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1 Afrika in Den Internationalen Beziehungen / Internationale Beziehungen in Afrika. Die Relevanz Der Geschichte Für Die Gegenwa

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1 Afrika in Den Internationalen Beziehungen / Internationale Beziehungen in Afrika. Die Relevanz Der Geschichte Für Die Gegenwa 1 Afrika in den internationalen Beziehungen / Internationale Beziehungen in Afrika. Die Relevanz der Geschichte für die Gegenwart Syllabus Harald Kleinschmidt 2018 2 Inhalt Überblick…………………………………………………………………………………..3 Vorlesung I: Die conditio Africana………………………………………………………………………4 Vorlesung II: Africans Looking at Outsiders Looking at Africans: Das Aufeinandertreffen gegensätzlicher Wahrnehmungen und der Wandel der Interaktionsmuster………….20 Vorlesungen III/IV: Das Scramble for Africa………………………………………………………………......82 Vorlesung V: Recht und Handel: Die Praxis kolonialer Herrschaft und die Durchsetzung internationaler Regime in Afrika während des 20. Jahrhunderts..................................112 Vorlesung VI: Staatsentstehung: Indigene koloniale Eliten, Nation-Building, Nation-Destroying und die Fortdauer wirtschaftlicher Abhängigkeit..………………………………………………162 Vorlesung VII: Die Disintegration eines Kontinents: Staatsentstehung, nicht Nation-building............170 Vorlesung VIII: Post-koloniale internationale Beziehungen in Afrika I: Structural Adjustment Programs oder die Verlorenen 1980er Jahre……..……………………………………………........183 Vorlesung IX: Post-koloniale internationale Beziehungen in Afrika II: Regionale Integration……...186 Vorlesung X: Post-koloniale internationale Beziehungen in Afrika III: Afrika auf der internationalen Tagesordnung……………………………………………………………………………...194 Bibliografie………………………………………………………………………………....199 Index………………………………………………………………………………………..219 3 Überblick Die Vorlesung bietet einen Überblick über die Geschichte der internationalen Beziehungen innerhalb Afrikas sowie zwischen Afrika und anderen Teilen der Welt. Sie positioniert internationale Beziehungen in die Langzeitperspektive von der vorkolonialen Epoche bis zur Gegenwart. Im besonderen thematisiert sie die Bedingungen und Folgen europäischer Kolonialherrschaft, deren ideologische Basis und die militärisch-politischen Instrumente ihrer Errichtung. Breiten Raum nimmt die Prüfung der fortdauernden Wirkungen der Kolonialherrschaft auf die Strukturen der postkolonialen Staaten und die kollektiven Identitäten ihrer Bewohner. Internationale Beziehungen finden Betrachtung in ihren kulturellen, politischen und wirtschaftlichen Dimensionen. Grundtenor der Vorlesung ist die These, dass die Zerstörung des endogenen Veränderungs- und Entwicklungspotentials afrikanischer Kulturen die schwierigste Folge der kolonialen Herrschaft ist. 4 Vorlesung I: Die conditio Africana 1. Namen des Kontinents 1.1. Habbash [Abasty] / Abyssinien: Leopold Stainreuter, Die Österreichische Chronik von den 95 Herrschaften, edited by Joseph Seemüller [15. Jahrhundert] (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Deutsche Chroniken und andere Geschichtsbücher des Mittelalters, vol. 6) (Berlin, 1909), p. 5: ‘Daz paradeiz ist gelegen gen aufgang der sunne für der Moren land wider den perg Sylanum, und da ist daz erdreich am höchsten. In der mit des paradeises entspringt ain prunn und feucht das paradis und all pawm darinne. Der selb prunn velt in ainen see haisset Eufrites [Eufrates], und tailt sich darnach in vier wasser. Daz erst haisset Gyon, daz rennet in Morenland, und da siczet priester Johannes, und rennet darnach in Egipptenland nach der tailing in dem lant, daz da haisset Abasty: da sind christen, die sand Matheus der zweliffpot hat becheret.’ 1.2. Sudan. 1.3. Aithiops / Äthiopien: Alvise Ca’ da Mosto (1432 – 1483), Le navigazione atlantiche di Alvise Ca’ da Mosto, Antoniotto Usodimare e Macrobio da Rocco, edited by Rinaldo Caddeo, third edn (Milan, 1956) [first (Milan, 1928); second edn (Milan, 1929); early print, edited by Gian Battista Ramusio, Navigationi et viaggi, vol. 1 (Venice, 1503), fol. 96r-111v; reprint, edited by Ralegh Ashlin Skelton (Mundus novus. First Series, vol. 3) (Amsterdam, 1970; English version, edited by Gerald Roe Crone, The Voyages of Cadamosto and Other Documents on Western Africa in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century (Hakluyt Society, Second Series, vol. 80) (London, 1937); reprint (Nendeln, 1967), p. 1: ‘lower Ethiopia‘ (= Etiopia inferiore); Reisebeginn 1454]. Leonardus Qualea, Astronomia medicinalis, Ms., Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Fonds Lat. 10264, fol. 62r, c. 1470: “Quanta habitatio sub torrida ethiopum est”; das Gebiet mit Siedlungen im heißen Klima gehört den Äthiopiern; Karte des Diogo Ribeira [1529], zeigt “Mare Ethiopicvm” und “Occeanus Occidentalis” zwischen Afrika und Brasilien, in: Armando Cortesão and Avelino Teixeira da Mots, eds, Portugaliae monumenta cartographica, vol. 1 (Lisbon, 1960), Nr 40. Psalterkarte, ca 1250; London: British Library, Add. Ms. 28681, fol. 9r. 1.4. Niger: Mungo Park (1771 – 1806), der Niger Fluss und die Problematik des Namens Nigeria. 1.5. Guinea: Gomes Eanes de Azurara [c. 1410 – 1474], Chronica do descobrimento e conquista de Guiné, edited by Visconde de Santarem (Paris, 1841). Diego Gomes [c. 1460], De prima inventione Guinee, edited by Joaquim Bensaude, O manuscrito “Valentim Fernandez” (Lisbon, 1940), p. 191. König Johann gebrauchte 1483 zuerst den Titel ‘Senhor da Guiné’. Der amtliche Titel Königs Emanuels I von Portugal [zum Jahr 1513] lautete: ‘Don Manoel, por Graça de Deos Rey de Portugal e dos Algarves daquem e dalem mar em Africa, Senhor de Guiné e da conquista, navegção, commercio da Ethyopia, Arabia, Pérciae, da India’. André Alvares d’Almada [nach 1578], Tratado breve dos Rios de Guiné do Cabo Verde, edited by Luis Silveira (Lisbon, 1946). Danach so noch bei: John Ogilby, Africa. Being an Accurate Description of Ægypt, Barbary, Lybia and Billedulgerid, the Land of Negroes, Guinee, Æthiopia and the Abyssines (London, 1670). Nach Leo Africanus [al-Hassan ibn-Mohammed al- Wezaz al-Fazi, 1490 – 1550 = Giovanni Leone], The History and Description of Africa and the Notable Regions Therein [Wasf Ifrīqijā, geschrieben 1526, Erstduck 1550; erste englische Fassung, hrsg. von John Pory, 1600], vol. 1, hrsg. von Robert Brown (Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society, Series I, vol. 92) (London, 1896), p. 79 [reprints (New York: Franklin, 1974); (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010)], war der Name Guinea für ein Gebiet zwischen El Mina und der Sierra Leone abgeleitet von dem Ortsnamen Djenné (einem Zentrum für den Gold- und Salzhandel in Mali am Oberlauf des Niger), der im Arabischen als Genewah aufschien: „Westward of these [the kingdoms of Temian and Dauma] lieth the cuntrie of Ghinea, inhabited by a people, which the ancient writers called Autolatae and Ichthyophagi: Ghinea is so named, according to the chief cities thereof called Genni, being situate vpon the riuer Sanega. The people of this countrie towards the sea-coast lieu vpon fish.” Dazu siehe: Dietrich Otto Rauchenberger, Johannes Leo der Afrikaner und seine Beschreibung des Raumes zwischen Nil und Niger nach dem Urtext [Ms. Rome: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vitttorio Emanuele II, VE 953] (Orientalia biblica et christiana, 13) (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1999), pp. 238- 409: „Urtext und Übersetzung“; p. 266: „Dè lo Regno dè Genia. Quisto E uno egno chiamato da lj MercantiÂffrricanj gheneoa e li soj Habitatorj la chiamano Gemnj e li Portoghesi e qualcuno dè la Europa chè ha notitia dj quellj paesi lo chiamano Ghenia El qualè Regno.“ Malyn Newitt, History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion. 1400 – 1668 (London and New York: Routledge, 2005), pp. 58-127. 5 Newitt, Portugal in European and World History (London: Reaktion Books, 2009). Newitt, The Portuguese in West Africa. A Documentary History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010). 1.6. Africa = der vierte, südliche Teil der Ökumene: Karten in Handschriften der Etymologiae des Isidor von Sevilla (erhalten seit dem 8. Jahrhundert); siehe unten, 2.2.6. 1.7. Africa [= Nordafrika]: Scott D. Westrem, The Hereford Map. A Transcription and Translation of the Legends with Commentary (Terrarum orbis, 1) (Turnhout, 2001), p. 355, nr 910: ‘Zeugis regio ex duobus nobilissimis oppidis; hec est vera Affrica‘ [nach Expositio mappe mundi, edited by Patrick Gautier Dalché, ‘Décrire le monde et situer les lieux au XIIe siècle. L’Expositio mappe mundi et la généalogie de la mappemonde de Hereford‘, in: Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. Antiquité – Moyen Age 112 (Rome, 2001): ‘Zeugis et vera Africa‘]. Vinzenz von Beauvais (c. 1190 – c. 1264), Speculum naturale (Douai, 1624) [reprint (Graz, 1964)]; book XXXII, chap. 14. col. 2409: ‘De Affrica et regionibus illius“: „Affricam autem nominatam quide, inde existimant quasi apricam, quod sit aperta caelo vel Soli, et sine horrore frigoris. Alij dicunt Affricam appellari ab vno ex posteris Abrahae de Caethura, qui vocatus est Apher, de quo supra meminimus. Eadem et Lybia dicta est, quod inde Lybs fiat, hoc est Affricus, alij aiunt Epaphum Iouis filium, qui Memphin in Aegypto condidit ex Cassiotha vxore procreasse filiam Lybiam, quae postea in Affricam regnum possedit. Incipit autem a finibus Aegypti pergens iuxta Meridiem per Aethyopiam vsque ad Atlantem montem, a Septentrionali parte vero Mediterraneo mari coniuncta clauditur, et in Gaditaneum fretum finitur.‘ Francesco Petrarca (1304 – 1374), benutzte diesen Namen in seinem Epos über den römischen General Scipio Africanus (1343); Kaiser Karl V. (1500 – 1558) benutzte den Titel “Imperator Augustus Africanus” auf Münzen nach der vorübergehenden Eroberung von Tunis 1535 [Max Bernhart, Bildnismedaillen Karls V. (Munich, 1919), p. 73, Nr 158]. 1.8. Africa et Guinea: Pope Alexander VI, Bulla Inter cetera, 3 May 1493, edited by Josef Metzler, America Pontificia, vol. 1 (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1991), p. 74: Guinea
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