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100 Years of Change in the Flora of the Carolinas

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100 Years of Change in the Flora of the Carolinas Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, Georgia, and surrounding areas Working Draft of 11 January 2007 by Alan S. Weakley University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU) North Carolina Botanical Garden University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Campus Box 3280 Chapel Hill NC 27599-3280 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents THE FLORA .................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................................................................................9 FERNS AND “FERN ALLIES”............................................................................................................................................................................10 ASPLENIACEAE Frank 1877 (Spleenwort Family) ........................................................................................................................................17 AZOLLACEAE Wettstein 1903 (Mosquito Fern Family) .................................................................................................................................20 BLECHNACEAE (C. Presl) Copeland 1947 (Deer Fern Family) ...................................................................................................................21 DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pichi Sermolli 1970 (Bracken Family) ....................................................................................................................22 DRYOPTERIDACEAE Ching 1965 (Wood-fern Family) ................................................................................................................................23 EQUISETACEAE L.C. Richard ex de Candolle 1805 (Horsetail Family) ......................................................................................................26 HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Link 1833 (Filmy Fern Family) .............................................................................................................................27 ISOETACEAE Dumortier 1829 (Quillwort, Merlin's-grass)............................................................................................................................28 LYCOPODIACEAE Mirbel 1802 (Clubmoss Family)......................................................................................................................................30 LYGODIACEAE C. Presl 1845 (Climbing Fern Family).................................................................................................................................35 MARSILEACEAE Mirbel 1802 (Water-clover Family) ...................................................................................................................................35 ONOCLEACEAE Pichi Sermolli 1970..............................................................................................................................................................36 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (R. Brown) Agardh 1822 (Adder's-tongue Family)....................................................................................................37 OSMUNDACEAE Berchtold & J.C. Presl 1820 (Royal Fern Family) ............................................................................................................40 POLYPODIACEAE Berchtold & J.C. Presl 1820 (Polypody Family).............................................................................................................41 PSILOTACEAE Kanitz 1887 (Whiskfern Family) ............................................................................................................................................42 PTERIDACEAE Reichenbach 1837 (Maidenhair Fern Family)......................................................................................................................43 SALVINIACEAE Dumortier 1829 (Floating Fern Family) .............................................................................................................................47 SCHIZAEACEAE Kaulfuss 1827 (Curly-grass Family) ..................................................................................................................................47 SELAGINELLACEAE Willkomm 1861 (Spikemoss Family)...........................................................................................................................48 THELYPTERIDACEAE Pichi Sermolli 1970 (Marsh Fern Family)...............................................................................................................49 WOODSIACEAE Herter 1949 (Lady Fern Family) .........................................................................................................................................51 GYMNOSPERMS..................................................................................................................................................................................................56 CEPHALOTAXACEAE Neger 1907 (Plum-yew Family) ................................................................................................................................57 CUPRESSACEAE Bartlett 1830 (Cypress Family)..........................................................................................................................................57 GINKGOACEAE Engler in Engler & Prantl 1897 (Ginkgo Family)...............................................................................................................60 PINACEAE Lindley 1836 (Pine Family)...........................................................................................................................................................60 TAXACEAE S.F. Gray 1821 (Yew Family).......................................................................................................................................................65 ZAMIACEAE Reichenbach 1837 (Sago-palm Family).....................................................................................................................................66 DICOTYLEDONS .................................................................................................................................................................................................68 ACANTHACEAE Durande 1762 (Acanthus Family) .......................................................................................................................................68 ACTINIDIACEAE Hutchinson 1926 (Kiwi-fruit Family) ................................................................................................................................71 ADOXACEAE Trautvetter 1853 (Moschatel Family) .......................................................................................................................................71 AIZOACEAE Rudolphi 1830 (Fig-marigold Family) .......................................................................................................................................75 [also see MOLLUGINACEAE]...........................................................................................................................................................................75 ALTINGIACEAE Lindley 1846 (Sweet-gum Family).......................................................................................................................................76 AMARANTHACEAE A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Amaranth Family)......................................................................................................................76 ANACARDIACEAE Lindley 1830 (Cashew Family)........................................................................................................................................81 ANNONACEAE A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Custard-apple Family) .......................................................................................................................84 APIACEAE Lindley 1836 or UMBELLIFERAE A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Carrot Family) ...............................................................................85 APOCYNACEAE A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Dogbane Family)..............................................................................................................................99 AQUIFOLIACEAE Bartling 1830 (Holly Family) .........................................................................................................................................108 ARALIACEAE A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Ginseng Family) .................................................................................................................................112 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE A. L. de Jussieu 1789 (Birthwort Family)...............................................................................................................115 ASTERACEAE Dumortier 1822 or COMPOSITAE Giseke 1792 (Aster Family)........................................................................................118 BALSAMINACEAE A. Richard 1822 (Touch-me-not Family) ......................................................................................................................224 BATACEAE von Martius ex Meisner 1842 (Batis Family).............................................................................................................................224 BEGONIACEAE C. Agardh 1824 (Begonia Family) .....................................................................................................................................225 BERBERIDACEAE A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Barberry
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