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Diapositiva 1 Componentes del Universo • Estrellas • Galaxias Componentes del • Constelaciones Universo Estrellas Estrellas Masas de gases de hidrógeno y En su interior hay helio, que emiten luz. reacciones nucleares (hidrógeno se Se encuentran a temperaturas muy transforma en helio). elevadas. Más hidrógeno es más joven. Más helio llega a su muerte. Estrellas Diagrama Hertzsprung-Russel Diagrama de Hertzsprung-Russel (diagrama H-R) Agrupa estrellas según su luminosidad visual. Tipo espectral corresponde a sus longitudes de ondas que emiten y su temperatura. Las estrellas con mayor masa son las que tienen mayor luminosidad, como las azules, las gigantes rojas y las supergigantes. Las estrellas viven en un 90% de sus vidas en la secuencia principal. 1 Diagrama Hertzsprung-Russel Estrellas Estrellas Estrellas Características físicas de las estrellas es la Magnitud: Magnitud Aparente: cantidad de luz Magnitud Absoluta: es la que tendrían todas si estuvieran a que se recibe de un objeto. la misma distancia de la Tierra. En condiciones atmosféricas favorables el ojo humano es capaz de distinguir hasta 6.000 estrellas. El brillo aparente no es igual al brillo real. Un objeto extremadamente brillante puede aparecer absolutamente débil, si está lejos. Estrellas Estrellas Magnitud estelar (brillo) Magnitud estelar (brillo) Sistema de medida Más brillantes: magnitudes negativas. Cada magnitud es 2,512 veces más brillante que la siguiente. Magnitud 1 es 100 veces más brillante que una magnitud 6. 20 estrellas de magnitud = ó > 1. Más débil magnitud de 23. 2 Estrellas Estrellas Escala de magnitudes aparentes Mag. Estelar Objeto -26,8 Sol -12,6 Luna llena -4,4 Brillo máximo de Venus La estrella más cercana a la Tierra -2,8 Brillo máximo de Marte es Próxima Centauri. -1,5 Estrella más brillante: Sirio Componentes de la estrella triple -0,7 Segunda estrella más brillante: Canepus Alpha Centauri +3,0 Estrellas débiles que son visibles en una vecindad urbana A 40 billones de kilómetros de la Estrellas débiles visibles al ojo humano Tierra. +6,0 +12,6 Quasar más brillante +30 Objetos observables más débiles son el Telescopio Espacial Hubble Estrellas dobles o binarias - Las estrellas dobles (o binarias) son muy frecuentes. - Se mantienen unidas por la fuerza de la gravitación y giran en torno a su centro común. - Periodos orbitales, desde minutos en el caso de parejas muy cercanas hasta miles de años en el caso de parejas distantes. Estrellas dobles o binarias - Dependen de la separación entre las estrellas y de sus respectivas masas. - Estrellas múltiples, sistemas en que tres o cuatro estrellas giran en trayectorias complejas. Sistema binario Krüger 60 3 Evolución de las Estrellas Evolución de las Estrellas Millones de años. Una estrella comienza a morir al Nacen cuando se acumula una gran acabarse el hidrógeno. cantidad de materia en un lugar del espacio. El helio la mantiene brillante y Se comprime y se calienta hasta que luminosa. empieza una reacción nuclear Se consume la materia, convirtiéndola Después comienza la fusión del en energía. carbono (6) y oxígeno (7) (contracción Estrellas pequeñas la gastan del núcleo). lentamente y duran más que las grandes. Evolución de las Estrellas Evolución de las Estrellas Nebulosas Estructuras de gas y polvo interestelar. Según sean más o menos densas, son visibles, o no, desde la Tierra. Nebulosa Reloj de Arena. Se encuentra a 8.000 años luz de distancia. 4 Nebulosas Nebulosas Dependiendo de la edad de las estrellas asociadas, se pueden clasificar Objetos Herbig-Haro (HH): en dos grandes grupos: Observados por George Herbig y Guillermo Haro. a) Nebulosas planetarias, asociadas a estrellas evolucionadas y Son nebulosas asociadas con estrellas recién remanentes de supernovas. formadas. Corta vida. b) De estrellas muy jóvenes, algunas incluso todavía en proceso de Fenómenos altamente variables en el tiempo formación, como los objetos Herbig-Haro y las nubes moleculares. Evolucionar de manera perceptible en escalas de tiempo muy cortas de unos pocos años. Objeto HH47. Nebulosas Se puede encontrar en cualquier lugar del espacio interestelar. Antes de la invención del telescopio, el término nebulosa se aplicaba a todos los objetos celestes de apariencia difusa. Nebulosa de la Hélice, situada a una distancia de 650 años-luz. Nebulosa del Cisne, M17, se Gigantes Rojas encuentra en Sagitario, a 5.500 años-luz de la Tierra. • Estrella con una masa similar a la masa solar o mayor agota su reserva de H en el núcleo. • Comenzando la fusión en capas más exteriores. HR4162 5 Gigantes Rojas Novas y súpernovas Nova = nuevo en latín. Denominación impropia debido a que • Efecto un aumento del todas las estrellas ya existían. volumen de la estrella • Produce un enfriamiento Astrónomos prefieren denominarlas de la superficie que Estrellas Temporarias. produce el color rojizo. V838 Monocerotis Súpernova E0102-72 Novas y súpernovas Novas y súpernovas En diez segundos elimina 100 veces Explotan liberando en el espacio más energía que el Sol en toda su parte de su material. vida. Durante un tiempo variable, su Se estima dos supernovas por brillo aumenta de forma galaxias al año. espectacular. Parece que ha nacido una estrella nueva. Cassiopea A Novas y súpernovas Estrella que aumenta enormemente su brillo de forma súbita y después palidece lentamente. Pero puede continuar existiendo durante cierto tiempo. 1983: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, calculó el límite de una estrella para colapsar sobre sí misma. 1,44 masas solares La explosión destruye o altera a la estrella. Mucho más raras que las novas. 6 Enanas Blancas Remanente estelar que resulta del agotamiento del combustible nuclear de una estrella de masa no mayor a unas 10 masas solares. Poca luminosidad Rodeada de gas Sirio B Enanas Blancas Estrella de Neutrones 95% de las estrellas terminan Remanente estelar dejado por una estrella después de agotar el Sirio B su vida como enana blanca. combustible nuclear en su núcleo y explotar como una súpernova. Nebulosa que rodea a un núcleo de 200.000ºC. Estrella de Neutrones Estrella de Neutrones Masas < 8 masas solares: estrella genera en una enana blanca con Brillante en rayos X una nebulosa planetaria. Casi imperceptible en luz visible Masas > al impreciso límite superior: estrella genera un agujero No emite pulsaciones de radio negro. Calavera, cerca de la Tierra en la Osa Nebulosa Cangrejo Mayor 7 Púlsares Púlsares Palabra Púlsar es un anacrónico Estrellas de neutrones de "pulsating radio source“ (fuente fuertemente de radio pulsante). magnetizadas. Se requieren relojes de Rápida rotación las extraordinaria precisión para hace poderosos detectar cambios de ritmo, y sólo generadores eléctricos en algunos casos. (30 veces por segundo). Fuentes de ondas de radio que vibran con periodos regulares. Nebulosa Púlsar Púlsares Agujeros Negros Gran concentración de masa. Se detectan mediante Enorme aumento de la densidad. radiotelescopios. Alta densidad, la materia es una bola de lápiz pasta (masa de cerca de 100.000 ton). Emiten una gran cantidad de energía. Agujeros Negros Cuásares Campo gravitatorio Objetos lejanos que emiten Cuasares de las galaxias que no puede grandes cantidades de energía, NGC 2992 y NGC 2993 escapar ninguna con radiaciones similares a las de partícula material, ni las estrellas. la luz ni radiación Son centenares de miles de electromagnética ni millones de veces más brillantes luminosa que las estrellas. Rodeados de una "frontera" esférica que permite que la luz entre, pero no salga. 8 Cuásares Cúmulos de estrellas Grupo de estrellas relacionadas que se mantienen juntas por efecto de la gravitación. La palabra Cuásar es un anacrónico de quasi stellar radio source (fuentes de radio casi estelares). Lo más espectacular de los cuásares no es su lejanía, sino que puedan ser visibles. Deber ser brillante como 1.000 galaxias juntas para que pueda aparecer como una débil Cúmulo Abierto Cúmulo Globular estrella. ABIERTOS GLOBULARES Cúmulos Estelares Edad de las Estrellas Jóvenes Viejas (10.000 mill. de años) Cantidad en la Vía Láctea 1.000 140 Ejemplos Pléyades y Hiadas Omega Centauri y 47 Tucanae 9 Constelación Grupo de estrellas que según la tradición perpetuada desde la antigüedad, forman en el cielo una figura evocadora de un animal, un personaje mitológico u otra cosa quedando así facilitada la topografía celeste, la identificación y localización de las estrellas. Constelaciones No tiene un número determinado de estrellas. Constelación Constelación Estrellas principales Definición: En la actualidad existen 88 constelaciones, pero no todas tiene la conservan su nombre misma importancia. Entre ellas se destacan las 12 de Zodiaco y las 2 tradicional (árabe). polares: Osa Menor y La Cruz del Sur. Nueva organización: orden decreciente de su luminosidad, una letra del alfabeto Griego (α,β,γ,δ,etc), luego latino (A-Z mayúsculas y luego minúsculas) y por último números. Constelación Zodiaco Banda del cielo por donde, aparentemente, transitan el Sol y los planetas. Se agrupan en: 01 Aries Aries, el carnero Aries es la primera • Zodiaco 02 Taurus Tauro, el toro constelación del Zodiaco, • Constelaciones de Ptolomeo o de la Antigüedad comienza sus días el 21 de 03 Gemini Géminis, los gemelos • Constelaciones Modernas marzo, el primer día del año de 04 Cancer Cáncer, el cangrejo muchos de los calendarios 05 Leo Leo, el león antiguos. Punto vernal 06 Virgo Virgo, la virgen 07 Libra Libra, la balanza 08 Scorpius Escorpio, el escorpión 09 Sagittarius Sagitario, el arquero 10 Capricornus Capricornio, la cabra de mar 11 Aquarius Acuario,
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