Gregory S Pediatric Anesthesia s1
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Gregory’s Pediatric Anesthesia
Chapter 36 - References
1. Coté CJ, Wilson S, Work Group on Sedation, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: an update. Paediatr Anaesth 2008; 18: 9–10.
2. ADA House of Delegates. Guidelines for the Use of Sedation and General Anesthesia by Dentists. American Dental Association, 2007. www.ada.org/prof/resources/positions/statements/anesthesia_guidelines.pdf
3. ASA Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 1004–17.
4. Lindahl S. Future anesthesiologists will be as much outside as inside operating theaters. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000; 44: 906–9.
5. Lee E, Mason K, Zurakowski D et al. Multidetector computerized tomography assessment of tracheomalacia in symptomatic infants with mediastinal aortic vascular anomalies: preliminary technical experience. Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38: 82–8.
6. Lee E, Zurakowski D, Waltz D et al. Multidetector computerized tomography evaluation of the prevalence of tracheomalacia in children with mediastinal aortic vascular anomalies. J Thorac Imaging 2008; 23: 258–65.
7. Lee E. Advancing CT and MR imaging of the lungs and airways in children: imaging into practice. Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38: S208–12.
8. Prakash A, Powell A, Geva T. Multimodality noninvasive imaging for assessment of congenital heart disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 3: 112–25.
9. Woodard P, Bhalla S, Javidan-Nejad C, Gutierrez F. Non-coronary cardiac CT imaging. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2006; 27: 56–75.
10. Elliott S, Morton R, Whitelaw. Atlantoaxial instability and abnormalities of the odontoid in Down syndrome. Arch Dis Child 1988; 64: 1484–9.
11. Davidson R. Atlanto-axial instability in Down syndrome: a fresh look at the evidence. Pediatrics 1988; 81: 857–65.
12. Friedman B, Hartenberg M, Mulroy J et al. Gastrografin aspiration in a 3 3/4-year-old girl. Pediatr Radiol 1986; 16: 506–7.
13. Wells H, Hyrnchak M, Burbridge B. Direct effects of contrast media on rat lungs. Can Assoc Radiol J 1991; 42: 261–4.
14. Edelman RR, Warach S. Magnetic resonance imaging (Part II). N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 785– 91.
15. Meppelink A, de Jong B, van der Hoeven J, van Laar T. Lasting visual hallucinations in visual deprivation; fMRI correlates and the influence of rTMS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81: 1295–6.
16. Thornton R, Laufs H, Rodionov R et al. EEG correlated functional MRI and postoperative outcome in focal epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81: 922–7.
17. Mahmoud M, Radhakrishman R, Gunter J et al. Effect of increasing depth of dexmedetomidine anesthesia on upper airway morphology in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20: 506–15.
18. McClain C, Soriano S, Goumnerova L et al. Detection of unanticipated intracranial hemorrhage during intraoperative magnetic resonance image-guided neurosurgery. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 2007; 106 (5 Suppl): 398–400.
19. Chopra S, Schmidt S, Eisele R et al. Initial results of MR-guided liver resection in a high-field open MRI. Surg Endosc 2010; 24(10): 2506–12.
20. Kanal E, Barkovich A, Bell C et al. ACR Guidance Document for Safe MR Practices: 2007. Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188: 1447–74. 21. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Anesthetic Care for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Practice Advisory on Anesthetic Care for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 459–79.
22. The Joint Commission. Preventing accidents and injuries in the MRI suite. Sentinel Event Alert 2008; 38: 1–3.
23. Kanal E. An overview of electromagnetic safety considerations associated with magnetic resonance imaging. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992; 649: 204–24.
24. American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Practice for Marking Medical Devices and Other Items for Safety in the Magnetic Resonance Environment, 2005. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International, 2005.
25. Karlik SJ, Heatherley T, Pavan F et al. Patient anesthesia and monitoring at a 1.5-T MRI installation. Magn Reson Med 1988; 7: 210–21.
26. Menon DK, Peden CJ, Hall AS et al. Magnetic resonance for the anaesthetist. Part I: Physical principles, applications, safety aspects. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 240–55.
27. Tobin JR, Spurrier EA, Wetzel RC. Anaesthesia for critically ill children during magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69: 482–6.
28. Persson B, Ståhlberg F. Safety aspects of magnetic resonance examinations. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1985; 1: 647–65.
29. Dujovny M, Kossovsky N, Kossowsky R et al. Aneurysm clip motion during magnetic resonance imaging: in vivo experimental study with metallurgical factor analysis. Neurosurgery 1985; 17: 543–8.
30. American Society for Metals Committee for Wrought Stainless Steels. Wrought Stainless Steels In: Lyman T, Boyer H, Unterweiser P (eds) Wrought Stainless Steels, 8th edn. Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals, 1961.
31. Majdani O, Leinung M, Rau T et al. Demagnetization of cochlear implants and temperature changes in 3.0T MRI environment. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 139: 833–9.
32. Scherzinger A, Hendee W. Basic principles of magnetic resonance imaging – an update. West J Med 1985; 143: 782–92.
33. Prasad N, Wright D, Ford J, Thornby J. Safety of 4-T MR imaging: study of effects on developing frog embryos. Radiology 1990; 174: 251–3.
34. Liang M, Narayanan K, Kanal E. Magnetic ports in tissue expanders – a caution for MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 1989; 7: 541–2.
35. Pavlicek W, Geisinger M, Castle L et al. The effects of nuclear magnetic resonance on patients with cardiac pacemakers. Radiology 1983; 147: 149–53.
36. Center for Devices and Radiological Health. MR Product Reporting Program and Medical Device Report Program. Washington, DC: US Food and Drug Administration, 1989.
37. Erlebacher J, Cahill P, Pannizzo F, Knowles R. Effect of magnetic resonance imaging on DDD pacemakers. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57: 437–40.
38. Nazarian S, Roguin A, Zviman M et al. Clinical utility and safety of a protocol for noncardiac and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of patients with permanent pacemakers and implantable- cardioverter defibrillators at 1.5 tesla. Circulation 2006; 114: 1277–84.
39. Woodard P, Bluemke D, Cascade P et al. ACR practice guideline for the performance and interpretation of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). J Am Coll Radiol 2006; 3: 665–76.
40. Granet RB, Gelber LJ. Claustrophobia during MR imaging. N J Med 1990; 87: 479–82.
41. Meléndez JC, McCrank E. Anxiety-related reactions associated with magnetic resonance imaging examination. JAMA 1993; 270: 745–7.
42. Shellock FG. Biological effects and safety aspects of magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Q 1989; 5: 243–61.
43. Brown TR, Goldstein B, Little J. Severe burns resulting from magnetic resonance imaging with cardiopulmonary monitoring. Risks and relevant safety precautions. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 72: 166–7.
44. Mason KP, Burrows PE, Dorsey MM et al. Accuracy of capnography with a 30 foot nasal cannula for monitoring respiratory rate and end-tidal CO2 in children. J Clin Monit Comput 2000; 16: 259–62.
45. Beischer DE. Vectorcardiogram and aortic blood flow of squirrel monkeys in a strong superconductive electromagnet. In: Barnothy M (ed) Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields. New York: Plenum, 1969, p. 241.
46. McRobbie D, Foster M. Cardiac response to pulsed magnetic fields with regard to safety in NMR imaging. Phys Med Biol 1985; 30: 695–702.
47. Gülch R, Lutz O. Influence of strong static magnetic fields on heart muscle contraction. Phys Med Biol 1986; 31: 763–9.
48. Tenforde T, Gaffey C, Moyer B, Budinger T. Cardiovascular alterations in Macaca monkeys exposed to stationary magnetic fields: experimental observations and theoretical analysis. Bioelectromagnetics 1983; 4: 1–9.
49. Jehenson P, Duboc D, Lavergne T et al. Change in human cardiac rhythm induced by a 2 T static magnetic field. Radiology 1988; 166: 227–30.
50. Gangarosa R, Minnis J, Nobbe J et al. Operational safety issues in MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 1987; 5: 287–92.
51. Brummett R, Talbot J, Charuhas P. Potential hearing loss resulting from MR imaging. Radiology 1988; 169: 539–40.
52. Kanal E, Shellock F, Talagala L. Safety considerations in MR imaging. Radiology 1990; 176: 593–606.
53. Hattori Y, Fukatsu H, Ishigaki T. Measurement and evaluation of the acoustic noise of a 3 Tesla MR scanner. Nagoya J Med Sci 2007; 69: 23–8.
54. Menéndez-Colino L, Falcón C, Traserra J et al. Activation patterns of the primary auditory cortex in normal-hearing subjects: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Acta Otolaryngol 2007; 127: 1283–91.
55. Ravicz M, Melcher J, Kiang N. Acoustic noise during functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Acoust Soc Am 2000; 108: 1683–96. 56. Sperber D, Oldenbourg R, Dransfeld K. Magnetic field induced temperature change in mice. Naturwissenschaften 1984; 71: 100–1.
57. Shuman W, Haynor D, Guy A et al. Superficial- and deep-tissue temperature increases in anesthetized dogs during exposure to high specific absorption rates in a 1.5-T MR imager. Radiology 1988; 167: 551–4.
58. Shellock FG, Schaefer DJ, Gordon CJ. Effect of a 1.5 T static magnetic field on body temperature of man. Magn Reson Med 1986; 3: 644–7.
59. Kussman B, Mulkern R, Holzman R. Iatrogenic hyperthermia during cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Anesth Analg 2004; 99: 1053–5.
60. Department of Health and Human Services. FDA Guidelines for Evaluating Electro-Magnetic Exposure Risk for Trials of Clinical NMR Systems. Washington, DC: FDA, 1982.
61. Davis P, Crooks L, Arakawa M et al. Potential hazards in NMR imaging: heating effects of changing magnetic fields and RF fields on small metallic implants. Am J Roentgenol 1981; 137: 857– 60.
62. Baker J, Kratz L, Stevens G, Wible J Jr. Pharmacokinetics and safety of the MRI contrast agent gadoversetamide injection (OptiMARK) in healthy pediatric subjects. Invest Radiol 2004; 39: 334–9.
63. Van Wagoner M, O'Toole M, Quay S. Nonionic magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Clinical trial experience of safety, tolerance, and efficacy of gadodiamide injection. Invest Radiol 1990; 25(Suppl 1): S39–41.
64. Brasch R, Berthezène Y, Vexler V et al. Pulmonary oxygen toxicity: demonstration of abnormal capillary permeability using contrast-enhanced MRI. Pediatr Radiol 1993; 23: 495–500.
65. Towbin RB, Ball WS Jr. Pediatric interventional radiology. Radiol Clin North Am 1988; 26: 419– 40.
66. Diament MJ, Boechat MI, Kangarloo H. Interventional radiology in infants and children: clinical and technical aspects. Radiology 1985; 154: 359–61.
67. Jackson I, Carreño R, Potparic Z, Hussain K. Hemangiomas, vascular malformations, and lymphovenous malformations: classification and methods of treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993; 91: 1216–30.
68. Mulliken J, Young A (eds). Vascular Birthmarks, Hemangiomas, and Malformations. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1988.
69. Coldwell D, Stokes K, Yakes W. Embolotherapy: agents, clinical applications, and techniques. Radiographics 1994; 14: 623–43.
70. Mason K, Neufeld E, Karian V et al. Coagulation abnormalities in pediatric and adult patients after sclerotherapy or embolization of vascular anomalies. Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177: 1359–63.
71. Becker GJ, Holden RW, Clatte EC. Therapeutic embolization with absolute ethanol. Semin Intervent Radiol 1984; 1: 118–29.
72. Mason K, Michna E, Zurakowsk D, Koka B, Burrows P. Serum ethanol levels in children and adults after ethanol embolization or sclerotherapy for vascular anomalies. Radiology 2000; 217(1): 127–32.
73. Riles T, Berenstein A, Fisher F et al. Reconstruction of the ligated external carotid artery for embolization of cervicofacial arteriovenous malformations. J Vasc Surg 1993; 17: 491–8.
74. Niimi Y, Sala F, Deletis V et al. Neurophysiologic monitoring and pharmacologic provocative testing for embolization of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations. Am J Neuroradiol 2004; 25: 1131–8.
75. Barr J, Mathis J, Horton J. Provocative pharmacologic testing during arterial embolization. Neurosurg Clin North Am 1994; 5: 403–11.
76. Buchtel H, Passaro E, Selwa L et al. Sodium methohexital (Brevital) as an anesthetic in the Wada test. Epilepsia 2002; 43: 1056–61.
77. Feliciano C, de León-Berra R, Hernández-Gaitán M et al. Provocative test with propofol: experience in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations who underwent neuroendovascular procedures. Am J Neuroradiol 2010; 31: 470–5.
78. Jones-Gotman M, Sziklas V, Djordjevic J et al. Etomidate speech and memory-test (eSAM): a new drug and improved intracarotid procedure. Neurology 2005; 65: 1723–9.
79. Kim J, Joo E, Han S. Can pentobarbital replace amobarbital in the Wada test? Epilepsy Behav 2007; 11: 378–83.
80. Soriano S, Sethna N, Scott R. Anesthetic management of children with moyamoya syndrome. Anesth Analg 1993; 77: 1066–70.
81. Chernish SM, Maglinte DD. Glucagon: common untoward reactions-review and recommendations. Radiology 1990; 177: 145–6.
82. Jehenson PM. Reducing doses of glucagon used in radiologic examinations. Radiology 1991; 179: 286–7.
83. McLoughlin MJ, Langer B, Wilson DR. Life-threatening reaction to glucagon in a patient with pheochromocytoma. Radiology 1981; 140: 841–5.
84. O'Tuama L, Treves S. Brain single-photon emission computed tomography for behavior disorders in children. Semin Nucl Med 1993; 23: 255–64.
85. Chiron C, Raynaud C, Dulac O et al. Study of the cerebral blood flow in partial epilepsy of childhood using the SPECT method. J Neuroradiol 1989; 16: 317–24.
86. Griffeth L, Rich K, Dehdashti F et al. Brain metastases from non-central nervous system tumors: evaluation with PET. Radiology 1993; 186: 37–44.
87. Chugani H. PET in preoperative evaluation of intractable epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 1993; 9: 411– 13.
88. Pirotte B, Lubansu A, Massager N et al. Clinical impact of integrating positron emission tomography during surgery in 85 children with brain tumors. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2010; 5: 486–99.
89. Eifel PJ. Decreased bone growth arrest with hyperfractionated irradiation in weanling rats. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1988; 15: 141–5.
90. Eifel PJ, Sampson CM, Tucker SL. Radiation frationation sensitivity of epiphyseal cartilage in a weanling rat model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990; 19: 661–4. 91. Menache L, Eifel PJ, Kennamer DL, Belli JA. Twice-daily anesthesia in infants receiving hyperfractionated irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990; 18: 625–9.
92. Loeffler J, Rossitch EJ, Siddon R et al. Role of stereotactic radiosurgery with a linear accelerator in treatment of intracranial arteriovenous malformations and tumors in children. Pediatrics 1990; 85: 774–82.
93. Coffey RJ, Lunsford LD, Flickinger JC. The role of radiosurgery in the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Neurosurg Clin North Am 1992; 3: 231–44.
94. Culy C, Bhana N, Plosker G. Ondansetron: a review of its use as an antiemetic in children. Paediatr Drugs 2001; 3: 441–79.
95. Whitwam JG, Owen JR, Spiers AS et al. General anaesthesia for high-dose total-body irradiation. Lancet 1978; 1(8056): 128–9.
96. Westbrook C, Glaholm J, Barrett A. Vomiting associated with whole body irradiation. Clin Radiol 1987; 38: 263–6.
97. Fox VL. Clinical competency in pediatric endoscopy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998; 26: 200– 4.
98. Cohen L, Wecsler J, Gaetano J et al. Endoscopic sedation in the United States: results from a nationwide survey. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 967–74.
99. Bouchut J, Godard J, Lachaux A, Diot N. Deep sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 32: 108.
100. Dillon M, Brown S, Casey W. Colonoscopy under general anesthesia in children. Pediatrics 1998; 102: 381–3.
101. Hassall E. Should pediatric gastroenterologists be I.V. drug users? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1993; 16: 370–2
102. Wilson C. Who should perform pediatric endoscopic sedation? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1994; 18: 114–15. 103. Koh J, Black D, Leatherman I. Experience with an anesthesiologist interventional model for endoscopy in a pediatric hospital. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33: 314–18.
104. Saint-Maurice C, Hamza J. Sedation techniques in pediatric anesthesia. Curr Opin Anesthesiol 1992; 5: 392–98.
105. Wolfe T, Rao C. Anesthesia for selected procedures. Semin Pediatr Surg 1992; 1: 74–80.
106. Paspatis G, Charoniti I, Manolaraki M et al. Synergistic sedation with oral midazolam as a premedication and intravenous propofol versus intravenous propofol alone in upper gastrointestinal endoscopies in children: a prospective, randomized study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 43: 195–9.
107. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Statement on Safe Use of Propofol. American Society of Anesthesiologists, 2009. www.asahq.org.
108. Lightdale J, Mahoney L, Schwarz S, Liacouras C. Methods of sedation in pediatric endoscopy: a survey of NASPGHAN members. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 45: 500–2.
109. Hammer G, Sam W, Chen M et al. Determination of the pharmacodynamic interaction of propofol and dexmedetomidine during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19: 138–44.
110. Teng R, Yokohata K, Utsunomiya N. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancretography in infants and children. J Gastroenterol 2000; 35: 39–42.
111. Prasil P, Laberge J, Barkun A. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in children: a surgeon’s perspective. J Pediatr Surg 2001; 36: 733–5.
112. Zonana HV. Hypnosis, sodium amytal, and confessions. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1979; 7: 18–28.
113. Weller EB, Weller RA, Fristad MA. Use of sodium amytal interviews in prepubertal children: indications, procedure, and clinical utility. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985; 24: 747–9.
114. Palmer G, Davidson A, Sethna N, Laussen P. Use of the Bispectral Index monitor to aid titration of propofol during a drug-assisted interview. Paediatr Anaesth 2001; 11: 245–8. 115. Committee on Drugs, American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for monitoring and managment of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Pediatrics 1992; 89: 1110–15.
116. Cravero J. Risk and safety of pediatric sedation/anesthesia for procedures outside the operating room. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2009; 22: 509–13.
117. Cravero J, Beach M, Blike G et al. The incidence and nature of adverse events during pediatric sedation/anesthesia with propofol for procedures outside the operating room: a report from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 795–804.
118. Mason K. Sedation trends in the 21st century: the transition to dexmedetomidine for radiological imaging studies. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20: 265–72.
119. Gozal D, Mason K. Pediatric sedation: a global challenge. Int J Pediatr 2010; 2010: 701257.
120. Coté CJ. Sedation for the pediatric patient – a review. Pediatr Clin North Am 1994; 41: 31–58.
121. Coté CJ. Sedation protocols – why so many variations? Pediatrics 1994; 94: 281–3.
122. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. Guidelines for the elective use of conscious sedation, deep sedation, and general anesthesia in pediatric patients. Pediatrics 1985; 76: 317–21.
123. National Institutes of Health. Consensus conference – anesthesia and sedation in the dental office. JAMA 1985; 254: 1073–6.
124. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations. Standards and Intents for Sedation and Anesthesia Care: Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals. Report No. TX. 2–2.4.1.Chicago: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations, 2001.
125. American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: an update. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 2587–602.
126. Green S, Mason K. Reformulation of the sedation continuum. JAMA 2010; 303: 876–7.
127. Section on Anesthesiology, American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for the pediatric perioperative anesthesia environment. Pediatrics 1999; 103: 512–15. 128. Koskinen MF. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) site planning and economics. Med Instrum 1985; 19: 244–7.
129. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Guidelines for Nonoperating Room Anesthetizing Locations. Annual Meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, San Francisco, 1994. www.asahq.org.
130. Cremin BJ. Sedation for CT examinations in children. Br J Radiol 1990; 63: 316.
131. Winter J. Efficiency of utilization of a computed tomography scanner. Am J Roentgenol 1978; 131: 89–93.
132. Haxby E, Liban J. Fiberoptic intubation via a laryngeal mask in a infant with Goldenhar syndrome. Anaesth Intensive Care 1995; 23: 753.
133. Fan S, Lee T, Chen L et al. Long-term propofol infusion and airway management in a patient with Goldenhar's syndrome. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 1995; 33: 233–6.
134. Hansen T, Joensen H, Henneberg SW, Hole P. Laryngeal mask airway guided tracheal intubation in a neonate with the Pierre Robin syndrome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995; 39: 129–31.
135. Holzman R, Nargozian C, Florence F. Lightwand intubation in children with abnormal upper airways. Anesthesiology 1988; 69: 784–7.
136. Furst S, Burrows P, Holzman R. General anesthesia in a child with a dynamic, vascular anterior mediastinal mass. Anesthesiology 1996; 84: 976–9.
137. Fishman S. Vascular anomalies of the mediastinum. Semin Pediatr Surg 1999; 8: 92–8.
138. Ohlms L, Forsen J, Burrows P. Venous malformation of the pediatric airway. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1996; 37: 99–114.
139. Hubbard AM, Markowitz RI, Kimmel B et al. Sedation for pediatric patients undergoing CT and MRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1992; 16: 3–6.
140. Burnette PK, Perkins J. Parenteral ondansetron for the treatment of chemotherapy- and radiation-induced nausea and vomiting. Pharmacotherapy 1992; 12: 120–31.
141. Figg WD, Graham CL, Hak LJ, Dukes GE. Ondansetron: a novel antiemetic agent. South Med J 1993; 86: 497–502. 142. Karian V, Burrows P, Zurakowski D et al. The development of a pediatric radiology sedation program. Pediatr Radiol 2002; 32: 348–53.
143. Rooks V, Chung T, Connor L et al. Comparison of oral pentobarbital sodium (nembutal) and oral chloral hydrate for infant sedation during radiologic imaging. Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180: 1125– 8.
144. Strain JD, Campbell JB, Harvey LA, Foley LC. IV Nembutal: safe sedation for children undergoing CT. Am J Roentgenol 1988; 151: 975–9.
145. Chung T, Hoffer F, Connor L et al. The use of oral pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal) versus oral chloral hydrate in infants undergoing CT and MR imaging – a pilot study. Pediatric Radiol 2000; 30: 332–5.
146. Spear RM, Waldman JY, Canada ED et al. Intravenous thiopentone for CT and MRI in children. Paediatr Anaesth 1993; 3: 29–32.
147. Manuli MA, Davies L. Rectal methohexital for sedation of children during imaging procedures. Am J Roentgenol 1993; 160: 577–80.
148. Rockoff MA, Goudsouzian NG. Seizures induced by methohexital. Anesthesiology 1981; 54: 333–5.
149. Jeffries G. Radiotherapy and children's anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 416–17.
150. Diprivan (propofol) package insert. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals. Wilmington, DE, 2007. www1.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/diprivan.pdf.
151. Vangerven M, van Hemelrijck J, Wouters P et al. Light anaesthesia with propofol for paediatric MRI. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 706–7.
152. Mahmoud M, Gunter J, Donnelly L et al. A comparison of dexmedetomidine with propofol for magnetic resonance imaging sleep studies in children. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 745–53.
153. Parke TJ, Stevens J, Rice A et al. Metabolic acidosis and fatal myocardial failure after propofol infusion in children: five case reports. BMJ 1992; 305: 613–16.
154. Fodale V, La Monaca E. Propofol infusion syndrome: an overview of a perplexing disease. Drug Saf 2008; 31: 293–303. 155. Koch M, De Backer D, Vincent J. Lactic acidosis: an early marker of propofol infusion syndrome? Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 522.
156. Salengros J, Engelman E. Myoglobinemia and propofol infusion. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006; 50: 125–6.
157. Vasile B, Rasulo F, Candiani A, Latronico N. The pathophysiology of propofol infusion syndrome: a simple name for a complex syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 1417–25.
158. Wolf A, Weir P, Segar P et al. Impaired fatty acid oxidation in propofol infusion syndrome. Lancet 2001; 357: 606–7.
159. Baumeister F, Oberhoffer R, Liebhaber G et al. Fatal propofol infusion syndrome in association with ketogenic diet. Neuropediatrics 2004; 35: 250–2.
160. Bray R. Propofol-infusion syndrome in children. Paediatr Anaesth 1998; 8: 491–9.
161. Holzki J, Aring C, Gillor A. Death after re-exposure to propofol in a 3-year-old child: a case report. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14: 265–70.
162. Cornfield D, Tegtmeyer K, Nelson M et al. Continuous propofol infusion in 142 critically ill children. Pediatrics 2002; 110: 1177–81.
163. Felmet K, Nguyen T, Clark R et al. The FDA warning against prolonged sedation with propofol in children remains warranted. Pediatrics 2003; 112: 1002–3.
164. Valente J, Anderson G, Branson R et al. Disadvantages of prolonged propofol sedation in the critical care unit. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 710–12.
165. Lusedra (fospropofol disodium) package insert. Eisai Corporation. Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 2008. www.eisai.com/.
166. Burrows FA, Hickey PR, Colan S. Perioperative complications in patients with anthracycline chemotherapeutic agents. Can Anaesth Soc J 1985; 32: 149–57.
167. Greenblatt DJ, Locniskar A, Ochs HR, Lauven PM. Automated gas chromatography for studies of midazolam pharmacokinetics. Anesthesiology 1981; 55: 176–9.
168. Reves JG, Fragen RJ, Vinik HR, Greenblatt DJ. Midazolam: pharmacology and uses. Anesthesiology 1985; 62: 310–24. 169. Sussman D. A comparative evaluation of ketamine anesthesia in children and adults. Anesthesiology 1974; 40: 459–64.
170. Hostetler M, Davis C. Prospective age-based comparison of behavioral reactions occurring after ketamine sedation in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2002; 20: 463–8.
171. Mason K, Michna E, DiNardo J et al. Evolution of a protocol for ketamine-induced sedation as an alternative to general anesthesia for interventional radiologic procedures in pediatric patients. Radiology 2002; 225: 457–65.
172. Mason K, Padua H, Fontaine P, Zurakowski D. Radiologist-supervised ketamine sedation for solid organ biopsies in children and adolescents. Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192: 1261–5.
173. Correa-Sales C, Nacif-Coelho C, Reid K, Maze M. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase in the locus coeruleus mediates the hypnotic response to an alpha 2 agonist in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 263: 1046–9.
174. Mason K, O'Mahony E, Zurakowski D, Libenson M. Effects of dexmedetomidine sedation on the EEG in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19: 1175–83.
175. Mason K, Zgleszewski S, Dearden J et al. Dexmedetomidine for pediatric sedation for computed tomography imaging studies. Anesth Analg 2006; 103: 57–62.
176. Mason K, Zurakowski D, Zgleszewski S et al. High dose dexmedetomidine as the sole sedative for pediatric MRI. Paediatr Anaesth 2008; 18: 403–11.
177. Szmuk P, Steiner J, Sheeran P et al. Sedation and anesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric patients: is dexmedetomidine the answer? Semin Anesth Periop Medicine Pain 2007; 26: 229–36.
178. Mason K, Zurakowski D, Zgleszewski S et al. Incidence and predictors of hypertension during high-dose dexmedetomidine sedation for pediatric MRI. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20: 516–23.
179. Mason K, Zgleszewski S, Forman R et al. An exaggerated hypertensive response to glycopyrrolate therapy for bradycardia associated with high-dose dexmedetomidine. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 906–8.
180. Van Hemelrijck J, Smith I, White PF. Use of desflurane for outpatient anesthesia. A comparison with propofol and nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 1991; 75: 197–203. 181. Kross J, Drummond JC. Successful use of a Fortec II vaporizer in the MRI suite: a case report with observations regarding magnetic field-induced vaporizer aberrancy. Can J Anaesth 1991; 38: 1065–9.
182. Eggers GW, Metzgar MT, Plumlee JE. Axillary block and sedation for cardiac catheterization. Anesthesiology 1967; 28: 936–8.
183. Ross DM, Williams DO. Combined axillary plexus block and basal sedation for cardiac catheterization in young children. Br Heart J 1970; 32: 195–7.
184. Lind LJ, Mushlin PS. Sedation, analgesia and anesthesia for radiologic procedures. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1987; 10: 247–53.
185. Spencer HT, Barnes PJ. Spinal anaesthesia for paediatric radiotherapy. Anaesth Intensive Care 1980; 8: 214–16.
186. Henderson KH, Lu JK, Rockoff MA et al. Radiation exposure of anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 1991; 75: A896 (Abstract).
187. Sidhu M. Radiation safety in pediatric interventional radiology: Step Lightly. Pediatr Radiol 2010; 40: 511–13.
188. Sidhu M, Coley B, Goske M et al. Image Gently, Step Lightly: increasing radiation dose awareness in pediatric interventional radiology. Pediatr Radiol 2009; 39: 1135–8.
189. Strauss K, Goske M, Kaste S et al. Image Gently: ten steps you can take to optimize image quality and lower CT dose for pediatric patients. Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194: 868–73.
190. Goske M, Phillips R, Mandel K et al. Image Gently: a web-based practice quality improvement program in CT safety for children. Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194: 1177–82.
191. Shellock FG, Crues JV. MRI safety considerations in magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Decisions 1988; 2: 25–30.
192. Pohost GM, Blackwell GG, Shellock FG. Safety of patients with medical devices during application of magnetic resonance methods. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992; 649: 302–12.
193. Snowdon S. Defibrillator failure in a magnetic resonance unit [letter]. Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 359. 194. Fitzsimmons JR. The design of RF systems for patient safety. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992; 649: 313–21.
195. Schenck JF, Dumoulin CL, Redington RW et al. Human exposure to 4.0 Tesla magnetic fields in a whole-body scanner. Med Physics 1992; 19: 1089–98.
196. International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association. Protection of the patient undergoing a magnetic resonance examination. Health Phys 1991; 61: 923–8.
197. Patteson S, Chesney JT. Anesthetic management for magnetic resonance imaging: problems and solutions. Anesth Analg 1992; 74: 121–8.
198. Chaljub G, Kramer L, Johnson RF 3rd et al. Projectile cylinder accidents resulting from the presence of ferromagnetic nitrous oxide or oxygen tanks in the MR suite. Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177: 27–30.
199. Chu WK, Sangster W. Potential impacts of MRI accidents. Radiol Technol 1986; 58: 139–41.
200. Cahalan MK, Litt L, Botvinick EH, Schiller NB. Advances in noninvasive cardiovascular imaging: implications for the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology 1987; 66: 356–72.
201. Shellock FG, Curtis JS. MR imaging and biomedical implants, materials and devices: an updated review. Radiology 1991; 180: 541–50.
202. Goldberg M. Systemic reactions to intravascular contrast media. A guide for the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology 1984; 60: 46–56.
203. Dewachter P, Mouton-Faivre C, Emala C. Anaphylaxis and anesthesia: controversies and new insights. Anesthesiology 2009; 111: 1141–50.
204. Kroigaard M, Garvey L, Gillberg L et al. Scandinavian Clinical Practice Guidelines on the diagnosis, management and follow-up of anaphylaxis during anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51: 655–70.
205. Mertes P, Laxenaire M, Lienhart A et al. Reducing the risk of anaphylaxis during anaesthesia: guidelines for clinical practice. J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol 2005; 15: 91–101.
206. Thomsen H, Bush WJ. Adverse effects of contrast media: incidence, prevention and management. Drug Saf 1998; 19: 313–24. 207. Callahan M, Poznauskis L, Zurakowski D, Taylor G. Nonionic iodinated intravenous contrast material-related reactions: incidence in large urban children's hospital – retrospective analysis of data in 12,494 patients. Radiology 2009; 250: 674–81.
208. Elster AD. Cranial MR imaging with Gd-DTPA in neonates and young infants: preliminary experience. Radiology 1990; 176: 225–30.
209. Van Wagoner M, Worah D. Gadodiamide injection. First human experience with the nonionic magnetic resonance imaging enhancement agent. Invest Radiol 1993; 28: S44–8.
210. Kelly J, Patterson R, Lieberman P et al. Radiographic contrast media studies in high risk patients. J Allerg Clin Immunol 1978; 62: 181–4.
211. Greenberger P. Contrast media reactions. J Allerg Clin Immunol 1984; 74: 600–5.
212. Dewachter P, Jouan-Hureaux V, Franck P et al. Anaphylactic shock: a form of distributive shock without inhibition of oxygen consumption. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: 40–9.
213. Bhananker S, Posner K, Cheney F et al. Injury and liability associated with monitored anesthesia care: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology 2006; 104: 228–34.
214. Burrows PE, Mason KP. Percutaneous treatment of low-flow vascular malformations. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 15: 431–45.