlio dell'imperatore Kang Xi della dinastia Qing. Quando il principe diventò imperatore, la metà della residenza era un palazzo imperiale e l'altra metà era un convento.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles the How and Why of Urban Preservation: Protecting Historic Neighborhoods in China a Disser
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The How and Why of Urban Preservation: Protecting Historic Neighborhoods in China A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Planning by Jonathan Stanhope Bell 2014 © Copyright by Jonathan Stanhope Bell 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The How and Why of Preservation: Protecting Historic Neighborhoods in China by Jonathan Stanhope Bell Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Planning University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, Chair China’s urban landscape has changed rapidly since political and economic reforms were first adopted at the end of the 1970s. Redevelopment of historic city centers that characterized this change has been rampant and resulted in the loss of significant historic resources. Despite these losses, substantial historic neighborhoods survive and even thrive with some degree of integrity. This dissertation identifies the multiple social, political, and economic factors that contribute to the protection and preservation of these neighborhoods by examining neighborhoods in the cities of Beijing and Pingyao as case studies. One focus of the study is capturing the perspective of residential communities on the value of their neighborhoods and their capacity and willingness to become involved in preservation decision-making. The findings indicate the presence of a complex interplay of public and private interests overlaid by changing policy and economic limitations that are creating new opportunities for public involvement. Although the Pingyao case study represents a largely intact historic city that is also a World Heritage Site, the local ii focus on tourism has disenfranchised residents in order to focus on the perceived needs of tourists.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinas Examination Hell the Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China 1St Edition Free
    CHINAS EXAMINATION HELL THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS OF IMPERIAL CHINA 1ST EDITION FREE Author: Ichisada Miyazaki ISBN: 9780300026399 Download Link: CLICK HERE The Chinese Imperial Examination System Transcriptions Revised Romanization gwageo. During the reign of Emperor Xizong of Jin r. It was called the nine-rank system. After the collapse of the Han dynastythe Taixue was reduced to just 19 teaching positions and 1, students but climbed back to 7, students under the Jin dynasty — The Hanlin Academy played a central role in the careers of examination graduates during the Ming dynasty. During the Tang period, a set curricular schedule took shape where the three steps of reading, writing, and the composition of texts had to be learnt before students could enter state academies. Western perception of China in the 18th century admired the Chinese bureaucratic system as favourable over European governments for its seeming meritocracy. In the Song dynasty — the imperial examinations became the primary method of recruitment for official posts. Stanford: Stanford University Press. By the time of the Song dynasty, the two highest military posts of Minister of War and Chief of Staff were both reserved for civil servants. Liu, Haifeng The Chinas Examination Hell The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China 1st edition of the military examination were more elaborate during the Qing than ever before. China's Examination Hell: The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China There was almost no other way to hit the really big time. Average rating 3. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. He and the assistant examiners were dispatched on imperial order from the Ministry of Rites.
    [Show full text]
  • Shanghai, China Overview Introduction
    Shanghai, China Overview Introduction The name Shanghai still conjures images of romance, mystery and adventure, but for decades it was an austere backwater. After the success of Mao Zedong's communist revolution in 1949, the authorities clamped down hard on Shanghai, castigating China's second city for its prewar status as a playground of gangsters and colonial adventurers. And so it was. In its heyday, the 1920s and '30s, cosmopolitan Shanghai was a dynamic melting pot for people, ideas and money from all over the planet. Business boomed, fortunes were made, and everything seemed possible. It was a time of breakneck industrial progress, swaggering confidence and smoky jazz venues. Thanks to economic reforms implemented in the 1980s by Deng Xiaoping, Shanghai's commercial potential has reemerged and is flourishing again. Stand today on the historic Bund and look across the Huangpu River. The soaring 1,614-ft/492-m Shanghai World Financial Center tower looms over the ambitious skyline of the Pudong financial district. Alongside it are other key landmarks: the glittering, 88- story Jinmao Building; the rocket-shaped Oriental Pearl TV Tower; and the Shanghai Stock Exchange. The 128-story Shanghai Tower is the tallest building in China (and, after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the second-tallest in the world). Glass-and-steel skyscrapers reach for the clouds, Mercedes sedans cruise the neon-lit streets, luxury- brand boutiques stock all the stylish trappings available in New York, and the restaurant, bar and clubbing scene pulsates with an energy all its own. Perhaps more than any other city in Asia, Shanghai has the confidence and sheer determination to forge a glittering future as one of the world's most important commercial centers.
    [Show full text]
  • Beijing, the Capital of China, Is the Political, Cultural, Domestic And
    Beijing, the capital of China, is the political, cultural, domestic and international communication center of China, and is a famous, ancient historical and cultural city in the world. In 1040 B.C., Beijing was built in the current Guang'an Men, Xuanwu District, so it has cover three thousand years history. In 938 A.D., the kingdom of Liao, which regions over north China, takes Beijing (called Yanjing at that time) as the provisional capital; Beijing capital of Yuan, Ming, Qing Dynasty, Beijing has over eight hundred and fifty years history as the capital. The long history endows Beijing with rich and intensive culture and numerous historical relics. The well-known scenic spots and historical sites are the Palace Museum (the most complex of palace in wooden structure), the elegant and magnificent Temple of Heaven, the fairyland Beihai in the real life, Guozijian, the Imperial College (the highest institution in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasty), Prince Gong's Mansion with the life track of the royal families and nobles. The Charm of Beijing also lies in the dense and particular cultural atmosphere. The Beijing-style culture takes in every other culture to become colorful and intensive. The Charm and characteristics of Beijing are shown everywhere., including Hutong, Courtyard Houses, the Culture Street; Beijing Opera, folk arts, folk craft; food with Beijing flavor, century-old restaurant, ect. The Continuous development of CBD, the construction of the new scenes, the buildings of large business, entertainment, and consumption centers in line with the international practice enrich Beijing with flouring and modern international flavor.
    [Show full text]
  • Rise and Fall in the Third Reich: Social Mobility and Nazi Membership
    Rise and Fall in the Third Reich: Social Mobility and Nazi Membership Matthias Blum∗ Alan de Bromheady Abstract We explore the relationship between Nazi membership and social mo- bility using a unique and highly detailed dataset of the German military during the Third Reich. We find that membership of a Nazi organisa- tion is positively related to social mobility when measured by the dif- ference between fathers' and sons' occupations. However, we find that this observed difference is driven by individuals with different charac- teristics self-selecting into these organisations, rather than from a direct reward to membership. This result is supported by a series of robustness tests, including an instrumental variable approach that uses the location of Catholic priests sympathetic to the Nazis as an instrument for Nazi mem- bership. In addition, we explore the determinants of Nazi membership. We find that NS membership is associated with higher socio-economic background and human capital levels. JEL Codes: J62; N24; N44; P16 Keywords: Nazi Membership; Political Extremism; National Social- ism; Third Reich; Political Economy; Germany; Economic History ∗Queen's University Belfast and QUCEH, Queen's Management School, Riddel Hall, 185 Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5EE, United Kingdom. (e-mail: [email protected]) yQueen's University Belfast and QUCEH, Queen's Management School, Riddel Hall, 185 Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5EE, United Kingdom. (e-mail: [email protected]) 1 1 Introduction Why do individuals choose to join political parties? The benefits of member- ship of political parties are often thought to include higher social capital, career advancement, or both.
    [Show full text]
  • Beijing City Walk, Eight Hutongs That Trail Off on Either Side Modern Design (23 NLGX)
    TRAVEL eijing’s hutongs—narrow alleys or side streets—were once a city mainstay. Back in those days, the location of a hutong, formed by the space between the siheyuan (court- Byards of homes), was significant: In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), they were organized by social rank; the highest- ranking elite lived closest to the Forbidden City. Today, many hutongs have been demolished to make way for wide avenues and modern high-rises. Nevertheless, everything old is new again, and the surviving hutongs in the city’s northeast districts are now home to a hip revival. A leisurely Saturday spent strolling the hutongs between Gulou (the Drum Tower) and Yonghegong (the Lama Temple) offers a good dose of historic Beijing as well as its present-day underground youth culture. 10 A.M. YONGHEGONG Begin your journey at Yonghegong, one of Beijing’s most extraordinary and often-overlooked temples. Take the Beijing subway line 5 or 2 to the Yonghegong station and alight at Exit C. Walk to the Lama Temple at 12 Yonghe- gong Da Jie (admission: 25 yuan or about US$3.65). Don’t miss the 18-meter- high Buddha made of sandalwood; it was a gift from the Dalai Lama to Emperor Qianlong in 1750. 11 A.M. WUDAOYING HUTONG About 100 meters up Yonghegong Da Jie from the temple—on the opposite side of the street—is the entrance to Wudaoying Hutong, which is just begin- ning to get hip with boutiques and eateries. The shop Brand nü sells an array of handmade items, including delicately embroidered shoe insoles traditionally sewn by Chinese mothers for their children, from a women’s artisan coopera- tive in Ningxia (61 Wudaoying Hutong).
    [Show full text]
  • The Re-Imagining of China Under President Xi Jinping De Burgh, H
    WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/westminsterresearch The Re-imagining of China under President Xi Jinping de Burgh, H. This is an author's accepted manuscript of an article to be published in China Media Research 14 (1), pp. 104-110, 2018. The final definitive version will be available online at: http://www.chinamediaresearch.net/ The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: ((http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] China Media Research, 14(1), 2018 http://www.chinamediaresearch.net The Re-imagining of China under President Xi Jinping HUGO de BURGH University of Westminster Abstract: This article explains how Xi Jinping is consolidating an identity for China, at home and abroad, which draws upon the country’s past more than upon its recent revolutionary history. In so doing, he appears to be acknowledging the desire of many, perhaps the majority, of Chinese people, to defend their culture against conversion; he is also providing an ideology to inspire the young and the servants of the state, offering an alternative to ‘westernisation’ and, in effect, replacing the now discredited Marxism-Leninism of his predecessors. Rather than rejecting China’s past as they did, Xi speaks of a renaissance of it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Public Role of Higher Learning in Imperial China
    Centre for Global Higher Education working paper series The public role of higher learning in Imperial China Lili Yang Working paper no. 28 October 2017 Published by the Centre for Global Higher Education, UCL Institute of Education, London WC1H 0AL www.researchcghe.org © Centre for Global Higher Education 2017 ISSN 2398-564X The Centre for Global Higher Education (CGHE) is the largest research centre in the world specifically focused on higher education and its future development. Its research integrates local, national and global perspectives and aims to inform and improve higher education policy and practice. CGHE is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the Higher Education Funding Council of England (HEFCE), and is a partnership based at UCL Institute of Education with Lancaster University, the University of Sheffield and international universities Australian National University (Australia), Dublin Institute of Technology (Ireland), Hiroshima University (Japan), Leiden University (Netherlands), Lingnan University (Hong Kong), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (China), the University of Cape Town (South Africa) and the University of Michigan (US). The support of the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) is gratefully acknowledged. The public role of higher learning in Imperial China Lili Yang Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Inhabiting Literary Beijing on the Eve of the Manchu Conquest
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CITY ON EDGE: INHABITING LITERARY BEIJING ON THE EVE OF THE MANCHU CONQUEST A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF EAST ASIAN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY NAIXI FENG CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. viii 1 A SKETCH OF THE NORTHERN CAPITAL...................................................................1 1.1 The Book ........................................................................................................................4 1.2 The Methodology .........................................................................................................25 1.3 The Structure ................................................................................................................36 2 THE HAUNTED FRONTIER: COMMEMORATING DEATH IN THE ACCOUNTS OF THE STRANGE .................39 2.1 The Nunnery in Honor of the ImperiaL Sister ..............................................................41 2.2 Ant Mounds, a Speaking SkulL, and the Southern ImperiaL Park ................................50
    [Show full text]
  • Transatlantic Migration and the Politics of Belonging, 1919-1939
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects Summer 2016 Between Third Reich and American Way: Transatlantic Migration and the Politics of Belonging, 1919-1939 Christian Wilbers College of William and Mary - Arts & Sciences, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Wilbers, Christian, "Between Third Reich and American Way: Transatlantic Migration and the Politics of Belonging, 1919-1939" (2016). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1499449834. http://doi.org/10.21220/S2JD4P This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Between Third Reich and American Way: Transatlantic Migration and the Politics of Belonging, 1919-1939 Christian Arne Wilbers Leer, Germany M.A. University of Münster, Germany, 2006 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy American Studies Program The College of William and Mary August 2016 © Copyright by Christian A. Wilbers 2016 ABSTRACT Historians consider the years between World War I and World War II to be a period of decline for German America. This dissertation complicates that argument by applying a transnational framework to the history of German immigration to the United States, particularly the period between 1919 and 1939. The author argues that contrary to previous accounts of that period, German migrants continued to be invested in the homeland through a variety of public and private relationships that changed the ways in which they thought about themselves as Germans and Americans.
    [Show full text]